Biology final exam Flashcards
Protein synthesis is ________________, meaning that it is a process that can reliably make the same protein from the same code again and again.
-Flexible
-Stable
-Complementary
Stable
Cellular ________________ refers to all the processes that get, save and spend energy in an organism.
-Conservation
-Anabolism
-Metabolism
Metabolism
The law of ________________ states that Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
-Universal Gravitation
-Conservation of Energy
-Conservation of momentum
Conservation of Energy
The enzyme that aids in the replication of DNA is called ________________.
-RNA polymerase
-DNA polymerase
-Catalase
DNA polymerase
The structure of DNA can be described as:
-A single strand
-A double helix
-A globular protein
A double helix
Cell processes like photosynthesis that transform energy from radiant energy to stored chemical energy by building molecules are ________________.
-Anabolic
-Catabolic
-Systolic
Anabolic
During DNA replication, sometimes mistakes can occur in the genetic code such as insertions of extra bases, deletions or skipping nucleotides. These changes are called ________________.
-Transcripts
-Mutations
-Genes
Mutations
Transcription occurs in the ________________.
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus
-Ribosome
Nucleus
The ATCG nitrogenous bases stand for:
-Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytoskeleton
-Adenine, thyroid, cytosine, guanine
-Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
A(n) ________________ is an organism that gets it’s energy by making its own food, such as through photosynthesis.
-Autotroph
-Heterotroph
-Carnivore
Autotroph
The ________________ are the site of protein production in cells.
-Golgi apparati
-Nuclei
-Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Cells get ready to divide or to make proteins by copying DNA. this process is called ________________.
-Transcription
-Replication
-Translation
Replication
DNA is found in and stays in the ________________.
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus
-Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
The process of DNA being rewritten as mRNA is called ________________.
-Transcription
-Translation
-Replication
Transcription
The process of making amino acid chains from mRNA is called ________________.
-DNA replication
-Transcription
-Translation
Translation
The small usable unit of energy for the cell that is fully “charged” and is constantly used and reformed is called ________________.
-DNA -ATP
-RNA -ADP
ATP
What type of RNA molecule is found in the cytoplasm where they join up with amino acids and carry amino acids to the ribosome?
-messenger
-transfer
-ribosomal
transfer
The ________________ structure of proteins refers to the simple order of amino acids, not how they coil, fold or interact with other chains.
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
Primary
The chemical bonds between ________________ groups in ATP store energy that can be used to power cellular processes.
-Sugar
-Phosphate
-Base
Phosphate
The segment of DNA that codes for a protein is called a(n) ________________.
-Transcript
-ADP molecule
-Gene
Gene
The nucleic acid that is a chain of nucleotides that stores information, directs metabolic process of cells and is copied and transmitted is called ________________.
-DNA
-RNA
-ATP
DNA
In DNA to DNA complimentary base pairing:
-A pairs with U; C pairs with G
-A pairs with T; C pairs with G
-A pairs with C; T pairs with G
A pairs with T; C pairs with G
Reactions that build molecules and store energy
-anabolism -catabolism
-autotrophs -heterotrophs
anabolism
Organisms that depend on other organisms for food (consumers)
-anabolism -catabolism
-autotrophs -heterotrophs
heterotrophs
Organisms that make their own food (producers)
-anabolism -catabolism
-autotrophs -heterotrophs
autotrophs
Reactions that break things down and release energy
-anabolism -catabolism
-autotrophs -heterotrophs
catabolism
American researcher who proposed the double helix model of DNA.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling
-Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Watson
Discovered that DNA is the factor that transmits traits, not proteins.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling
-Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Avery
A physical chemist who lived in California and was very good at building molecular models.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling -Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Pauling
Researcher who did x-ray crystallography, including photo 51.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling
-Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Rosalin Franklin
A British researcher who proposed the double helix model of DNA.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling -Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Crick
Discovered that across different species, DNA molecules have the same numbers of A’s as compared to T’s and C’s as compared to G’s.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling -Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Chargroff
Considered the Father of genetics because he did early experiments in genetics with his pea plants.
-Mendel -Crick -Watson -Chargroff -Pauling -Rosalin Franklin -Avery
Mendel
Where does the Light-dependent phase of photosynthesis occur?
-Thylakoid disc membrane
-Stroma
-Mitochondria
Thylakoid disc membrane
Where does the light-independent phase of photosynthesis occur?
-Thylakoid disc membrane
-Stroma
-Mitochondria
Stroma
What is the main purpose of the Light-dependent phase of photosynthesis?
-To store energy in the chemical bonds of glucose
-To capture energy from the sunlight in a chemical form
-To break down glucose into a usable energy form
To capture energy from the sunlight in a chemical form
The cohesion-tension theory describes the movement of what necessary reactant in photosynthesis?
-Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Water
Water
Chlorophyll pigment in the photosystems, embedded in the thylakoid disc membrane, reacts with light to split ________________ molecules, producing high energy electrons, H+ ions and oxygen gas.
-Glucose
-G3P
-Water
Water
The opening and closing of ________________ in leaves of green plants, regulates the entrance of gases, such as Carbon dioxide, and the loss of water to the surroundings.
-Stomata
-Xylem
-Phloem
Stomata
What enzyme helps to make ATP molecules in both the light phase of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? This enzyme looks like a “motor” that spins s it catalyzes the reaction.
-Rubisco
-ATP synthase
-RNA polymerase
ATP synthase
In photosynthesis, what enzyme links CO2 molecules together to make G3P in the Calvin cycle (Carbon fixation process)? It can bind both CO2 and O2, making it a key factor in whether cellular respiration or photorespiration will occur.
-Rubisco
-ATP synthase
-RNA polymerase
Rubisco
G3P can be joined to make a ________________ molecule or modified to make other energy storage compounds.
-Fat
-Glucose
-Oxygen
Glucose
Maintaining ________________ in plants, or a steady state, that allows for productive photosynthesis is dependent upon the presence of light, carbon dioxide and water.
-Temperature
-Homeostasis
-Metabolism
Homeostasis
________________ is a process in plants that occurs instead of photosynthesis that wastes energy and undoes the work of the Calvin cycle. It happens in many plants when there is a low ratio of CO2:O2.
-Photosynthesis
-Photorespiration
-Cellular respiration
Photorespiration
For plants, relatively low temperatures (but not freezing) and a high CO2:O2 ratio are considered:
-Stressful conditions
-Sketchy conditions
-Ideal conditions
Ideal conditions
________________ plants have a pathway to the Calvin cycle that temporarily (by time) separates the stages in photosynthesis to prevent the inefficient process of photorespiration in stressful conditions. Example: cactus or pinapple
-C3
-C4
-CAM
CAM
In some plants, such as corn and sugar cane, the stages of photosynthesis are spatially separated, to prevent the process of photorespiration in stressful conditions. These plants are called ________________ plants.
-C3
-C4
-CAM
C4
________________ respiration does not require oxygen.
-Aerobic
-Anaerobic
Anaerobic
The process in which food substances (cellular level) are broken down into usable energy in the form of ATP is called ________________.
-Photorespiration
-Cellular Respiration
-Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
________________ means “splitting sugars” and is the first step of cellular respiration but also part of anaerobic respiration.
-Glucose
-Glycogen
-Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Alcohol and Lactic acid are the products of ________________, which is also known as anaerobic respiration.
-Photosynthesis
-Fermentation
-Photosystem II
Fermentation
The Citric Acid Cycle harvests high energy electrons to feed into the Electron transport chain and occurs in the ________________.
-Cytoplasm
-Chloroplast
-Mitochondria
Mitochondria
________________ fermentation is used to make products like cheese and yogurt and is used by our muscles when vigorous exercise causes an oxygen debt (muscels run out of available oxygen).
-Alcohol
-Aerobic
-Lactic acid
Lactic acid
The electron transport chain in cellular respiration produces many ________________ energy packets perfectly usable by cells.
-ADP
-ATP
-NADPH
ATP
The study of heredity which is the passing on of traits from parent to child is called ________________.
-Homeostasis
-Genetics
-Interphase
Genetics
A “picture” of chromosomes is called a ________________.
-Haploid
-Mitosis
-Karyotype
Karyotype
The parts of DNA that code for proteins and can therefore cause a trait are called ________________.
-Genes
-Sister chromatids
-Proteins
Genes
In cells that are still in interphase, the genetic material looks fuzzy and messy, and is called ________________.
-Chromatin material
-Chromosomes
-Spindle fibers
Chromatin material
Proteins are made from long strings of amino acids and can be structural or ________________.
-Genetic
-Enzymatic
-Somatic
Enzymatic
Long strands of DNA that are complexed with proteins and condense as a cell begins the process of mitosis are called ________________.
-Chromatin
-Chromosomes
-Alleles
Chromosomes
Cells that are produced through ________________ have half the genetic information of normal body cells.
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
Meiosis
Different versions of the same gene are called ________________.
-Spindle fibers
-Centromeres
-Alleles
Alleles
The different observable physical characteristics in an organism are called the ________________.
-Phenotype
-Genotype
-Karyotype
Phenotype
Mitosis can be used as asexual reproduction, meaning that the offspring will be genetically ________________ to the parent. An example of this in budding in yeast.
-Different as compared
-Identical
Identical
________________ are a pair of chromosomes where both chromosomes have the same genes at the same locations, but can have different versions of those genes. One member of the pair is from your mom and the other is from your dad.
-Sister chromatids
-Homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
A ________________ of an organism refers to the combination of alleles in an organism, or the actual genetic code.
-Genotype
-Phenotype
Genotype
________________ are exact copies (duplicate of the chromosome) of each other and are held together at the centromere.
-Sister chromatids
-Homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids
Cells that have homologous pairs of chromosomes are considered ________________, because they have two of each chromosome, like our normal body cells.
-Haploid
-Diploid
Diploid
The division of the cytoplasm of a dividing cell forming two new cells.
-Interphase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Separating a cell’s duplicated chromosomes.
-Interphase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Formation of a cell wall from the inside-out in plant cells.
-Interphase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
“normal” cell life; the time between cell divisions.
-Interphase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Interphase
Two new nuclei form.
-Interphase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Building up supplies of cellular parts and copying chromosomes.
-Interphase
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis
Interphase
The sister chromatids come undone at the centromere and are pulled to either end of the cell.
-Metaphase -Telophase
-Anaphase -Prophase
Anaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
-Metaphase -Telophase
-Anaphase -Prophase
Metaphase
Centrioles divide and move to opposite ends of the cell and chromosomes condense.
-Metaphase -Telophase
-Anaphase -Prophase
Prophase
Two new nuclei begin to form.
-Metaphase -Telophase
-Anaphase -Prophase
Telophase
________________ are cells that have not yet differentiated into specialized cells.
-Stem cells
-Somatic cells
-Gametes
Stem cells
The process of cells taking on different characteristics and jobs is called ________________.
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Cell differentiation
Cell differentiation
Cells that have the potential to become many different types of cells during development , but not all types of cells are called ________________.
-Totipotent stem cells
-Pluripotent stem cells
-Somatic cells
Pluripotent stem cells
________________ genes are a special set of genes in a developing organism that act like a map determining embryonic development.
-Homeotic
-Co-dominant
-Autosomal
Homeotic
Cells that have the potential to become any kind of cell after differentiation are called ________________.
-Totipotent stem cells
-Pluripotent stem cells
-Somatic cells
Totipotent stem cells
The field of ________________ is mostly concerned with the moral principles that govern biological research and applications of that research.
-Epigenetics
-Bioethics
-Economics
Bioethics
The type of stem cells that are present in a zygote and throughout embryonic development are called ________________ stem cells.
-Somatic
-Embryonic
-Promoter
Embryonic
________________ is a general word that can refer to a Protozoa and Chromista.
-Food -Protist -Protozoa -Move -Eukaryotes
Protist
The Protozoa and Chromista are all ________________, which means that their cells have membrane bound nuclei and membrane bound nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles.
-Food -Protist -Protozoa -Move -Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
The word ________________ means “first animals”.
-Food -Protist -Protozoa -Move -Eukaryotes
Protozoa
Protista are classified based on how they obtain ________________ and how they ________________.
-Food -Protist -Protozoa -Move -Eukaryotes
Food; Move
All of the following describe Protozoa except:
-Tend to be heterotrophic
-Tend to be motile
-Are autotrophic
Are autotrophic
Which statement describes Flagellates?
-Use cilia to move and absorb food across their membrane
-Have 1 or more flagella and absorb food across their membrane
-Have cilia and ingest their food through an oral groove and gullet
Have 1 or more flagella and absorb food across their membrane
The ________________ is able to both make its own food through photosynthesis and absorb food across its membrane.
-Paramecium
-Euglena
-Amoeba
Euglena
Sarcodines are known for ________________.
-Making spores at some point during their lifecycle
-Having pseudopodia
-Being covered in cilia
Having pseudopodia
The euglena uses ________________ to move.
-Pseudopodia
-Cilia
-Flagella
Flagella
Amoeba use ________________ to engulf food, then digest the food in a food vacuole that is created in the process.
-Contractile vacuole
-Pseudopodia
-2 Nuclei
Pseudopodia
Some protozoa have small hairlike structures that are used for movement, which are called ________________.
-Cilia
-Flagella
-Pseudopodia
Cilia
Structures in protozoa that collect and remove excess water and are called ________________.
-Pseudopodia
-Contractile vacuoles
-Flagella
Contractile vacuole
Some protozoa have long whip-like structures called ________________ that are used for movement.
-Pseudopodia
-Flagella
-Cilia
Flagella
Some protozoa have ________________, or areas of pigment that detect light.
-Chloroplasts
-Eyespots
-Contractile vacuoles
Eyespots
Some protozoa are able to form ________________, or protective coatings, when conditions are harsh in order to survive until conditions improve.
-Cysts
-Nuclei
-Food vacuoles
Cysts
The ________________ is considered a cilate, because it is covered in cilia that enable it to move.
-Amoeba
-Paramecium
-Euglena
Paramecium
The ________________ are protozoa that are not able to move on their own, form a spore at some point in their life cycle and are all parasitic.
-Ciliates
-Flagellates
-Sporozoans
Sporozoans
Studying and understanding the ________________ of parasitic protozoa, such as Plasmodium, gives opportunities for preventing the spread of disease and for treating infections.
-Lifecycles
-Structures
-Eyespots
Lifecycles
Chromista have all characteristics listed below, except for:
-Contain pigments
-Are solely heterotrophic
-Are mostly autotrophic
-Have cellulose in their cell walls
Are solely heterotrophic
Chromista are known for their colors, caused by ________________, which allow them to perform photosynthesis.
-Cellulose
-Pigments
-Carbohydrates
Pigments
________________ are a type of Chromista that produce 70% of the oxygen that is made through photosynthesis on our planet
-Diatoms
-Foraminafera
-Algae
Algae
________________ are a type of Chromista that have silica based shells that can be used industrially as abrasives and insulators.
-Diatoms
-Foraminafera
-Slime molds
Diatoms
________________ are used as food for humans, a source of salt, a source of vitamins and mineral additives for livestock feed and for making fertilizers
-Diatoms
-Foraminafera
-Algae
Algae
________________ are used as food for humans, a source of salt, a source of vitamins and mineral additives for livestock feed and for making fertilizers
-Diatoms
-Foraminafera
-Algae
Algae
Foraminafera are Chromista with hard ________________, or shells that have tiny holes out of which pseudopodia extend.
-Cysts
-Tests
-Spores
Tests
Slime molds are decomposers that have a two step lifecycle containing a:
-Reproductive phase and a dividing phase
-Feeding phase and a reproductive phase
-Feeding phase and a spreading phase
Feeding phase and a reproductive phase
________________ water molds live on moist, decaying matter.
-Aquatic
-Land
-Slime
Aquatic
________________ water molds parasitize plants. The most famous one being Phytophthora infestas which caused the Irish potato blight.
-Aquatic
-Land
-Slime
Land
Chromista have the basic functions of ________________ and ________________.
-Producing oxygen; decomposer
-Producing Carbon dioxide; decomposer
-Making sugars; releasing energy
Producing oxygen; decomposer
Mendel worked with pea plants for which of the following reasons?
-They had many easily observable traits
-They reproduce slowly and have a long life cycle
-He could not control pollination of the plants
They had many easily observable traits
Gregor Mendel is known as the “Father of ________________” because his work with pea plants helped to discover how traits are passed from parent to offspring.
-Genetics -Microbiology
-Microscopy
Genetics
Genetic variation from parents to offspring and between offspring is generated as factors for different traits are moved into reproductive cells independently. This was described by Mendel as the Principle of:
-Segregation
-Dominance
-Independent assortment
Independent assortment
To have multiple alleles means to have multiple ________________.
-Variables
-Versions of a gene
-Cell types
Versions of a gene
Mendel concluded each of the following EXCEPT:
-Each parent contributes one factor
-Inherited traits seem to be a blend of the traits of the parents
-Two factors control each inherited trait
-Traits can either be dominant or recessive
Inherited traits seem to be a blend of the traits of the parents
Mendel designed his experiment skillfully. Which item below does NOT describe his good experimental technique?
-He had large sample sizes
-He carefully controlled pollination by hand with a paint brush
-He studied multiple variables at a time
He studied multiple variables at a time
This type of allele blocks the expression of another allele.
-Phenotype -Heterozygous
-Recessive -Genotype
-Dominant -Homozygous
Dominant
An organism with two dominant or two recessive alleles for a trait, represented by two capital or two lower case letters.
-Phenotype -Heterozygous
-Recessive -Genotype
-Dominant -Homozygous
Homozygous
This refers to the visible traits in an organism.
-Phenotype -Heterozygous
-Recessive -Genotype
-Dominant -Homozygous
Phenotype
This refers to the combinations of alleles inherited by an organism and can be represented by Pp, PP or pp.
-Phenotype -Heterozygous
-Recessive -Genotype
-Dominant -Homozygous
Genotype
When an organism has two different types of alleles for a given gene. This can be represented by a capital and lower case letter.
-Phenotype -Heterozygous
-Recessive -Genotype
-Dominant -Homozygous
Heterozygous
This type of allele is blocked or masked by the other allele.
-Phenotype -Heterozygous
-Recessive -Genotype
-Dominant -Homozygous
Recessive
A trait seems to be a blend of two alleles.
-Incomplete Dominance
-Co-dominance -Multiple Alleles
-Multiple gene interactions
-Sex-linked traits
Incomplete Dominance
The sex chromosomes X and Y carry the gene that determines the trait, not the autosomes.
-Incomplete Dominance
-Co-dominance -Multiple Alleles
-Multiple gene interactions
-Sex-linked traits
Sex-linked traits
There are several different options for versions of a gene that determine a trait
-Incomplete Dominance
-Co-dominance -Multiple Alleles
-Multiple gene interactions
-Sex-linked traits
Multiple Alleles
A trait is determined by several (more than 2) different segments of DNA that code for a protein.
-Incomplete Dominance
-Co-dominance -Multiple Alleles
-Multiple gene interactions
-Sex-linked traits
Multiple gene interactions
Two alleles are expressed.
-Incomplete Dominance
-Co-dominance -Multiple Alleles
-Multiple gene interactions
-Sex-linked traits
Co-dominance
This tool is generated by gathering information about as many family members as possible, in order to look at patterns of inheritance for a particular trait over several generations.
-Pedigree -Test cross
-Punnett square
Pedigree
This tool is used to determine possible genotypes of offspring and the likelihood of producing offspring with certain traits.
-Pedigree -Test cross
-Punnett square
Punnett square
This method breeds an organism of a known genotype with one of an unknown genotype in order to determine its genotype.
-Pedigree -Test cross
-Punnett square
Test cross
________________ is the process in which genetic information is activated to make a genetic product, such as protein.
-Cell differentiation
-Gene expression
-Homeostasis
Gene expression
________________ factors, like hormones in pregnancy, affect the production of proteins from genes in DNA.
-Structural DNA
-Temperature
-Environmental
Environmental
________________ are sequences of DNA, like TATA box, that come before a gene and tell the RNA polymerase where to bind to encourage transcription of a gene.
-Homeotic genes
-Promoters -Silencers
Promoters
________________ are DNA sequences that act like switches to “turn on” gene transcription.
-Silencers -Enhancers -Genes
Enhancers
________________ proteins bind to enhancers and silencers to control gene transcription.
-Regulatory -Antibody -Enhancer
Regulatory
Chemical stimuli and even light and temperature may have an effect on the ________________ of genes, thereby affecting the development of organisms.
-Copying -Expression -Presence
Expression
________________ are DNA sequences that act like switches to “turn off” or stop transcription of a gene.
-Silencers -Enhancers -Genes
Silencers
The process of cells taking on different characteristics and jobs is called ________________.
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Cell differentiation
Cell differentiation
The area of science that studies how changes such as the addition of acetyl groups to histones and methyl groups to DNA can cause changes in gene expression is called:
-Bioethics -Epigenetics -Genetics
Epigenetics
Sex-linked traits tend to show up in males because the ______ chromosome is smaller than the other sex determining chromosome, so men would only need one copy of a gene that causes the sex linked trait.
-Y -X
Y
________________ is the science of classifying organisms into groups.
-Taxa -Binomial nomenclature -Identification
-Classification -Taxonomy
Taxonomy
Finding out what groups a known organism belongs to (such as finding out the name of a bird in your backyard) is called ________________.
-Taxa -Binomial nomenclature -Identification
-Classification -Taxonomy
Identification
Classification groups are called ________________.
-Taxa -Binomial nomenclature -Identification
-Classification -Taxonomy
Taxa
Aristotle and Linneaus’ ________________ systems both consisted of plant and animals.
-Taxa -Binomial nomenclature -Identification
-Classification -Taxonomy
Classification
Scientific naming of organisms that involves two names is called ________________.
-Taxa -Binomial nomenclature -Identification
-Classification -Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Saying to remember the taxa:
Do kangaroos prefer cake or icing generally speaking
Latin was chosen as a primary language for scientific naming for all the following reasons except:
-Latin wasn’t known by anyone
-Latin was a descriptive language
-Latin was “dead”, or not a spoken language, so it was not changing
Latin wasn’t known by anyone
Which of the following in NOT a domain name?
-Bacteria
-Protozoa
-Eukarya
Protozoa
A ________________ is a group of organisms with similar characteristics although there can be some variation between them. More technically, members of this group need to be able to reproduce to make viable and fertile offspring.
-Domain -Species -Colony
Species
The name Archaea refers to Carl Woese’s belief that this group of organisms was ________________.
-Small -Old -Unique
Old
Archaea have the following characteristics except:
-Isoprene in their cell walls that make them flexible and able to withstand extreme conditions.
-Membrane bound nuclei and organelles
-Are unicellular, but able to form colonies
Membrane bound nuclei and organelles
Which name does NOT represent a type of archaea?
-Escherichia coli
-Methanogens
-Thermophiles
Escherichia coli
T/F Archaea and Bacteria both have nuclei.
False
T/F There were genetic differences between organisms that led to the formation of 3 domains.
True
T/F Most bacteria cause disease
False
T/F Bacteria are important for survival and flourishing of other organisms
True
T/F Bacterial cells are about the same size as eukaryotic cells
False
Bacteria contain what component in their cell walls?
-Peptidoglycan -Isoprene -Phospholipid
Peptidoglycan
While bacteria contain a large double stranded circular chromosome, they also have smaller pieces of DNA called ________________ that might only contain a few nonessential genes.
-Flagella -Phage -Plasmids
Plasmids
Some bacteria have long thread-like structures called ________________ that enable them to move around.
-Cilia
-Plasmids
-Flagella
Flagella
Some bacteria have ________________, which are sticky carbohydrate, that help protect them from drying out or being attacked by immune cells.
-Cell membranes -Capsules -Cell walls
Capsules
Bacteria reproduce by a process called ________________ which produces genetically identical cells.
-Mitosis -Binomial nomenclature -Binary fission
Binary fission
Even though there is no exchange or variation in genetic information through reproduction in bacteria through ________________.
-Conjugation -Binary fission -Classification
Conjugation
Transduction in bacteria involves ________________, which are viruses that infect only bacterial cells.
-Plasmids -Bacteriophage -Peptidoglycan
Bacteriophage
Through the process of ________________ one bacteria is able to pass a copy of a plasmid to another bacteria through a hollow tube connecting the bacteria.
-Conjugation -Transformation -Transduction
Conjugation
Growth of bacteria can be SLOWED by which of the following:
-Giving them an optimal temperature for binary fission
-Limiting the amount of available food
-Providing ample moisture
-Increasing temperature to room temperature
Limiting the amount of available food
A microbiologist studies ________________.
-Organisms so far away they need to be studied with a telescope.
-Organisms that only live in the ocean
-Organisms so small they need to be studied with a microscope
Organisms so small they need to be studied with a microscope
________________ refers to the idea that bacteria and viruses have certain conditions under which they an grow and replicate best. For bacteria, this involves a certain temperature and moisture range. For viruses, this involves a certain type of host and type of cell within the host.
-Decomposition -Specificity -Morphology
Specificity
Which of the following statements provides correct information that shows that viruses are not living things?
-Viruses can only reproduce using host cell machinery
-Viruses are made of one or more cells
-Viruses do not have genetic information of their own
Viruses can only reproduce using host cell machinery
Viruses typically have which 3 parts?
-Nucleus, capsid, envelope
-Envelope, ribosomes, Nucleic acid core
-Nucleic acid core, capsid, envelope
Nucleic acid core, capsid, envelope
If a virus has been integrated into the host cell genome and is not causing symptoms of the disease it is likely in the ________________ phase.
-Lysogenic -Lyctic
Lysogenic
Given the following translations, what is the likely scientific name for the “large waterleaf”? (macro=large; hydro=water; helia=sun)
-Helianthus annus
-Hydrophyllum macrophyllum
-Hydrophyllym microphyllum
Hydrophyllum macrophyllum
T/F Cell structure (Animal Kingdom)
____ Are prokaryotic
____ Are Eukaryotic
____ Have cell walls made of chitin
____ Do not have cell walls
F
T
F
T
T/F Nutrition (Animal Kingdom)
____ Are heterotrophic
____ Make their own food
____ Some are parasitic and pathogenic
T
F
T
T/F Reproduction (Animal Kingdom)
____ Reproduce sexually
____ Only reproduce asexually
____ Have stages of embryonic development
T
F
T
T/F Motility (Animal Kingdom)
____ Most are able to move around with the help of muscles
____ Never have endoskeletons
____ May have hydroskeletons
T
F
T
Platyhelminthes
-Roundworms -Segmented worms -Octopi, clams and squid -Flatworms
Flatworms
Annelida
-Roundworms -Segmented worms -Octopi, clams and squid -Flatworms
Segmented worms
Mollusca
-Roundworms -Segmented worms -Octopi, clams and squid -Flatworms
Octopi, clams, squid
Nematoda
-Roundworms -Segmented worms -Octopi, clams and squid -Flatworms
roundworms
Exchanging gases with the environment is called:
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Respiration
Shells, feathers, and skin are all types of body coverings that are used in :
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Protection
Animals that have ________________ are supported by a flexible, light internal system of bones or cartilage.
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Endoskeletons
Since animals are ________________, they must be able to ________________, or take in food, digest food and assimilate the nutrients from food.
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Heterotrophic, Ingest
________________ is the removal of waste materials.
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Excretion
When a planaria senses the presence of light and coordinates movements to move away from light, this is called showing a:
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Response
________________ is the transport of materials throughout an animal.
-Heterotrophic -Respiration -Endoskeletons
-Protection -Response -Circulation -Ingest
-Excretion
Circulation
Concentration of sensory and nerve cells at one end
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Cephalization
Cannot be divided into equal halves
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Asymmetrical
Animals without a backbone
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Invertebrates
Animal that can be divided by a cut through the center of the animal in any direction
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Radially symmetric
Animal that has a body temperature that is behaviorally regulated
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Endothermic
Animal that has a body temperature that is behaviorally regulated
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Ectothermic
Animal that can be divided in mirror image right and left sides by a longitudinal cut
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Bilaterally symmetric
Animals with a backbone
-Invertebrates -Vertebrates -Endothermic
-Asymmetrical -Radially symmetric
-Bilaterally symmetric -Cephalization
Vertebrates
Which is the proper order of body layers during the development of worms listed from inside to outside?
-1.Endoderm 2.mesoderm 3.ectoderm
-1.Ectoderm 2.mesoderm 3.endoderm
-1.Mesoderm 2.ectoderm 3.endoderm
1.Endoderm 2.mesoderm 3.ectoderm
The ________________ of nematodes refers to their ability to live in all different kinds of environments throughout the world, while their ________________ refers to the ability of a particular kind of nematode to live in only a certain host and a certain part of the host.
-Specificity; versatility -Cephalization; versatility
-Versatility; specificity
Versatility; specificity
The name Annelida comes from the description:
-Flat worms -Little rings -Stinging nettles
Little rings
Planaria are able to do all of the following except:
-Sense light
-Regenerate a full worm from a tiny fragment
-Be protected from digestion in a host by thick skin
Be protected from digestion in a host by thick skin
Which of the following is NOT a parasitic roundworm?
-Guinea worm -Tapeworm -Ascaris
Tapeworm
Parasitic flatworms are likely to have what structures?
-Thick tegument and hooks or suckers for attachment
-Sensory organs for finding food and cilia for movement
-Thin moist skin for diffusion and hooks for attachment
Thick tegument and hooks or suckers for attachment
Bristles for anchoring
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve cord
-Clitellum -Setae
Setae
Stores food
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve cord
-Clitellum -Setae
Crop
Grinds food
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve cord
-Clitellum -Setae
Gizzard
Make mucus that becomes the cocoon; thickened band around the worm
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve cord
-Clitellum -Setae
Clitellum
Transfer blood from dorsal to ventral blood vessels
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve cord
-Clitellum -Setae
Aortic arches
Carries nerve signals down the worm
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve cord
-Clitellum -Setae
Ventral nerve cord
Contract to shorten the worm for movement
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve chord
-Clitellum -Setae
Longitudinal muscles
Receives sperm from another worm through mating
-Crop -Aortic arches -Longitudinal muscles
-Gizzard -Seminal Receptical -Ventral nerve chord
-Clitellum -Setae
Seminal receptacle
Secretes the shell and encloses vital organs
-Foot -Mantle -Radula -Visceral hump
-Shell
Mantle
Contains the heart, digestive organs and excretory organs
-Foot -Mantle -Radula -Visceral hump
-Shell
Visceral hump
Fleshy and muscular organ that is used in locomotion
-Foot -Mantle -Radula -Visceral hump
-Shell
Foot
Small organ covering in teeth that can scrape food particles into the mouth
-Foot -Mantle -Radula -Visceral hump
-Shell
Radula
Hard, protective covering
-Foot -Mantle -Radula -Visceral hump
-Shell
Shell
What does gastropod mean and what is an example?
-Two-shelled, clam
-Stomach footed, snail
-Head footed, cuttlefish
Stomach footed, snail
What structure of clams is important in both respiration and in obtaining nutrition because it allows for gas exchange and trapping food particles?
-Digestive gland -Adductor muscle -Gills
Gills
What structure of clams is important in both support and protection?
-The visceral hump -The foot -The shell
The shell
Clams have various sense organs that can respond to:
-Balance cues, touch and substances in water
-Sound, touch and light
-Only movement
Balance cues, touch and substances in water
________________ published the first microscopic illustrations in 1630
-Simple -Leeuwenhoek -Hooke -Jansens
-Compound -Stelluti -Microscope
Stelluti
________________ developed a microscope and published a book called Micrographia containing illustrations from his studies. He coined the term “cell” after looking at cork tissue under a microscope.
-Simple -Leeuwenhoek -Hooke -Jansens
-Compound -Stelluti -Microscope
Hooke
This word is derived from word parts that mean “small” and “to see”: ________________
-Simple -Leeuwenhoek -Hooke -Jansens
-Compound -Stelluti -Microscope
Microscope
The ________________ mounted lenses in adjustable tubes, making a type of ________________ microscope.
-Simple -Leeuwenhoek -Hooke -Jansens
-Compound -Stelluti -Microscope
Jansens; compound
________________ made microscopes with only one lens, which are called ________________ microscopes, that were able to magnify objects over 200 times.
-Simple -Leeuwenhoek -Hooke -Jansens
-Compound -Stelluti -Microscope
Leeuwenhoek; simple
The ability of a lens to enlarge an image compared to the real object is called ________________.
-Reflection -Transmitted -Refraction
-Magnification -Absorption -Resolution
Magnification
Light is ________________ when its waves travel through a material.
-Reflection -Transmitted -Refraction
-Magnification -Absorption -Resolution
Transmitted
The ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate is called ________________.
-Reflection -Transmitted -Refraction
-Magnification -Absorption -Resolution
Resolution
________________ refers to light waves bouncing off an object. This then causes us to see a duplicate of an image.
-Reflection -Transmitted -Refraction
-Magnification -Absorption -Resolution
Reflection
________________ occurs when a material captures the energy of a light wave.
-Reflection -Transmitted -Refraction
-Magnification -Absorption -Resolution
Absorption
________________ is the apparent change of direction of light waves, but is really the slight change in the speed at which light is traveling as it passes through different materials.
Refraction
What would the magnification of an object viewed on this microscope be if the magnification of the eyepiece is 10 and the magnification of the objective lens is 40?
400x
Name and describe in a complete sentence one important use/function of bacteria.
Bacteria are essential for making foods like yogurt and buttermilk
What two types of inheritance are exemplified in the inheritance of blood type? Name and describe them using full sentences.
Blood type AB is an example of co-dominance because two alleles are expressed. EAe and EBe or A and B type blood are examples of inheritance by multiple alleles because EAe and EBe are a blend of EA and e or EB and e.
Malaria. (1) state the name of the disease, (2) the type of organism that causes it, (3) the route of infection, (4) basic symptoms of the disease, (5) who is affected by the disease and what are (6) possible treatments and ways of preventing the spread of the disease.
Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites and is spread by an infected female mosquito’s bite. Symptoms of malaria are a fever, headache and chills.The people most affected by Malaria are children 5 years old and under and pregnant women. Most cases of Malaria are in Africa. A possible prevention would be a vaccine and bug spray could prevent malaria.
Write all 3 parts of cell theory.
-All cells arise from preexisting cells.
-Cells are the fundamental, structural and functional units of all living things.
-All living things are composed of cells.
