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Test Number 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Glycolysis

A

A 6 carbon molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of a 3 carbon compound pyruvate

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1
Q

Cellular resperation

A

Any suite of reactions that use electrons harvested from high-energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The cell is able to maintain its internal environment even under different environmental conditions by regulating key reactions

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3
Q

What lose electrons is oxidative phosphorylation? What gains them?

A

NADH AND FADH. Oxygen

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Most prominent structure inside the bacterial cell. A large DNA molecule and a small number of proteins

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5
Q

Prokaryote

A

No membrane bound nucleus has a wide variation of size and shape has a plasma membrane a chromosome and a protein synthesizing ribosomes.

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6
Q

Nucleoid

A

Location and structural organization of the circular chromosome

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7
Q

Plasmids

A

Usually circular super coiled DNA molecules bacterial cells can contain hundreds

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8
Q

What are some features shared by all carbohydrates?

A

Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

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9
Q

Keytose?

A

The carbonyl group is on the inside

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10
Q

What’s in a phospholipid.

A

In the head: polar or charged group phosphate and glycerol and then a fatty acid tail

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11
Q

If the solution outside a cell is hyper tonic what will happen?

A

The cell will want to become isotonic so it will let out water to make its concentration match it’s environment. This will cause the cell to shrivel

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12
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Doesn’t require energy cuz it already has energy goes from high to low

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13
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy (ATP) low to high (it ups it’s concentration gradient ) it needs energy

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14
Q

What are molar zip codes?

A

They tell the cell where to send some thing for example a protein in a vesicle inside the cell will have a zip code of where it should go from the rough ER (the Golgi apparatus)

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton?

A

Protein filaments that help maintain cell shape

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16
Q

Eukaryotes?

A

Has membrane bound nucleus and other organelles is found in things like plants and animals

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17
Q

Where is the evidence for endosymbiotic theory most evident ?

A

Htdh

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18
Q

How is a cell dynamic?

A

The cell can change and alter its self when the fibers of the cytoskeleton move and it can shift it’s contents

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19
Q

Nucleus?

A

Information storage and transmission, ribosome subunit assembly and structural support

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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21
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Protein synthesis and processing

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22
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis and processing

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Protein lipid and carbohydrate processing

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24
Lysosomes
Digestion an recycling
25
Vacuoles
Varies- coloration, storage of oils carbohydrates water or toxins
26
Peroxisomes
Oxidation of fatty acids ethanol or other compounds
27
Mitochondria
ATP production
28
Chloroplasts
production of sugars via photosynthesis
29
Cytoskeleton
Structural support . Movement of materials; in some species , movement of whole cell
30
Plasma membrane
Selectively permeability maintains intracellular environment
31
Cell wall
Protection structural support
32
Cristae
The folds of the mitochondrial iner membrane
33
If a reaction has a positive delta g what is it?
Endergonic and has less entropy (less organized)
34
Entropy
Amount of disorder in a system
35
What's exergonic?
Negative delta G and more entropy because its products are more disorganized and have less energy
36
What's endergonic
You have to put energy in to start reaction and it's products have higher energy levels and less entropy
37
What does an enzyme do?
Can build or break down molecules
38
What's an enzymes active site?
Where the substrates bind and the reactions happen
39
How are enzymes regulated?
By being saturated and having produced enough
40
What's a competitive inhibitor?
Something that fits into the active site and stops it from reacting
41
What's an allosteric inhibitor?
Binds to enzyme but not on it's active site and the can make it react more or less
42
What are the four components of cell respiration?
Glycolysis. Pyruvate processing. Citric acid cycle and electron transport and. Oxidative phosphorylation
43
What does glycolysis produce?
Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
44
What does pyro ate processing produce?
2 acetyl CoA
45
What does the citric acid cycle produce?
``` 2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP 1ATP ```
46
What does the electron transport chain produce?
O2
47
When does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
The end
48
When does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
Beginning
49
What does ATP synthase produce?
A ton of ATP
50
How does fermentation occur with out the electron transport chain occur?
By it regenerating nad+ and re going through glycolysis
51
Cooking oil and gas are not ampithetic molecules because
They don't have a polar or charged region
52
What is not a part of a prokaryotic cell?
An endoplasmic reticulum
53
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
Primarily producing proteins In The cytosol
54
What's a function of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules moving chromosomes
55
What is delta G?
Difference of the free energy
56
What is delta H?
Change in enthalpy the energy available todo work
57
What's delta S
Change in entropy amount of randomness or disorder in a system
58
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
59
Where does a glucose molecule have a large quantity of energy?
C-H bonds
60
What happens to the molecules in the electron transport chain?
They alternate between being oxidized and reduced
61
Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?
They regenerate NAD + so that glycolysis can continue to operate

Molecules And Cells (4 decks)

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