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Urbanization > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

social distance

A

difference between the people based on various factors

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2
Q

how is social distance enforced?

A

by creating spatial distance

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3
Q

Territoriality

A

tendency of a group to establish dominance within an area

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4
Q

space is a symbol of?

A

identity

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5
Q

Residential segregation

A

physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods

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6
Q

social interaction is a function of

A

social distance

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7
Q

_________ groups make the geographical choice

A

middle/upper income groups

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8
Q

Index of dissimilarity

A

% of people that will have to relocate to achieve even distribution

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9
Q

Index of exposure

A

Chance of encountering a person of another group within a neighborhood

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10
Q

index of isolation

A

measures typical neighborhood % of one group for that group in the city

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11
Q

Gini coeffcient

A

measures degree of inequality

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12
Q

ecological communities

A

cities

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13
Q

social groups are defined by?

A

country of origin

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14
Q

what are the implications of studying human ecology?

A

assumption that groups want to stay by themselves, and societies can’t be treated as biological elements in an urban ecosystem

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15
Q

Burgess model of residential ecology (concentric zone model)

A

economic and social competition; does not recognize role of politics in human behavior, and fails to account for the growth of intra urban transportation

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16
Q

Factorial ecology

A

quantitative data, correlation and regression analysis to identify underlying variables, investigates forces that create spatial patterns in the city

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17
Q

HUman ecology

A

empirical data, observe social groups in urban context and the study of occupants and change over time

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18
Q

implications of factorial ecology

A

social area analysis is built on premises that the city reflects complex modern society

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19
Q

most important elements of residential differentiation

A

SES, family status, ethnicity

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20
Q

who is associated with factorial ecology?

A

robert murdie

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21
Q

Social area

A

same level of living, way of life, and ethnic background

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22
Q

describe material hardship in US

A

does exist, but it is quite restricted in scope and severity

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23
Q

Social status is viewed through what concepts?

A

class structure and factions

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24
Q

What role does the educational system play in residential segregation?

A

defines a starting position in the division of labor

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25
economic structure leads to residential differentiation that is essential to ___________.
social reproduction
26
what determines social reproduction?
group norms, value systems, ideologies, expectations, attitudes and behaviors
27
segregation creates __________ that enhance the social distance
segregation
28
_______ and _________ are involved in a chain of social reproduction and residential segregation
vocation opportunities and marriage patterns
29
American Renaissance of urban design
nature is a spiritual well being to the city, advance by building libraries museums and parks, role of built environment as a civilizing influence on people. uniform building heights, dramatic perspectives
30
Neoclassical design is
a reaction against industrialization
31
what inspired the creation of public parks for civilizing and spiritual uplifting?
rural cemeteries
32
The __________ was the marriage between high culture and american arcadian classicism
the city beautiful movement
33
which city was the seedbed for skyscraper development?
chicago
34
what gave skyscrapers fundamental economic rationale?
elevators, iron construction and telepohone
35
how to tall structures benefit businesses?
advertising their presence and success through highly visible structures
36
Usonia
FL Wright. modernist architecture to draw on vernacular themes, arts and crafts claimed that best design is pure, simple, and timeless
37
Broadacre city
is built on automobile and mass production of building technology, public service connected by freeways, a newly born suburbia
38
New urbanism
advocates neo traditional communities that reproduce white picket fence small town and walkable neighborhood
39
how was new urbanism criticized?
social exclusion and disney architecture, isolated subdivisions
40
Fortress LA
security has become a measure of social status, affluent neighborhoods are mini fortresses, less affluent have wrought iron grills on windows and doors
41
Starchitecture
the ability of the iconic building to put a city on the global map is a proven strategy
42
Rural vs urban: population
rural: homogeneous Urban: heterogeneous
43
rural vs urban: social relationships
rural: common beliefs and symbols urban: short lived interactions to institutions and organizations
44
rural vs urban: individual behavior
rural: controlled by informal discipline urban: institutionalized codes
45
rural vs urban: relationships
rural: primary urban: secondary; in a big city economic relationships dominate social
46
rural society
stable, neighborly, associated with traditions of familiarity
47
urban society
volatile and individualistic, associated with novelty and variety, may be overwhelming; offer economic opportunities and amenities but also personal and social stress
48
americans are moving to cluster in increasingly _________ communities
homogeneous
49
social and political _______ has swept across america
balkanization
50
what leads to an increase in social and spatial isolation?
economic distress
51
a large portion of US poor live where
in central cities
52
poverty is __________ concentrated
spatially
53
most of white urban poor come from where?
rural poor
54
what problems do white poor face?
no political advocacy group with significant power to make white urban poverty a priority
55
_________ covers any group of people characterized by attributes of race, religion, nationality, or culture
ethnicity
56
_________is a function of social distance.
degree of assimiliation
57
what is the opposite of segregation
residential clustering of minority through choice
58
there is ______ evidence to suggest that blacks prefer to live in segregated neighborhoods
no
59
white flight
white reaction to a tipping point
60
minorities prefer _____ neighborhoods, while whites prefer ______
mixed | white
61
most immigrants are?
latinos
62
____ and ____ cities are the largest concentrations of mexicans
LA and TX
63
what characterizes the population of puerto ricans in US?
poverty and drugs
64
what describes cuban americans?
political refugees, ethnic economy
65
each census finds what concerning asian americans?
less concentrated
66
what have chinatowns become?
business centers
67
one step up enclaves
middle class in standard community
68
ethnoburbs
affluent suburban enclave
69
new immigrant enclave
poorer communities for recently arrived
70
how has increased materialism increased social and spatial polarization?
homogenization of consumer culture fostered the perceived need for distinctiveness and identity
71
how has increased materialism impacted urbanization?
polarized retail landscapes, young professionals in gentrified communities
72
many suburban communities cater to __________ lifestyles.
consumption-oriented
73
when manufacturing jobs left, _________ produced more poverty
multiplier effect
74
T or F: increasing percentage of families is multiply disabled
T
75
T or F: job opportunities completely disappeared from the cities
F
76
capital investment and development is ________ concerning globalization
uneven
77
European cities: which model corresponds to SES?
sector
78
european cities: where do the poor live?
along rail lines and zones of heavy industry
79
what defines an architectural style?
the features that make it notable, such as form, method of construction and materials
80
vernacular style
local in form and scale
81
T or F: characteristics of architectural styles change rapidly
F
82
architectural styles: ancient greece, rome and byzantium
highly refined systems for proportions. columns, optical illusions, arch and domes, public and civil buildings
83
romanesque architecture changed how
to gothic
84
renaissance architecture was preceded by _____
baroque
85
revivalism
new technology, new methods of building, but built to imitate gothic style
86
art nouveau
transition between neoclassical and modernism
87
criticism of modernism
anonymity of cities, lack of sociability
88
what is the point of modernism?`
modern materials and functional designs allow for inexpensive city available to all residents
89
architecture and design are agents of _________
social redemption
90
post modernism
since 1980s, postmodern buildings are to be scenographic, decorative and full of signs and symbols and ecclectic
91
historic preservation
historic buildings provide distinctiveness and identity, emphasize the past, and decorate
92
Ferdinand Tonnies
studied patterns of social distance
93
Gemeinschaft
coined by Tonnies; a community in rural society
94
Gesellschaft
coined by Tonnies; a state in a modern society
95
Emile Durkheim
studied effect of urban life on individual and group behavior
96
anomie
normalness
97
Georg Simmel
studied distinctive components of urban way of life. all social relationships form from basic human drives and interests
98
fundamental attributes of urbanization
Louis Wirth: increased number of people and homogeneity
99
Herbert Gans
studied how new homeowners establish a community
100
urban villages
social world whose common denominator is the attributes of older neighborhood and immobility
101
subculture
mutual feelings of purpose
102
territory that contains people of similar demographic, economic, and social characteristics
neighborhoods
103
demonstrate social coherence and may be territorially, school-work, or lifestyle based
communities
104
arrangement of objects in mental maps
cognitive distance
105
who coined term mental maps?
kevin lynch
106
settings where built form is clear and straight forward
legible
107
people draw upon _________ when making decisions on where to do things in the city
appraisave images
108
_______is where people go about their daily lives
home area
109
______is a setting for every day taken for granted life, characterized by conformity to a given code of communication and symbolism
lifeworld
110
Torsten Hageerstrand
studied constraints affecting individuals to move around

Urbanization (4 decks)

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