Biology Test: Basic genetics

Question 1

The study of heredity

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

Answer 2

Heredity

Question 3

Austrian Monk who studied heredity

Answer 3

Gregor Mendel

Question 4

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants for experiments? (4)

Answer 4

-Short life cycle
-Easily observable traits
-Small size
-Easy to care for

Question 5

What was Mendel’s experimental design? (3)

Answer 5

-He looked at one variable at a time (by using true breeding)
-“controlled” the experiment (pollination by hand)
-Large sample size (100s of plants for each trait)

Question 6

Pollen from one plant lands on the pistol of a flower on a different plant

Answer 6

Cross pollination

Question 7

Pollen from one plant lands on the pistol of a flower on the same plant

Answer 7

Self pollination

Question 8

Gregor Mendel’s conclusions:

Answer 8

• 2 genetic factors control each inherited trait
  -One parent contributes each factor
  -Traits could be dominant or recessive

Question 9

The factors that determine a trait must seperate or segregate, into the reproductive cells of the plants

Answer 9

Principle of Segregation

Question 10

When an organism has the same alleles of a gene (ex: AA or aa)

Answer 10

Homozygous

Question 11

When an organism has different alleles for a gene (ex: Aa)

Answer 11

Heterozygous

Question 12

Used to make predictions about the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Answer 12

Punnett Square

Question 13

Mating an organism with an unknown genotype with a known recessive genotype to see what happens

Answer 13

Test Crosses

Question 14

A way to look at phenotype of offspring to determine the genotype of parents

Answer 14

Test Crosses

Question 15

They show the presence or absence of a trait in a # of generations

Answer 15

Pedigree

Question 16

How do you read pedigrees?

Answer 16

You look at phenotypes to determine a possible genotype

Question 17

Not simply recessive or dominant traits (a blend of traits)

Answer 17

Incomplete dominance

Question 18

Incomplete dominance example

Answer 18

Flower color in snapdragons

Question 19

Both alleles are dominant, two traits fully expressed

Answer 19

Co-dominance

Question 20

Co-dominance example

Answer 20

Type AB blood

Question 21

Sex-linked traits are…

Answer 21

controlled by the sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Question 22

Sex-linked trait example

Answer 22

Red-green color blindness

Question 23

The process in which genetic information is activated to make a genetic product

Answer 23

Gene expression

Question 24

What influences gene expression?

Answer 24

-DNA molecules
-Enviornment

Question 25

Cause the transcription factors to "fall off"

Answer 25

Terminator sequences

Question 26

DNA sequences that bind to promoters in front of genes and act as switches telling RNA polymerase whether the gene needs to be turned on or silenced

Answer 26

Enhancers and silencers

Question 27

Expression of different genes depends on the presence of different ________________

Answer 27

hormones

Question 28

External stimuli

Answer 28

light and temperature | both influence gene expression

Question 29

Drugs or pollutants that can alter gene expression in babies that are developing

Answer 29

Chemicals

Question 30

The physical expression of a gene

Answer 30

Phenotype

Question 31

The genes that have been inherited for a gene

Answer 31

Genotype

Question 32

F1 generation (Cc)

Answer 32

Heterozygous

Question 33

Genes on X and Y chromosomes

Answer 33

Multiple gene interactions

Question 34

More than 2 types of a gene

Answer 34

Multiple alleles

Question 35

Autosomes and Sex chromosomes use _____________ chromosome(s)

Answer 35

All

Question 36

What 2 types of inheritance are exemplified in blood types?

Answer 36

1. Co-dominance (AB) 2. Inheritance by multiple alleles (EA, EA, e)

Question 37

Sequences of DNA that come before a gene that tell the RNA polymerase where to bind to begin copying the gene into a strand of mRNA

Answer 37

Promoters

Question 38

The process that converts undifferentiated cells to many different types of specialized cells in our body

Answer 38

Cell differentiation

Question 39

A general term that includes the addition or removal of methyl groups from the DNA of a gene and the addition or removal of acetyl groups from histones

Answer 39

Epigenetic change

Question 40

What does Epi mean in epigenetic?

Answer 40

over/above