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Biology 1 > Test: Ch 11A-12 Classification and Microbiology > Flashcards

Test: Ch 11A-12 Classification and Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The science of classifying organisms into groups

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

Finding out what group to which an organism belongs

A

Identification

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3
Q

A classification system with 2 groups: plants and animals

A

Aristotle’s classification system

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4
Q

A classification system with plant and animal kingdoms and divided kingdoms into different levels

A

Linnaeus’ classification system

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5
Q

Classification group

A

Taxa

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6
Q

Saying for current taxa:

A

Do kangaroos prefer cake or frosting generally speaking?

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7
Q

What are the domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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8
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Two named, naming system
Created by: Linnaeus

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9
Q

What is binomial nomenclature made up of?

A

Genus and species

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10
Q

Why did Linnaeus choose Latin? (some Greek)

A

-“Dead” language so that it wouldn’t be constantly changing
-Known by scholars
-Descriptive language

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11
Q

A group of similar organisms

A

Species

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12
Q

Rules for Species:

A
  1. structurally similar but do have a degree of variation
  2. Organisms can breed and produce viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions
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13
Q

What is the meaning of the word Archaea?

A

Comes from the Greek word “Arkhaios” which means ancient

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14
Q

Cell type of Archaea

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q

Cell structure of Archaea

A

-Cell walls
-NO peptidoglycan
-contain isoprene

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16
Q

Cellular organization of Archaea

A

Unicellular, may form colonies

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17
Q

Nutrition of Archaea

A

Heterotrophic or autotrophic

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18
Q

Examples of Archaea

A

-Halophiles
-thermophiles
-acidophiles
-methanogens

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19
Q

Why was “Domain” created?

A

Because of genetic differences between organisms (Woese)

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20
Q

A scientist who studies microscopic organisms

A

Microbiologist

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21
Q

A scientist who studies microscopic organisms

A

Microbiologist

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22
Q

Name and describe one important use/function of bacteria:

A

Bacteria carry out the process to make foods like yogurt or buttermilk.

23
Q

Size of bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells:

A

1000 times smaller

24
Q

What are the covering structures of a Bacterial cell?

A

-Cell membrane
-Cell walls
-Capsule

25
Q

Phospholipid bilayer that controls the flow of substances into and out of cells

A

Cell membrane

26
Q

Outside the cell membrane, contains peptidoglycan

A

Cell walls

27
Q

Sticky carbohydrate coating around the cell wall (thin or thick)

A

Capsule

28
Q

Functions of capsules:

A

Protection from:
-Desiccation
-Substances entering the cell
-Attack by immune cells of host

29
Q

Staining method used to classify bacteria by the amount of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall

A

Gram staining

30
Q

Purple, high amount (in gram staining)

A

gram positive

31
Q

Pink, small amount (in gram staining)

A

Gram negative

32
Q

Gram staining-staining method used to classify bacteria by the amount of ________ in the cell wall.

A

Peptidoglycan

33
Q

Genetic structures:

A

-Double stranded circular chromosome
-Plasmids

34
Q

Small circular DNA chromosomes
-Only carry a few genes (often nonessential
-Some are useful in antibiotic resistance and resistance to chemicals

A

Plasmids

35
Q

A genetic structure found in the nucleoid region.

A

One double-stranded circular chromosome

36
Q

Long threadlike structures formed from flagellin

A

Flagella

37
Q

Asexual reproduction in which the bacterial chromosome replicates and the cell divides into 2 daughter cells

A

Binary Fission

38
Q

What are conditions for optimal bacterial growth?

A

Each bacteria has special environments and conditions in which they can grow and multiply.

39
Q

What are some ways to stop or slow the growth of bacteria?

A

Keeping hot things hot (kills bacteria)

40
Q

Parameters of specificity:

A

-Moisture
-Temperature
-pH
-Nutrition

41
Q

What are the ways genetic information can move/transfer in bacteria?

A

-Conjugation
-Transformation
-Transduction

42
Q

The natural process of genetic transfer in bacteria

A

Conjugation

43
Q

Living bacteria take up another bacteria’s DNA that is free in the environment

A

Transformation

44
Q

Genetic material from one bacterium is transferred to another bacterium by a bacteriophage.

A

Transduction

45
Q

Structures of viruses

A

-Core
-Caspid
-Envelope

46
Q

Are viruses alive? Give evidence.

A

Viruses are not alive because:
-They cannot metabolize their own energy
-They can only reproduce using the cell’s machinery

47
Q

Viruses can only infect certain cells of certain organisms=

A

Viral specificity

48
Q

What kind of core does COVID-19 have?

A

RNA

49
Q

What kind of cycle does COVID-19 have?

A

Lyctic

50
Q

A virus that infects only certain bacteria.

A

Bacteriophage

51
Q

What is HIV?

A

An RNA retrovirus

52
Q

Why do we need Binomial Nomenclature?

A

So that scientists can have a common language to talk about an organism.

53
Q

T/F colonies can be used to ID a bacteria

A

True

54
Q

Assigning an organism to a particular group according to its characteristics.

A

Classification

Biology 1 (4 decks)

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