Exam III Flashcards
social distance
difference between the people based on various factors
how is social distance enforced?
by creating spatial distance
Territoriality
tendency of a group to establish dominance within an area
space is a symbol of?
identity
Residential segregation
physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods
social interaction is a function of
social distance
_________ groups make the geographical choice
middle/upper income groups
Index of dissimilarity
% of people that will have to relocate to achieve even distribution
Index of exposure
Chance of encountering a person of another group within a neighborhood
index of isolation
measures typical neighborhood % of one group for that group in the city
Gini coeffcient
measures degree of inequality
ecological communities
cities
social groups are defined by?
country of origin
what are the implications of studying human ecology?
assumption that groups want to stay by themselves, and societies can’t be treated as biological elements in an urban ecosystem
Burgess model of residential ecology (concentric zone model)
economic and social competition; does not recognize role of politics in human behavior, and fails to account for the growth of intra urban transportation
Factorial ecology
quantitative data, correlation and regression analysis to identify underlying variables, investigates forces that create spatial patterns in the city
HUman ecology
empirical data, observe social groups in urban context and the study of occupants and change over time
implications of factorial ecology
social area analysis is built on premises that the city reflects complex modern society
most important elements of residential differentiation
SES, family status, ethnicity
who is associated with factorial ecology?
robert murdie
Social area
same level of living, way of life, and ethnic background
describe material hardship in US
does exist, but it is quite restricted in scope and severity
Social status is viewed through what concepts?
class structure and factions
What role does the educational system play in residential segregation?
defines a starting position in the division of labor
economic structure leads to residential differentiation that is essential to ___________.
social reproduction
what determines social reproduction?
group norms, value systems, ideologies, expectations, attitudes and behaviors
segregation creates __________ that enhance the social distance
segregation
_______ and _________ are involved in a chain of social reproduction and residential segregation
vocation opportunities and marriage patterns
American Renaissance of urban design
nature is a spiritual well being to the city, advance by building libraries museums and parks, role of built environment as a civilizing influence on people. uniform building heights, dramatic perspectives
Neoclassical design is
a reaction against industrialization
what inspired the creation of public parks for civilizing and spiritual uplifting?
rural cemeteries
The __________ was the marriage between high culture and american arcadian classicism
the city beautiful movement
which city was the seedbed for skyscraper development?
chicago
what gave skyscrapers fundamental economic rationale?
elevators, iron construction and telepohone
how to tall structures benefit businesses?
advertising their presence and success through highly visible structures
Usonia
FL Wright. modernist architecture to draw on vernacular themes, arts and crafts claimed that best design is pure, simple, and timeless
Broadacre city
is built on automobile and mass production of building technology, public service connected by freeways, a newly born suburbia
New urbanism
advocates neo traditional communities that reproduce white picket fence small town and walkable neighborhood
how was new urbanism criticized?
social exclusion and disney architecture, isolated subdivisions
Fortress LA
security has become a measure of social status, affluent neighborhoods are mini fortresses, less affluent have wrought iron grills on windows and doors
Starchitecture
the ability of the iconic building to put a city on the global map is a proven strategy
Rural vs urban: population
rural: homogeneous
Urban: heterogeneous
rural vs urban: social relationships
rural: common beliefs and symbols
urban: short lived interactions to institutions and organizations
rural vs urban: individual behavior
rural: controlled by informal discipline
urban: institutionalized codes
rural vs urban: relationships
rural: primary
urban: secondary; in a big city economic relationships dominate social
rural society
stable, neighborly, associated with traditions of familiarity
urban society
volatile and individualistic, associated with novelty and variety, may be overwhelming; offer economic opportunities and amenities but also personal and social stress
americans are moving to cluster in increasingly _________ communities
homogeneous
social and political _______ has swept across america
balkanization
what leads to an increase in social and spatial isolation?
economic distress
a large portion of US poor live where
in central cities
poverty is __________ concentrated
spatially
most of white urban poor come from where?
rural poor
what problems do white poor face?
no political advocacy group with significant power to make white urban poverty a priority
_________ covers any group of people characterized by attributes of race, religion, nationality, or culture
ethnicity
_________is a function of social distance.
degree of assimiliation
what is the opposite of segregation
residential clustering of minority through choice
there is ______ evidence to suggest that blacks prefer to live in segregated neighborhoods
no
white flight
white reaction to a tipping point
minorities prefer _____ neighborhoods, while whites prefer ______
mixed
white
most immigrants are?
latinos
____ and ____ cities are the largest concentrations of mexicans
LA and TX
what characterizes the population of puerto ricans in US?
poverty and drugs
what describes cuban americans?
political refugees, ethnic economy
each census finds what concerning asian americans?
less concentrated
what have chinatowns become?
business centers
one step up enclaves
middle class in standard community
ethnoburbs
affluent suburban enclave
new immigrant enclave
poorer communities for recently arrived
how has increased materialism increased social and spatial polarization?
homogenization of consumer culture fostered the perceived need for distinctiveness and identity
how has increased materialism impacted urbanization?
polarized retail landscapes, young professionals in gentrified communities
many suburban communities cater to __________ lifestyles.
consumption-oriented
when manufacturing jobs left, _________ produced more poverty
multiplier effect
T or F: increasing percentage of families is multiply disabled
T
T or F: job opportunities completely disappeared from the cities
F
capital investment and development is ________ concerning globalization
uneven
European cities: which model corresponds to SES?
sector
european cities: where do the poor live?
along rail lines and zones of heavy industry
what defines an architectural style?
the features that make it notable, such as form, method of construction and materials
vernacular style
local in form and scale
T or F: characteristics of architectural styles change rapidly
F
architectural styles: ancient greece, rome and byzantium
highly refined systems for proportions. columns, optical illusions, arch and domes, public and civil buildings
romanesque architecture changed how
to gothic
renaissance architecture was preceded by _____
baroque
revivalism
new technology, new methods of building, but built to imitate gothic style
art nouveau
transition between neoclassical and modernism
criticism of modernism
anonymity of cities, lack of sociability
what is the point of modernism?`
modern materials and functional designs allow for inexpensive city available to all residents
architecture and design are agents of _________
social redemption
post modernism
since 1980s, postmodern buildings are to be scenographic, decorative and full of signs and symbols and ecclectic
historic preservation
historic buildings provide distinctiveness and identity, emphasize the past, and decorate
Ferdinand Tonnies
studied patterns of social distance
Gemeinschaft
coined by Tonnies; a community in rural society
Gesellschaft
coined by Tonnies; a state in a modern society
Emile Durkheim
studied effect of urban life on individual and group behavior
anomie
normalness
Georg Simmel
studied distinctive components of urban way of life. all social relationships form from basic human drives and interests
fundamental attributes of urbanization
Louis Wirth: increased number of people and homogeneity
Herbert Gans
studied how new homeowners establish a community
urban villages
social world whose common denominator is the attributes of older neighborhood and immobility
subculture
mutual feelings of purpose
territory that contains people of similar demographic, economic, and social characteristics
neighborhoods
demonstrate social coherence and may be territorially, school-work, or lifestyle based
communities
arrangement of objects in mental maps
cognitive distance
who coined term mental maps?
kevin lynch
settings where built form is clear and straight forward
legible
people draw upon _________ when making decisions on where to do things in the city
appraisave images
_______is where people go about their daily lives
home area
______is a setting for every day taken for granted life, characterized by conformity to a given code of communication and symbolism
lifeworld
Torsten Hageerstrand
studied constraints affecting individuals to move around
