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Urbanization > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

social distance

A

difference between the people based on various factors

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2
Q

how is social distance enforced?

A

by creating spatial distance

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3
Q

Territoriality

A

tendency of a group to establish dominance within an area

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4
Q

space is a symbol of?

A

identity

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5
Q

Residential segregation

A

physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods

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6
Q

social interaction is a function of

A

social distance

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7
Q

_________ groups make the geographical choice

A

middle/upper income groups

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8
Q

Index of dissimilarity

A

% of people that will have to relocate to achieve even distribution

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9
Q

Index of exposure

A

Chance of encountering a person of another group within a neighborhood

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10
Q

index of isolation

A

measures typical neighborhood % of one group for that group in the city

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11
Q

Gini coeffcient

A

measures degree of inequality

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12
Q

ecological communities

A

cities

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13
Q

social groups are defined by?

A

country of origin

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14
Q

what are the implications of studying human ecology?

A

assumption that groups want to stay by themselves, and societies can’t be treated as biological elements in an urban ecosystem

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15
Q

Burgess model of residential ecology (concentric zone model)

A

economic and social competition; does not recognize role of politics in human behavior, and fails to account for the growth of intra urban transportation

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16
Q

Factorial ecology

A

quantitative data, correlation and regression analysis to identify underlying variables, investigates forces that create spatial patterns in the city

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17
Q

HUman ecology

A

empirical data, observe social groups in urban context and the study of occupants and change over time

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18
Q

implications of factorial ecology

A

social area analysis is built on premises that the city reflects complex modern society

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19
Q

most important elements of residential differentiation

A

SES, family status, ethnicity

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20
Q

who is associated with factorial ecology?

A

robert murdie

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21
Q

Social area

A

same level of living, way of life, and ethnic background

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22
Q

describe material hardship in US

A

does exist, but it is quite restricted in scope and severity

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23
Q

Social status is viewed through what concepts?

A

class structure and factions

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24
Q

What role does the educational system play in residential segregation?

A

defines a starting position in the division of labor

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25
Q

economic structure leads to residential differentiation that is essential to ___________.

A

social reproduction

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26
Q

what determines social reproduction?

A

group norms, value systems, ideologies, expectations, attitudes and behaviors

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27
Q

segregation creates __________ that enhance the social distance

A

segregation

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28
Q

_______ and _________ are involved in a chain of social reproduction and residential segregation

A

vocation opportunities and marriage patterns

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29
Q

American Renaissance of urban design

A

nature is a spiritual well being to the city, advance by building libraries museums and parks, role of built environment as a civilizing influence on people. uniform building heights, dramatic perspectives

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30
Q

Neoclassical design is

A

a reaction against industrialization

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31
Q

what inspired the creation of public parks for civilizing and spiritual uplifting?

A

rural cemeteries

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32
Q

The __________ was the marriage between high culture and american arcadian classicism

A

the city beautiful movement

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33
Q

which city was the seedbed for skyscraper development?

A

chicago

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34
Q

what gave skyscrapers fundamental economic rationale?

A

elevators, iron construction and telepohone

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35
Q

how to tall structures benefit businesses?

A

advertising their presence and success through highly visible structures

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36
Q

Usonia

A

FL Wright. modernist architecture to draw on vernacular themes, arts and crafts claimed that best design is pure, simple, and timeless

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37
Q

Broadacre city

A

is built on automobile and mass production of building technology, public service connected by freeways, a newly born suburbia

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38
Q

New urbanism

A

advocates neo traditional communities that reproduce white picket fence small town and walkable neighborhood

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39
Q

how was new urbanism criticized?

A

social exclusion and disney architecture, isolated subdivisions

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40
Q

Fortress LA

A

security has become a measure of social status, affluent neighborhoods are mini fortresses, less affluent have wrought iron grills on windows and doors

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41
Q

Starchitecture

A

the ability of the iconic building to put a city on the global map is a proven strategy

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42
Q

Rural vs urban: population

A

rural: homogeneous
Urban: heterogeneous

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43
Q

rural vs urban: social relationships

A

rural: common beliefs and symbols
urban: short lived interactions to institutions and organizations

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44
Q

rural vs urban: individual behavior

A

rural: controlled by informal discipline
urban: institutionalized codes

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45
Q

rural vs urban: relationships

A

rural: primary
urban: secondary; in a big city economic relationships dominate social

46
Q

rural society

A

stable, neighborly, associated with traditions of familiarity

47
Q

urban society

A

volatile and individualistic, associated with novelty and variety, may be overwhelming; offer economic opportunities and amenities but also personal and social stress

48
Q

americans are moving to cluster in increasingly _________ communities

A

homogeneous

49
Q

social and political _______ has swept across america

A

balkanization

50
Q

what leads to an increase in social and spatial isolation?

A

economic distress

51
Q

a large portion of US poor live where

A

in central cities

52
Q

poverty is __________ concentrated

A

spatially

53
Q

most of white urban poor come from where?

A

rural poor

54
Q

what problems do white poor face?

A

no political advocacy group with significant power to make white urban poverty a priority

55
Q

_________ covers any group of people characterized by attributes of race, religion, nationality, or culture

A

ethnicity

56
Q

_________is a function of social distance.

A

degree of assimiliation

57
Q

what is the opposite of segregation

A

residential clustering of minority through choice

58
Q

there is ______ evidence to suggest that blacks prefer to live in segregated neighborhoods

A

no

59
Q

white flight

A

white reaction to a tipping point

60
Q

minorities prefer _____ neighborhoods, while whites prefer ______

A

mixed

white

61
Q

most immigrants are?

A

latinos

62
Q

____ and ____ cities are the largest concentrations of mexicans

A

LA and TX

63
Q

what characterizes the population of puerto ricans in US?

A

poverty and drugs

64
Q

what describes cuban americans?

A

political refugees, ethnic economy

65
Q

each census finds what concerning asian americans?

A

less concentrated

66
Q

what have chinatowns become?

A

business centers

67
Q

one step up enclaves

A

middle class in standard community

68
Q

ethnoburbs

A

affluent suburban enclave

69
Q

new immigrant enclave

A

poorer communities for recently arrived

70
Q

how has increased materialism increased social and spatial polarization?

A

homogenization of consumer culture fostered the perceived need for distinctiveness and identity

71
Q

how has increased materialism impacted urbanization?

A

polarized retail landscapes, young professionals in gentrified communities

72
Q

many suburban communities cater to __________ lifestyles.

A

consumption-oriented

73
Q

when manufacturing jobs left, _________ produced more poverty

A

multiplier effect

74
Q

T or F: increasing percentage of families is multiply disabled

A

T

75
Q

T or F: job opportunities completely disappeared from the cities

A

F

76
Q

capital investment and development is ________ concerning globalization

A

uneven

77
Q

European cities: which model corresponds to SES?

A

sector

78
Q

european cities: where do the poor live?

A

along rail lines and zones of heavy industry

79
Q

what defines an architectural style?

A

the features that make it notable, such as form, method of construction and materials

80
Q

vernacular style

A

local in form and scale

81
Q

T or F: characteristics of architectural styles change rapidly

A

F

82
Q

architectural styles: ancient greece, rome and byzantium

A

highly refined systems for proportions. columns, optical illusions, arch and domes, public and civil buildings

83
Q

romanesque architecture changed how

A

to gothic

84
Q

renaissance architecture was preceded by _____

A

baroque

85
Q

revivalism

A

new technology, new methods of building, but built to imitate gothic style

86
Q

art nouveau

A

transition between neoclassical and modernism

87
Q

criticism of modernism

A

anonymity of cities, lack of sociability

88
Q

what is the point of modernism?`

A

modern materials and functional designs allow for inexpensive city available to all residents

89
Q

architecture and design are agents of _________

A

social redemption

90
Q

post modernism

A

since 1980s, postmodern buildings are to be scenographic, decorative and full of signs and symbols and ecclectic

91
Q

historic preservation

A

historic buildings provide distinctiveness and identity, emphasize the past, and decorate

92
Q

Ferdinand Tonnies

A

studied patterns of social distance

93
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

coined by Tonnies; a community in rural society

94
Q

Gesellschaft

A

coined by Tonnies; a state in a modern society

95
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

studied effect of urban life on individual and group behavior

96
Q

anomie

A

normalness

97
Q

Georg Simmel

A

studied distinctive components of urban way of life. all social relationships form from basic human drives and interests

98
Q

fundamental attributes of urbanization

A

Louis Wirth: increased number of people and homogeneity

99
Q

Herbert Gans

A

studied how new homeowners establish a community

100
Q

urban villages

A

social world whose common denominator is the attributes of older neighborhood and immobility

101
Q

subculture

A

mutual feelings of purpose

102
Q

territory that contains people of similar demographic, economic, and social characteristics

A

neighborhoods

103
Q

demonstrate social coherence and may be territorially, school-work, or lifestyle based

A

communities

104
Q

arrangement of objects in mental maps

A

cognitive distance

105
Q

who coined term mental maps?

A

kevin lynch

106
Q

settings where built form is clear and straight forward

A

legible

107
Q

people draw upon _________ when making decisions on where to do things in the city

A

appraisave images

108
Q

_______is where people go about their daily lives

A

home area

109
Q

______is a setting for every day taken for granted life, characterized by conformity to a given code of communication and symbolism

A

lifeworld

110
Q

Torsten Hageerstrand

A

studied constraints affecting individuals to move around

Urbanization (4 decks)

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