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Molecules And Cells > Test Number 2 > Flashcards

Test Number 2 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
0
Q

Glycolysis

A

A 6 carbon molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of a 3 carbon compound pyruvate

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1
Q

Cellular resperation

A

Any suite of reactions that use electrons harvested from high-energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The cell is able to maintain its internal environment even under different environmental conditions by regulating key reactions

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3
Q

What lose electrons is oxidative phosphorylation? What gains them?

A

NADH AND FADH. Oxygen

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Most prominent structure inside the bacterial cell. A large DNA molecule and a small number of proteins

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5
Q

Prokaryote

A

No membrane bound nucleus has a wide variation of size and shape has a plasma membrane a chromosome and a protein synthesizing ribosomes.

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6
Q

Nucleoid

A

Location and structural organization of the circular chromosome

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7
Q

Plasmids

A

Usually circular super coiled DNA molecules bacterial cells can contain hundreds

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8
Q

What are some features shared by all carbohydrates?

A

Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

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9
Q

Keytose?

A

The carbonyl group is on the inside

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10
Q

What’s in a phospholipid.

A

In the head: polar or charged group phosphate and glycerol and then a fatty acid tail

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11
Q

If the solution outside a cell is hyper tonic what will happen?

A

The cell will want to become isotonic so it will let out water to make its concentration match it’s environment. This will cause the cell to shrivel

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12
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Doesn’t require energy cuz it already has energy goes from high to low

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13
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy (ATP) low to high (it ups it’s concentration gradient ) it needs energy

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14
Q

What are molar zip codes?

A

They tell the cell where to send some thing for example a protein in a vesicle inside the cell will have a zip code of where it should go from the rough ER (the Golgi apparatus)

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton?

A

Protein filaments that help maintain cell shape

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16
Q

Eukaryotes?

A

Has membrane bound nucleus and other organelles is found in things like plants and animals

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17
Q

Where is the evidence for endosymbiotic theory most evident ?

A

Htdh

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18
Q

How is a cell dynamic?

A

The cell can change and alter its self when the fibers of the cytoskeleton move and it can shift it’s contents

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19
Q

Nucleus?

A

Information storage and transmission, ribosome subunit assembly and structural support

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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21
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Protein synthesis and processing

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22
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis and processing

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Protein lipid and carbohydrate processing

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24
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestion an recycling

25
Q

Vacuoles

A

Varies- coloration, storage of oils carbohydrates water or toxins

26
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation of fatty acids ethanol or other compounds

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP production

28
Q

Chloroplasts

A

production of sugars via photosynthesis

29
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural support . Movement of materials; in some species , movement of whole cell

30
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeability maintains intracellular environment

31
Q

Cell wall

A

Protection structural support

32
Q

Cristae

A

The folds of the mitochondrial iner membrane

33
Q

If a reaction has a positive delta g what is it?

A

Endergonic and has less entropy (less organized)

34
Q

Entropy

A

Amount of disorder in a system

35
Q

What’s exergonic?

A

Negative delta G and more entropy because its products are more disorganized and have less energy

36
Q

What’s endergonic

A

You have to put energy in to start reaction and it’s products have higher energy levels and less entropy

37
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Can build or break down molecules

38
Q

What’s an enzymes active site?

A

Where the substrates bind and the reactions happen

39
Q

How are enzymes regulated?

A

By being saturated and having produced enough

40
Q

What’s a competitive inhibitor?

A

Something that fits into the active site and stops it from reacting

41
Q

What’s an allosteric inhibitor?

A

Binds to enzyme but not on it’s active site and the can make it react more or less

42
Q

What are the four components of cell respiration?

A

Glycolysis. Pyruvate processing. Citric acid cycle and electron transport and. Oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

44
Q

What does pyro ate processing produce?

A

2 acetyl CoA

45
Q

What does the citric acid cycle produce?

A 
2 CO2 
3 NADH 
1 FADH2 
1 GTP 
1ATP
46
Q

What does the electron transport chain produce?

A

O2

47
Q

When does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

The end

48
Q

When does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

A

Beginning

49
Q

What does ATP synthase produce?

A

A ton of ATP

50
Q

How does fermentation occur with out the electron transport chain occur?

A

By it regenerating nad+ and re going through glycolysis

51
Q

Cooking oil and gas are not ampithetic molecules because

A

They don’t have a polar or charged region

52
Q

What is not a part of a prokaryotic cell?

A

An endoplasmic reticulum

53
Q

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely

A

Primarily producing proteins In The cytosol

54
Q

What’s a function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules moving chromosomes

55
Q

What is delta G?

A

Difference of the free energy

56
Q

What is delta H?

A

Change in enthalpy the energy available todo work

57
Q

What’s delta S

A

Change in entropy amount of randomness or disorder in a system

58
Q

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

A

It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions

59
Q

Where does a glucose molecule have a large quantity of energy?

A

C-H bonds

60
Q

What happens to the molecules in the electron transport chain?

A

They alternate between being oxidized and reduced

61
Q

Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?

A

They regenerate NAD + so that glycolysis can continue to operate

Molecules And Cells (4 decks)

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