Test II Flashcards
Why invest in the built environment?
If the built environment is not renewed and extended, the economy will stagnate and social tensions will develop
What is at the core of capitalism?
city building
What creates investment opportunities?
the relationship between: the supply of property, interest rates, and profit rates from existing investments
When does demand lead to new investment?
when interest rates are high, there are no current investments, and a shortage of housing
When does decreased supply lead to investment?
when interest rates are high, there is no current investment, and housing supply is plentiful
When does overbuilding lead to investment?
when interest rates are low, there’s a shortage of housing, and a boom in demand
Do interest rates normally vary within metropolitan areas?
no, but other market conditions do vary.
What to invest for in a built environment(2 things)
parcels of undeveloped property
property devalued by age
Where does investment flow?
to locations where other things being equal rate of return will be the highest
What big community change occurred in the 1930s?
Community builders pioneered restrictions mandating uniform approach to subdivisions
What big community change occurred after WWII?
They extended the uniform approach feature to developments for middle income home buyers
New trends
niche marketing
what is important about interest bearing capital?
it circulates through the land market continuously in search of higher future ground rate
What did globalization do?
increased differentiation between localities. property owners need to respond rationally to market conditions.
who makes land development decisions?
mostly land owners and speculators
Types of landowners
landed estates
industrial
financial ownership
Types of speculators
serendipitous
active
structural
developers’ role
decide site selection and project concepts. they also determine feasibility, organize project
what gives the largest builders a leg up?
they have access to the land capital, alliances, product innovation and geographic diversification
what role do consumers play
they represent the demand side of the development process. consumers preferences are frequently manipulated by investors, and citizens protest over development projects.
what role do facilitators and markets play
this includes a wide range of specialized experts involved in land development. it included public-private partnerships, and federal policy can be a critical factor for urban development as activity becomes more international and less local.
Name some examples of ways that urban development isn’t just local business anymore
Movement from Fordism to market niches
Medical centers have become “malls”
Group housing for elderly population
2 ways neighborhoods change
Population changes
Environmental changes
Depreciation curve: who does it affect most? What is it?
It affects neighborhoods the most. It is the most obvious aspect of neighborhood change and consists of physical deterioration of housing stock.
How long does the depreciation curve take to complete?
About 60 years
The depreciation curve depends on what?
Quality of initial construction, level of maintenance
What sets the preconditions for social change in an urban area?
Unevenness of wear and care
________ + ________=better house value and last
Better initial quality
Regular maintenance
If you find your house is falling apart, what two options do you have?
Sell it for cheaper sale value
Fix it and improve sale value
A main reason people buy fixer uppers?
To be able to afford the house
technological obsolescence
occurs when equipment of housing and neighborhood infrastructure are outmoded
Structural obsolescence
The nature of housing becomes unsuited for contemporary needs
Filtering
bring about a changing composition of new inhabitants; initiated by construction of new dwellings for the wealthy
changes in neighborhoods are?
opportunities for investment
Disinvestment
deliberately neglecting routine maintenance, putting properties on the market, or abandoning them
Residential mobility is a ___________
link between the individual household and the social structure
Pattern of choices regarding RM is?
constrained by a set of spatial opportunities and households biography
The longer people are in a dwelling, the _____ likely they are to move.
less
Interubran moves: where do low income households go?
central cities and suburbs, including ethnic neighborhoods
Interurban moves: where do high incomes go?
to newest suburbs and interested in resale value
Interurban moves
long distance moves
Intraurban moves
66% of all moves take place within a short distance
What are interurban moves motivated by?
housing quality, determined by SES
Intraurban moves are important why?
they preserve local cities
What are intraurban moves motivated by?
housing type, determined by family status
Moves are governed by what types of factors?
push and pull
Alternatives to moves?
adjustments to your dwelling or the household itself
what factors is the search process of finding a new dwelling linked to?
SES, time, willingness to compromise
eminent domain
land assembled for big project, people are forced to move
most moves are _______, the second most are _______, and the least amount of moves are ________.
voluntary
induced
Forced
Use value of housing
Shelter, privacy, status, environmental quality, accessibility, equity value
What can housing markets be delimited by?
a dwelling type, price range, and location
reasons for growth in homeownership
Affordability, perception of benefits
T or F. Most people have title to their homes.
False
Recession caused?
people to have to pay higher mortgage than what their home was worth
What happened to cities after the acts in the late 1930s?
they were nevertheless swamped by the increase in poverty and physical deterioration of inexpensive rental units; and public housing failed to deliver
Beneficiaries after the acts of 1930s were what?
likely to be minorities
people not working/lack of population stability lead to what?
rise of crime and moral deterioration, housing projects became slums
project on the south side of chicago that was demolished in 2011
Cabrini Green
Steering
illegal act of realtors deterring households or potential residents from moving into neighborhoods with households of different SES, ethnicity, race, or orientation
What is the purpose of steering?
they want the customer to pay as much as possible; in a homogeneous environment so that they will recommend the realtor
Which group is discriminated most against by realtors?
those with disabilities
predatory lending
providing services to customers by unscrupulous marketing tactics
Subprime lending
making loans to people who may have difficulty maintaining the repayment schedule; These loans are characterized by higher interest rates, poor quality collateral, and less favorable terms in order to compensate for higher credit risk
Redlining
refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk.
The allegiance of lenders goes to whom?
goes to investors instead of the borrowers
What happens when a person cannot pay according to their obligation?
they are foreclosed
T or F: number of forecloses has been growing over the decades
T
Which type of loans are rates the highest?
subprime
Where are subprime loans most concentrated?
minority and low income areas
gentrification
characterized by invasion of higher income groups to working class neighborhoods, physical renovation of housing, transformation from renting to owning
first group to gentrify?
LGBT community
Economic Liberalism
the basic framework of municipal government was established
ISDs
main goal: sanitary lawful conditions
city run by those prominently born or who achieved commercial success
John Phillips Boston
revised and standardized NY statutes during economic liberalism
William Ogden
Chicago, invested money in the city and construction of the canal, cleaned up river
Machine Politics
consisted of strong party organization that generated votes for favored candidates.rely on hierarchy and strong party bosses
Which type of politics opened pandora’s box to corruption?
Machine politics
Reform politics
cities to be run by experienced administrators who serve public interest; efficiency was boosted by annexation
Which city was first to be run on a business model?
galveston TX
which city was first to adopt the city manager form of city govt?
Staunton, VA
NY politics revolved around who?
Richard Crocker
Metropolitan Fragmentation (1920-1945)
Land use zoning made it impossible to keep undesirables out of the city, sociospatial segregation intensified, competitive politics
Growth Machines
Renewal programs led to growth and private investment; blacks rose for collective actin, NIMBYism was born
malapportionment
What is it and when was it a problem?
not correct representation of people
during growth machines period
Gerrymandering
what is it and when was it a problem?
districts especially designed to exclude certain portions of the population; growth machines period
Entrepreneurial politics
People paying for private services resent paying for the public ones they don’t use; cities focus on how to attract investment rather than deal with problems. city image > public good
how do sales taxes affect residents?
they are a greater burden on poor people and those who work in the city
Compulsory and free education was first established when and where?
MA 1851
Permanent University Fund
contains land and provides support to UT and A&M university systems
2 important characteristics of urban planning
Anticipatory and reactive; we must envision the future in order to make the best decisions
Hippodamus of Miletus
first recorded urban planning, built with order and regularity
14-17 century urban planning
purpose of urban design was to produce extravagant symbols of wealth and power
Reasons for urban planning
create a more pleasing city, efficiency, accommodate all members, maintain property values, ensure environmental protection
Frederick Law Olmsteaad
Introduced park architecture
Ebenezer Howard
Wanted to improve quality of life; Garden City Movement and common ownership of land
First garden city
Letchworth, England
Clarence Perry
Radburn NJ; Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept (PNUC)
Perry’s Neighboorhood Unit Concept (PNUC)
street hierarchy, school in the center of neighborhood, shopping on the periphery, dedicated park areas, cul de sac concept
Criticism of PNUC
unintentional segregation, emphasis on physical environment as the main determinant in neighborhood building
Patrick Geddes
Father of regional planning. Cities and regions have to be planned and managed together, he was concerned with finding an equilibrium among people and the environment. He worked at the planning of New Delhi
Which city is built entirely upon Geddes’s city plan?
Tel Aviv
Frank Lloyd Wright
Usonia
broad acre city
Open plans, horizontal lines
Usonia
individualism and naturalism
Broad acre city
dispersed settlement linked by highways
Le Corbusier
City Towers: Cities and its architecture are machines for living; glass and concrete, commonly owned open space, clusters to be connected by highways and rail lines
Daniel Burnham
City Beautiful Movement;
ideas of municipal art, civic improvement, and landscape design. Also introduced the chicago plan
The City Practical
City should be an efficient spatial framework for economic and social life
New Deal gave urban policy what
its modern shape
Urban policy and planning needed to be addressed at a larger scale
Lewis Mumford
Planning for urban growth and renewal: Europe
concern for unprecedented urban sprawl; introduction of green belts, slum clearance, and decentralization of of industry to new towns.
High density and compact form, complex street patterns, town squares, major landmarks, low rise skyline, bustling downtowns
Europe
