Test: Ch 11A-12 Classification and Microbiology Flashcards
The science of classifying organisms into groups
Taxonomy
Finding out what group to which an organism belongs
Identification
A classification system with 2 groups: plants and animals
Aristotle’s classification system
A classification system with plant and animal kingdoms and divided kingdoms into different levels
Linnaeus’ classification system
Classification group
Taxa
Saying for current taxa:
Do kangaroos prefer cake or frosting generally speaking?
What are the domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is binomial nomenclature?
Two named, naming system
Created by: Linnaeus
What is binomial nomenclature made up of?
Genus and species
Why did Linnaeus choose Latin? (some Greek)
-“Dead” language so that it wouldn’t be constantly changing
-Known by scholars
-Descriptive language
A group of similar organisms
Species
Rules for Species:
- structurally similar but do have a degree of variation
- Organisms can breed and produce viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions
What is the meaning of the word Archaea?
Comes from the Greek word “Arkhaios” which means ancient
Cell type of Archaea
Prokaryotic
Cell structure of Archaea
-Cell walls
-NO peptidoglycan
-contain isoprene
Cellular organization of Archaea
Unicellular, may form colonies
Nutrition of Archaea
Heterotrophic or autotrophic
Examples of Archaea
-Halophiles
-thermophiles
-acidophiles
-methanogens
Why was “Domain” created?
Because of genetic differences between organisms (Woese)
A scientist who studies microscopic organisms
Microbiologist
A scientist who studies microscopic organisms
Microbiologist
Name and describe one important use/function of bacteria:
Bacteria carry out the process to make foods like yogurt or buttermilk.
Size of bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells:
1000 times smaller
What are the covering structures of a Bacterial cell?
-Cell membrane
-Cell walls
-Capsule
Phospholipid bilayer that controls the flow of substances into and out of cells
Cell membrane
Outside the cell membrane, contains peptidoglycan
Cell walls
Sticky carbohydrate coating around the cell wall (thin or thick)
Capsule
Functions of capsules:
Protection from:
-Desiccation
-Substances entering the cell
-Attack by immune cells of host
Staining method used to classify bacteria by the amount of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall
Gram staining
Purple, high amount (in gram staining)
gram positive
Pink, small amount (in gram staining)
Gram negative
Gram staining-staining method used to classify bacteria by the amount of ________ in the cell wall.
Peptidoglycan
Genetic structures:
-Double stranded circular chromosome
-Plasmids
Small circular DNA chromosomes
-Only carry a few genes (often nonessential
-Some are useful in antibiotic resistance and resistance to chemicals
Plasmids
A genetic structure found in the nucleoid region.
One double-stranded circular chromosome
Long threadlike structures formed from flagellin
Flagella
Asexual reproduction in which the bacterial chromosome replicates and the cell divides into 2 daughter cells
Binary Fission
What are conditions for optimal bacterial growth?
Each bacteria has special environments and conditions in which they can grow and multiply.
What are some ways to stop or slow the growth of bacteria?
Keeping hot things hot (kills bacteria)
Parameters of specificity:
-Moisture
-Temperature
-pH
-Nutrition
What are the ways genetic information can move/transfer in bacteria?
-Conjugation
-Transformation
-Transduction
The natural process of genetic transfer in bacteria
Conjugation
Living bacteria take up another bacteria’s DNA that is free in the environment
Transformation
Genetic material from one bacterium is transferred to another bacterium by a bacteriophage.
Transduction
Structures of viruses
-Core
-Caspid
-Envelope
Are viruses alive? Give evidence.
Viruses are not alive because:
-They cannot metabolize their own energy
-They can only reproduce using the cell’s machinery
Viruses can only infect certain cells of certain organisms=
Viral specificity
What kind of core does COVID-19 have?
RNA
What kind of cycle does COVID-19 have?
Lyctic
A virus that infects only certain bacteria.
Bacteriophage
What is HIV?
An RNA retrovirus
Why do we need Binomial Nomenclature?
So that scientists can have a common language to talk about an organism.
T/F colonies can be used to ID a bacteria
True
Assigning an organism to a particular group according to its characteristics.
Classification
