Test I Flashcards
Behavioral
Perception and interception
Positivism
Scientific method
Humanistic
Observation and personal experience
Structuralist
Macro social and economic changes
Post structuralist
Opposes any single idea and focuses on the role of the city government
4 central themes in influence patterns
Space
Territory
distance
Place
First modern city definition was coined by which two individuals?
Mumford and Wirth
Urbanization as according to Kingsley Davis
The increase over time in the % of a population that lives in cities as opposed to rural areas
The term urban in the US refers to what?
Territory; people and housing units located within urbanized areas and clusters
Census blocks
City blocks blinded by by streets and physical features
Block groups
Group of 10 or more blocks starting w the same digit
Central tracts
9 block groups w demographically and socially uniformed population
UA
> 10,000 sq mi
U.S. Bureau of the census
Electronic db files compiled since 1990 that contain address coordinates and locations of infrastructure
What has become the basis of sophisticated GIS applications for urban geography?
Census information
Small area census data
Urbanization is driven by what?
Interrelated processes of change
Urbanization is modified by what?
Local and historical factors
Urban system
The complete set of urban settlements of diff sizes that exists within a territory
5000 years ago there were only ____ cities, with population of _______.
8
>25000
Consistency of growth and structure of cities suggest that principles of ________ may have been at work.
Spatial organization
What allowed for evolvement of settlements?
Sedentary lifestyles and the movement away from hunting and gathering
Cities needed proper ecological settings in _________ areas
Productive farming
1st written language to keep record
Sumer
What was the city’s main function in origin!
To extract store and redistribute grain
Seats of power and culture
Kin
Structured groups got transformed into stratified politically organized territory based societies
Hydraulic theory of urban origin
Central authorities organized labor and assigned rights over resources. Every farmer was compelled to pay either a part of his harvest or by his labor. This surplus allowed for a social surplus.
Economic theory of origin
Cities evolved from need to exchange goods. There was a barter of items that were not universally available, so people were brought together
Military theory of urban origin
The protection of storage of surplus, central authority and concentration of people. Defense required a coordination of effort
Religious causes theory of urban origin
Axis Mundi- center of the world, expresses a point of connection between sky and earth where the 4 compass directions meet. Religion linked w development of social power
Spanish colonial outposts
15-1600s
Commerce and rectangular grid of streets around a central plaza
Oldest city in the us
st Augustine FL
Settled by the Spanish
Presidios
Fortress built for defense
Pueblos
Commerce
Missions
Religious centers and fortresses
Dutch new Amsterdam
1609
French Quebec City
Trading center and small permanent pop, first outpost of Dutch/French
Triangle of Atlantic trade
Can’t run a mercantile operation w out a mercantile component
English outposts (3)
Jamestown
Williamsburg
Boston
Established roots of us urban system
Williamsburg
1st colony of Virginia, tobacco
Jamestown
Overcome by disease
New urban system was a _________.
String of gateway cities
Entrepots
Intermediary cities for trade and shipment
Charleston
Slave trade post
Which city’s strategic port location contributed to demographic and economic dominance?
Charleston
Which period marked the beginning of integration!
Mercantile
Mercantile period
1790-1840
__________ stimulates the development of urban systems.
independence
by mid 1800s, _____ and _____ began to influence urban development and growth.
railroads and river forts
the rise of NY can be attributed to whom? What was his position?
Dwitt Clinton, governor
by what year in NY was there 12 avenues named, 155 streets numbered, non english speakers able to easily navigate, and a standardized real estate market?
1811
what were streets named after
prominent figures
mercantile epoch period
1790-1840
Period where: Rise of NY trade increased, especially where cities could specialize according to their comparative advantage
mercantile epoch period
what year was the eerie canal constructed? Why was this so important?
1825, port location that gave the city ability to expand
the only river through the Appalachians
Hudson
which period does this describe? Compact pedestrian city economic activity at waterfront little separation between home and workplace rich/poor live close by
mercantile
T or F: US had much longer period of industrial features than they had in europe during the mercantile period
F, it was shorter
interior gateway city
collection center along railroad
what does the Vance Model say about:
settlements
mercantilism/economics of cities
small settlements
fishing ports, timber camps and farming production
by ____ the US urban system had become independent and was on the way to becoming economically integrated
1840
______ and _______ in Europe promoted a great exodus of people during the mercantile period.
Rapid industrialization
mechanization
what happened in regards to technology during the mercantile period?
there was a transition from trading to agriculture and industry with expanding migration and immigration
During the ______ period, urbanization brought the emergence of new cities and rapid growth of other small settlements.
industrial expansion
industrial expansion period
1840-1875
Primero, CO
mining city
Pittsburgh, PA
power/manufacturing
Roanoke, VA
transportation hub
first railroad in the US was built in what year? Where?
1830
Baltimore and Ohio
_____ and ______ acted as an interface between established routes and new ones during the industrial expansion period.
steam boats/RR system
Railroads created an interlocked system of cities and generated ______ based on ______ and ________.
urban hierarchy
manufacturing/population growth
what were the initial advantages of industrial expansion?
allowed growth in the largest existing towns
localization
economies limit local opportunities to specific industry
Law of the primate city
rank 1 city is disproportionately larger than rank 2 city
rank size rule
Pi=P1/R1
it is the overall relationship between cities’ sizes and their rank within the system that stays constant
Principle of least effort
use minimum energy to receive good
Central place theory
seeks to explain size, spacing and functions of small urban places with a hierarchy
who created central place theory
Walter Christaller
what does CPT say about distance?
the more the distance is from a same size place, the less service places there will be
what was disregarded in CPT theory?
range and threshold of good
range of good
max distance consumers are willing to travel for goods
threshold of good
minimum market size of consumers that makes a product or service profitable
during the industrial expansion period, the best accessible sites were __________
taken by industry
During the industrial expansion period, elite, white collar and blue collar workers were in fierce fight for ________.
housing
Land owner ship was treated as a civil liberty until what?
zoning policies
what provided opportunities for white collar workers to escape the suburbs?
public transportation
what laid the foundation for the modern CBD?
RR facilities
During what period did the social geography of cities regroup around each side of the RR tracks?
industrial expansion
Industrial capitalism
1875-1920
what did the population increase do regarding city habitation during the industrial capitalism period?
fueled growth and colonization of the remaining frontier
Urban system consolidation
more efficient transport and division of labor
railroads had grown over 5x by ______.
1890
during the industrial capitalism period, local specialization became geared towards what?
national markets
Principle of cumulative causation
demand for resources doubled the number of urban places
______ expansion of the manufacturing belt in the 1920s was halted in favor of _______
territorial
integration
centrifugal
outward movement
centripetal
inward movement
what enabled suburbanization
streetcars and rapid transit systems
until the 1920s, _________ influenced the form and growth of cities.
public transportation
cities can be rationally organized as a ____________.
single system
who heralded a comprehensive approach to urban governance and planning?
Baron Haussman
father of US zoning
Edward Bassett
1st zoning ordinance
1916 in NY
Location of the CBD is based on?
rent
CBD is _______ dominated land use.
retail
what was formed at the edge of the CBD?
warehouse zones
__________ gave the CBD the most prominent landmarks.
office buildings
the structure of the CBD is very___________.
dynamic
what lies at the hub of the CBD
power and responsbility
the value of land depends on what?
its nearness to the CBD
__________ perfects prices that a user is prepared to pay for a site at different distances from the CBD.
the bid-rent curve
points to the importance of relative location
Hoyt’s sector model
_________ is behavior of affluent household filtering that ensues
key to dynamic of hoyt’s sector model
Automobile era
1920-1945
________ brought decisive changes to urban and economic development during the automobile era.
Fordism
what led to the first ghettos? What period was this?
migration of blacks during the auto era
what era did we see the decline of mining towns?
automobile
what period did air travel lead to city growth?
automobile
when did cities and suburbs stop growing?
auto era
The new deal, during the automobile era, brought ________ in urban development.
expansion of the governments role
during the rise of suburbia in the auto era, what happened to the CBD?
it became more specialized and less dominant
What happened to suburbs during the auto era?
more segregated
what led to the rise of suburbia?
lower car prices + higher wages = more car ownership
what killed mass transit growth in cities?
corporate interests of industries such as auto oil and rubber
robert moses
promoted the construction in NY of first parkways as limited access roads
what replaced grid system during rise of suburbia?
curvlinear
by the auto era, the suburbs were not for the ____ only.
rich
what did the charing of the FHA in 1934 promote?
the demand for home ownership
in CBD, the working class housing slums were turned into ______ areas.
office/retail
certain groups of activities were mutually attracted, and some land uses were repelled by others.
Land Use Model
says that even though a city may have begun with a central business district, or CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city.
Harris/Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model of Cities
Advanced capitalism
1945-1973
which period saw the decentralization of jobs and people away from the manufacturing belt to sun belt cities?
advanced capitalism
drive in culture was at large during what period? what made this the case?
advanced capitalism
car ownership
in what era did we see shopping centers with acres of parking lots?
advanced capitalism
footloose
location not a large factor
in which era did we see the emphasis on the American Dream?
advanced capitalism
in 1949 and 1954, ______ helped develop a new way of life.
Housing Acts
Abraham Levitt
built original Levittown on Long Island
who deployed the assembly line approach?
Abraham Levitt
______ and ______ became the cradles of national personality.
Sunbelt cities and personality
welfare programs in the 60s
unsustainable
________ approach shifted to macro economic
Keynesian
Gentrification
process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of affluent people into deteriorating areas displacing poorer residents
when did cities become open to public-private partnerships?
after the crisis of 1973
Polycentric model
Joel Garreu
a fragmented and multi nodal urban realm
galactic metropolis
subregions bound together through urban freeways
Urban realms
edgeless cities
office parks with no core center or power structure
edge city
nodal concentration of suburban shopping and office space on the fringes of metro areas, without permanent residents
fast growing suburbs lacking a dense business core w low density
boomburbs
world cities
those closely integrated w the global economic system
networked infrastructure are highly uneven and contribute to _____________
digital divide
characterized by an intense geographical differentiation
splintering urbanism
______ are hubs of spatial organization of the new international division of labor
world cities
which region has:
general absence of sky scrapers
europe
______ cities are linked to other urban areas around the world throughout the global economy.
european
which urban system was shaped by the demand for commodities.
canadian
out of the 10 most livable cities in the world, 3 are in ________ and 0 in the US.
canada
______ are more like european cities, with the southeast as the most populated area
Australia
deindustrialization
decline in industrial employment
land use zoning
public regulation of land to control character of a place
egalitarian liberalism
relies more on government to manage economic activities
Keynesianism
commitment to low unemployment
world system
economic system of a number of countries with different cultures, coined by Wallerstein
gateway cities
cities that because of their location serve as between one region to another
agglomeration economies
economic advantages companies have when their location is around related activities
Demographic Transition
trend in birth and death rates over time
entrepots
port that specializes in trade of goods to export
primate city
a country’s leading or most important city
Taylorism
planning of labor given entirely to management
metropolitan consolidation
key economic functions tend to become increasingly centralized and localized
green belt cities
contain low cost housing
Vance model
It was proposed by urban geographer James Vance. According to him, external influences have been particularly important in forging the geometry of urban hierarchy through five distinctive changes.
1 Exploration
2. Harvesting of natural resources
3. emergence of far-based staple production
4. established of interior depot centres
5. economic maturity and central place infilling.
