Animal kingdom, worms and mollusks Flashcards
What domain and kingdom do animals belong to?
Domain Eukarya, kingdom Animalia
The study of the animal kingdom
Zoology
able to move around
motile
In clams these organs accomplish respiration and help with nutrition
gills
Clams have _________ organs that let them receive balance, touch and chemical cues.
sense
The type of cells that make up animals
eukaryotic
In mollusks this secretes the shell and encloses vital organs
mantle
The ___________ hump in mollusks contains the heart and digestive organs.
visceral
A hard protective covering that mollusks have.
shell
Part of earthworm that makes mucus to become the cocoon, looks like a thick band
clitellum
A type of chord that runs the length of the worm carrying messages
nerve
Muscular part of earthworm digestive system that grinds food.
gizzard
A stomach-footed mollusk
gastropod
Type of muscles in earthworm that contract to shorten the worm for movement
longitudinal
In mollusks this is a fleshy and muscular organ used in locomotion
foot
A two shelled mollusk
bivalve
The ______________ receptacle receives sperm from another earthworm through mating
seminal
In some mollusks this is used to scrape food particles and is covered in teeth
radula
Type of muscles in earthworm that contract to lengthen the worm
circular
Food storage in earthworm digestive system
crop
The type of development that animals have because they are multicellular
embryonic
Bristles the earthworm has for anchoring
setae
The middle body layer during development
mesoderm
An animal that derives its body heat from metabolism
endothermic
Phyla including Clams, Squid and Octopi
molluska
Cannot be divided into equal halves
asymmetrical
The inner most body layer during development
endoderm
Type of symmetry- an animal can be divided by a longitudinal cut to form mirror sides
bilateral
Type of symmetry that divided an animal by a cut through the center in any direction
radial
Animals that do not have a backbone
invertebrates
Phyla of segmented worms
annelida
Organisms that need to ingest food
heterotrophs
Provided by body coverings like fur, feathers and skin
protection
The outer body layer during development
ectoderm
An animal that has a body temperature that is behaviorally regulated
ectothermic
Exchanging gases with the environment
respiration
Term that refers to nematode’s ability to live in all kinds of environment
versatility
Phyla of flatworms
plathyhelminthes
The transport of materials throughout an animal
circulation
Concentration of sensory and nerve cells at one end of the body
cephalization
The ability of an animal to sense a stimuli and act on that info
response
Animals that do have a backbone
vertebrates
Phyla of roundworms
nemtoda
Term that refers to nematode’s need to live only in certain parts of certain hosts
specificity
Structures animals have for motility:
-Endoskeletons
-Exoskeletons
-Hydroskeletons
The arrangement of physical features that contribute to structure and form
Body Plan
What does assymetrical mean?
No symmetry
Permanently fixed to an object
Sessile
A structure found in many soft bodied animals, consisting of a fluid filled cavity, the coelem surrounded by muscles
Endoskeleton
Flexible, lighter internal system of bones or cartilage
Exoskeleton
A body covering or behavior to protect the animal from predators.
Hydroskeleton
How they obtain food for nutrients and energy
Nutrition
Taking in food
Ingestion
Breaking down food into substances the animal can use
digestion
Getting rid of wastes
Excretion
Making more of an animal. Animal’s fertilized zygotes go through embryonic stages as the develop
Reproduction
General characteristics of worms:
-Soft, long bodies
-few to no appendages
-bilateral symmetry
-cephalization
Need to know about Planaria:
-Can regenerate from a tiny fragment with stem cells
-Have eyespots to sense light
-Have chemoreceptors
Differences between parasitic flatworms and free living flatworms:
(Need protection from digestive juices of host and a way to stay attached to host)
-Few sense organs
-No external cilia in adults
-Thick tegumant
-Suckers or hooks for attachment to a host
Sheep liver fluke is an example of what?
A parasitic flatworm
What 2 structures do parasitic flatworms need to have?
-Thick tegument
-Suckers or hooks for attachment
How do tapeworms stay stuck in a host?
Using suckers or hooks
Contain both male and female reproductive organs
ploglottids
Characteristics of roundworms:
-tiny
-inhabit almost every environment
-specificity of where they live
-versatile
Example of a parasitic roundworm:
Guinea worm
What does the name “annelida” mean?
little rings
Segmentation of annelida internal, external or both?
both
Where do most annelids live?
Salt water
A thin membrane in annelida
septa
What are 2 aspects of how earthworms accomplish movement?
-Setae
-2 muscle layers (Circular and Longitudal)
What do earthworms have for support?
-muscular layers
-Hydrostatic skeleton
What do earthworms have for protection?
Body covering- protective cuticle and mucus
Pathway of food from mouth to anus in earthworms:
(6)
-pharynx- esophagus- crop- gizzard(grinds food)
- intestines(digestive enzymes)- anus
How does respiration occur in the earthworm?
Gases exchange through the epidermis and get carried to the animal’s tissues by tiny blood vessels
What kind of circulatory system do worms have?
closed
Main parts of the circulatory system in the earthworm:
-Dorsal and Ventral blood vessels
-5 pairs of aortic arches
What part contracts in the the earthworm’s circulatory system?
Dorsal blood vessel
What does the nephridia in an earthworm do?
Filter wastes from the blood and expels wastes into the coelem or through pores in the worm’s skin
What 3 main structures are used in the response of worm life processes?
-“brain” or ganglia
-Ventral nerve cord
-Smaller ganglia within each segment
What does it mean that worms are hermaphroditic?
-2 pairs of male testes (in segments 10 & 11)
-Pair of ovaries (in segment 13)
Difference between seminal vesicles and seminal receptacles:
Sperm is held in the seminal vesicle and is transferred to the seminal receptacles of the other worm
Where does the cocoon of the worm come from?
The citellum
What does the cocoon do after mating?
2-3 weeks later the worms emerge
Common structures in mollusks:
-Foot
-Mantle
-Radula
-Visceral hump
-Shell
-Gills
3 main types of mollusks:
Class:
-Bivalva
-Gastropoda
-Cephalopoda
Example of a Bivalva mollusk
clams, oysters, scallops
Example of a Gastropoda mollusk
snails, slugs
Example of a Cephalopods mollusk
squids, octopuses, nudibranches
Key characteristics of a Bivalva mollusk:
-2 shells
Key characteristics of a gastropoda mollusk:
-usually have one valve (shell)
-Have a radula
Key characteristics of a cephalopoda mollusk:
-special defense mechanisms ex: ink
How Bivalve mollusks accomplish the 9 main life processes:
1. movement
2.support
3. protection
4. nutrition
5. respiration
6. circulation
7. excretion
8. response
9. reproduction
~Movement- burrowing
~Support- the shell
~Protection- the shell
~Nutrition- filter feed
~Respiration- gills
~Circulation- open system w/ heart and blood vessels
~Excretion- kidney
~Response- nervous system w/3 major ganglia, nerves and sense organs
~Reproduction- Sexual (includes larval stage)
