Test #1 Flashcards by katie kiley

What is a covalent bond?

A strong attraction where two atoms shared by one or more pairs of an electron

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What is not a component of each monomer used to make proteins?

A phosphate atom

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Non polar covalent bond

When the electron are share equally or “symmetrically” -normally hydrophobic

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Polar covalent bond

Asymmetric sharing of electrons. Electrons are closer to one atom more so than another ex: in water the electrons are closer to the oxygen atom because oxygen is more electronegative

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How are atoms judge to be more closely relate to each other

By their valence electrons

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Electronegativity

How tightly an atom holds it’s electrons in its covalent bonds

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Central dogma

DNA - mRNA - protein

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Ionic bonds

The electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other because it gives the resulting atoms a full outermost shell

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Why is the loss of electrons called?

Cation

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What is the gain of electrons called?

Anions

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Molecules

Substances held together by covalent bonds. They bond so the atoms become more stable

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What does electron sharing allow?

Atoms to fill all the orbitals in their valence shell making them more stable

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What decides if a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?

The electronegativity of the two atoms involved
Same/symmetrical-non polar
Different/asymmetrical- polar

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What is an excellent solvent? And what does that do?

Water and gets substances into a solution

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Solutes

The substances dissolved

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When two water molecules approach each other what happens?

the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts the partial negative charge on oxygen this makes a hydrogen bond

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Is water denser in liquid form or solid form?

Liquid

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Why does water have a hug specific heat?

When a source of energy hits it hydrogen bonds must be broken before heat can be transferred and the water molecules begin moving faster

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Which way does adhesion pull?

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Which way does cohesion pull?

Down

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What is one reason why ice is less dense than liquid water?

Because it forms a crystal lattice

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Is 14 a base or acid?

Base

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Is 0 a base or acid?

Acid

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Energy

The capacity to do work or to supply heat this excise in one of two ways as stored potential or active motion

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Potential energy

The gain or loss of stored energy because of it position

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion

Heat

Transfer of energy

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be create or destroyed but only transferred and transformed

Entropy

Amount of disorder in a system

Endothermic

Heat is Absorbed during the process

Exothermic

Heat is given off

What are the 6 functional group?

Phosphate,carboxyl, carbonyl,hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl

Why is carbon a key element for life?

It's the most versatile atom on earth it had four valence electrons so it will form four covalent bonds. So It can take almost any shape

In general carbon atoms give molecules it's what?

Skeletal shape

What are amino acids?

Small molecules with a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom and an r side chain

Why are proteins essential to cell function?

The serve diverse functions in cells because of their diverse size and shape as well as in the chemical properties of their amino acid residues

What makes each amino acid district ?

It's R group side chain

Proteins are what? Made up of what?

Polymers made up of amino acids

What happens when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid?

A strong covalent bond forms called a peptide bond

What is a small chain called? (<50 monomers)

Oligopeptides

What is a large chain called? (50< monomers)

Polypeptide

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The unique sequence of amino acids

What is a proteins secondary structure?

Formation of alpha helices and beta sheets in a polypeptide

What does alpha helix look like?

A coil

What does a beta pleated sheet look like?

Where sections bend at 180 degrees and then fold

What is proteins tertiary structure?

Overall 3d shape of a polypeptide (includes contribution from secondary structures)

What is a proteins quaternary structure?

Shape produced by combinations of polypeptides (combination of tertiary structures)

What's an enzyme?

A protein that functions as a catalyst. It "speeds up" chemical reactions

What Is an active site?

The location where substrates bind and react

What does DNA's primary structure consist of?

A sequence of deoxyribonucleotides

What does DNA's secondary structure consist of?

Two molecules that run in opposite orientations to each other they twist together in a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds between a-t and g-c

How does DNA store information?

The sequence of bases is like a sequence of letters in a word -it has meaning they carry the information for growth and reproduction

What are the features shared by all carbohydrates?

The have a carbonyl several hydroxyl functional groups along with several to many carbon- hydrogen bonds

What Is the formula for all carbohydrates/monosaccharides

(CH2O)n

Starch

Used for energy storage in plant cells

Glycogen

Used for energy storage in animal cells (such as liver and muscles)

Cellulose

Used for structural support in cell walls of plants and many algae

Chitin

Used for structural support in the cell walls of fungi and the external skeletons on insects and Crustaceans

Peptidoglycan

Used for structural support in bacterial walls

Glycosidic linkage

Monosaccharides polymerize when a condensation reaction occurs between two hydroxyl groups resulting in a covalent interaction

How are carbohydrates used as raw materials?

Make carbon skeletons that are used as building blocks in the synthesis of important molecules

How do carbohydrates provide structure?

They form fibers that give cells and organisms strength and elasticity. The glycosidic linkages make it insoluble so it is also resistant to degradation and decay

What's the role of carbohydrates in cell identity?

The variety in the types of monosaccharides and how the can be linked together makes it possible for an enormous amount of combinations to be possible so each cell type and each species can display a unique identity

How do carbohydrates store chemical energy?

C-C and C-H bonds have a much higher energy potential than C-O bonds have much more chemical energy than carbon dioxide has

What is RNA polymerase responsible for?

Synthesizing mRNA

How is RNA processed in eukaryotes?

By splicing out introns to make an RNA that contains an uninterrupted genetic message

What are the role of ribosomes in protein formation?

The site of protein synthesis