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Biology 1 > Biology Test: Basic genetics > Flashcards

Biology Test: Basic genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of heredity

A

Genetics

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2
Q

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Austrian Monk who studied heredity

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants for experiments? (4)

A

-Short life cycle
-Easily observable traits
-Small size
-Easy to care for

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5
Q

What was Mendel’s experimental design? (3)

A

-He looked at one variable at a time (by using true breeding)
-“controlled” the experiment (pollination by hand)
-Large sample size (100s of plants for each trait)

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6
Q

Pollen from one plant lands on the pistol of a flower on a different plant

A

Cross pollination

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7
Q

Pollen from one plant lands on the pistol of a flower on the same plant

A

Self pollination

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8
Q

Gregor Mendel’s conclusions:

A
  • 2 genetic factors control each inherited trait
    -One parent contributes each factor
    -Traits could be dominant or recessive
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9
Q

The factors that determine a trait must seperate or segregate, into the reproductive cells of the plants

A

Principle of Segregation

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10
Q

When an organism has the same alleles of a gene (ex: AA or aa)

A

Homozygous

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11
Q

When an organism has different alleles for a gene (ex: Aa)

A

Heterozygous

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12
Q

Used to make predictions about the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

A

Punnett Square

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13
Q

Mating an organism with an unknown genotype with a known recessive genotype to see what happens

A

Test Crosses

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14
Q

A way to look at phenotype of offspring to determine the genotype of parents

A

Test Crosses

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15
Q

They show the presence or absence of a trait in a # of generations

A

Pedigree

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16
Q

How do you read pedigrees?

A

You look at phenotypes to determine a possible genotype

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17
Q

Not simply recessive or dominant traits (a blend of traits)

A

Incomplete dominance

18
Q

Incomplete dominance example

A

Flower color in snapdragons

19
Q

Both alleles are dominant, two traits fully expressed

A

Co-dominance

20
Q

Co-dominance example

A

Type AB blood

21
Q

Sex-linked traits are…

A

controlled by the sex chromosomes (X and Y)

22
Q

Sex-linked trait example

A

Red-green color blindness

23
Q

The process in which genetic information is activated to make a genetic product

A

Gene expression

24
Q

What influences gene expression?

A

-DNA molecules
-Enviornment

25
Q

Cause the transcription factors to “fall off”

A

Terminator sequences

26
Q

DNA sequences that bind to promoters in front of genes and act as switches telling RNA polymerase whether the gene needs to be turned on or silenced

A

Enhancers and silencers

27
Q

Expression of different genes depends on the presence of different ________________

A

hormones

28
Q

External stimuli

A

light and temperature

both influence gene expression

29
Q

Drugs or pollutants that can alter gene expression in babies that are developing

A

Chemicals

30
Q

The physical expression of a gene

A

Phenotype

31
Q

The genes that have been inherited for a gene

A

Genotype

32
Q

F1 generation (Cc)

A

Heterozygous

33
Q

Genes on X and Y chromosomes

A

Multiple gene interactions

34
Q

More than 2 types of a gene

A

Multiple alleles

35
Q

Autosomes and Sex chromosomes use _____________ chromosome(s)

A

All

36
Q

What 2 types of inheritance are exemplified in blood types?

A
  1. Co-dominance (AB)
  2. Inheritance by multiple alleles (EA, EA, e)
37
Q

Sequences of DNA that come before a gene that tell the RNA polymerase where to bind to begin copying the gene into a strand of mRNA

A

Promoters

38
Q

The process that converts undifferentiated cells to many different types of specialized cells in our body

A

Cell differentiation

39
Q

A general term that includes the addition or removal of methyl groups from the DNA of a gene and the addition or removal of acetyl groups from histones

A

Epigenetic change

40
Q

What does Epi mean in epigenetic?

A

over/above

Biology 1 (4 decks)

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