Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II IPAP 3-17 > Test 7 Reproductive Female > Flashcards

Test 7 Reproductive Female Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are included as part of the Female Reproductive System?

A 
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes (Uterine Tubes, Oviducts)
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva (Pudendum)
-Labia Majora
-Labia Minor
-Clitoris
Mammary Glands (considered both integumentary and reproductive)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What Female Reproductive structure resembles unshelled almonds in size and shape, produce gametes and hormones?

A

Female Gonads (Ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What hormones are produced by the female gonads (Ovaries)?

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Ovaries are on each side of the Uterus and held in place by what?

A 
Broad Ligament (Fold of Parietal Peritoneum)
Ovarian Ligament (Anchors Ovaries to Uterus)
Suspensory Ligament (Attaches Ovaries to Pelvic Wall)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the point of entrance/exit for blood vessels and nerves that each Ovary Contains?

A

Hilum (Hilus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What tissue covers the Ovaries?

A

Germinal Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the white capsule of dense irregular connective tissue that is deep to the germinal epithelium called?

A

Tunica Albuginea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structure lies deep to the tunica albuginea and consists of ovarian follicles which are surrounded by dense connective tissue layer that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells called stromal cells?

A

Ovarian Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure lies Deep to the ovarian cortex and consists of more loosely arranged connective tissue which contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?

A

Ovarian medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do the Ovarian Follicles lie and what do they consist of?

A

Ovarian Cortex

CONSTIST: Oocytes in various stages of development plus follicular cells that surround the follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Follicular cells are associated with what stage of follicle and what is the cell arrangement?

A

Cells are in Single Layer

i.e.: Primordial Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is another term used to describe Follicular cells when the cells are in multiple layers? At what stage of follicle development is this seen?

A

-Granulosa Cell
Stage:
-Primary and Secondary Follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When the follicle is large, fluid filled, ready to rupture and expels the secondary oocyte (process of ovulation), it is referred to as?

A

Mature (Graafian) Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Corpus Luteum (Yellow Body) contains what and produces what?

A

Contains: Remnants of mature follicle after ovulation
Produces: Progesterone, Estrogens, Relaxin, and Inhibin until it degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum (Yellow Body) degenerate into?

A

Corpus Albicans (scar tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does the process of Oogenesis (formation of gametes in ovaries) begin for females?

A

Before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During fetal development what cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries?

A

Primordial Germ Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do the Primordial Germ Cells differentiate into once in the ovaries?

A

Oogonia Stem Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is occurring with the Oogonia Stem Cells in the ovaries during fetal development?

A
  • Oogonia are diploid (2n) stem cells

- Under go Mitosis to produce million of germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prior to birth most of the Germ Cells degenerate by atresia, how many will develop into primary oocytes?

A

200,000- 2,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The primary oocytes that remain will under go what?

A
  • Begin Meiosis I

- Become “Arrested” in prophase until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the primary oocytes surrounded by during the arrested phase? The entire structure is called what?

A

Single Layer of follicular Cells

Structure: Primordial Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

By puberty how many Primary oocytes typically remain and of those approx. how many will mature and ovulate during a woman’s reproductive lifetime?

A
  • Puberty: 40,000 Primary Oocytes
  • Mature and Ovulate: 400 in reproductive lifetime
  • The remainder undergo atresia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Every month from puberty to menopause FSH and LH stimulate development of several primordial follicles (typically only one reaches maturity for ovulation), and the primordial follicle turns into a primary follicle which is consists of what?

A
  • Primary Oocyte surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells
  • Zona pellucida: Glycoprotein layer between primary oocyte and granulosa cells
  • Theca folliculi: stromal cells surrounding basement membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

As the Primary follicle matures it develops into what and what changes are seen?

A

Secondary Follicle

  • Theca Interna: highly vascularized cells, secrete estrogens
  • Theca Externa: Outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers
  • Granulosa Cells: Secrete follicular fluid in antrum (center of 2ndary follicle)
  • Corona Radiata: Inner most layer of granulosa cells attached to zona pellucida
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The secondary follicle will become what?

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What occurs just before ovulation of the mature follicle?

A

1) Diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I
(Produces 2 haploid (n) cells of unequal size)
(Each has 23 chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The smaller haploid cell that formed from meiosis I of the primary oocytes called what?

A

First Polar Body: packet of discarded nuclear material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The larger haploid cell that formed from meiosis I of the primary oocytes is called what and what occurs to it?

A

Secondary Oocyte

  • Receives most of the cytoplasm
  • Begins Meiosis II but stops in metaphase
  • Released (Ovulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is expelled with the secondary Oocyte into the pelvic cavity during Ovulation?

A

First Polar Body and Corona Radiata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Normally all is “swept” into fallopian tubes, what occurs if Fertilization does not occur?

A

All cells degenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

After Ovulation if Sperm are present and penetrate the secondary oocyte what occurs?

A

Meiosis II Resumes
-Secondary Oocyte splits into two haploid cells
(Ovum + nuclei of sperm= diploid zygote)
-Second polar body: is smaller and leftovers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the oocyte pulled into the Fallopian tubes after ovulation?

A
  • Fimbraie on the end of the fallopian tube produces currents
  • Current pulls oocyte from peritoneal cavity into fallopian tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is the Oocyte carried through the fallopian tube to the uterus?

A

Peristaltic movements of tubal layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is the typical location in which sperm encounter the secondary oocyte for fertilization? Where else can this occur?

A

Ampulla of Fallopian Tube

May occur in peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The Zygote (haploid ova + haploid sperm =(2n) zygote), moves towards the uterus, how long after ovulation does the zygote arrive in the use for implantation in the uterine wall?

A

6-7 Days after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What structure of reproduction lies superior to the bladder in an Anteflexion (body projects anteriorly over bladder) position and lies Anterior to the rectum?

A

Uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the Anatomy of the Uterus?

A
  • Fundus: Top
  • Body: Central portion
  • Cervix: Inferior extension into vaginal canal
  • Isthmus: Region between body and cervix
  • Uterine Cavity: Interior of Body
  • Cervical Canal: Interior of Cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the names of the proximal and distal openings of the cervical canal?

A

Internal os: Open into uterus

External os: Open into vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the Three histological layers of the Uterus from External to Internal?

A

Perimetrium (Serosa)
Myometrium
Endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The Perimetrium (serosa) is part of what?

A

Visceral Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The Perimetrium becomes what laterally, and covers and forms what Anteriorly and Posteriorly?

A
  • Laterally: Becomes Broad Ligament
  • Anteriorly: Covers Bladder; Forms Vesicouterine Pouch
  • Posteriorly: Covers Rectum; Forms Pouch of Douglas (Rectouterine Pouch)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does the Myometrium consist of?

A

Three layers of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the layers of the Endometrium?

A
  • Stratum Functionalis Layer: Shed during menstruation

- Stratum Basalis Layer: Permanent, gives rise to new stratum functinoalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The Broad Ligament is double folds of peritoneum and attaches the uterus to where?

A

Each side of pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What ligament is peritoneal extensions and life on either side of rectum connecting uterus to sacrum?

A

Uterosacral Ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What ligament is inferior to the base of the broad ligament and extends from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina?

A

Cardinal (Lateral)Ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What fibrous connection tissue between broad ligaments extends from point on uterus just inferior to fallopian tubes to portion of labia majora?

A

Round Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The Uterine Arteries that supply blood to the uterus are branches of what artery?

A

Internal Iliac Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What branches from the uterine arteries are arranged in circular fashion in the myometrium?

A

Arcuate Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which arteries penetrate deeply into myometrium and what are they a branch of?

A

Radial Arteries via the Arcuate Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The Radial Arteries branch into what just before they enter the endometrium?

A
  • Straight Arterioles: Supply Stratum basalis

- Spiral Arterioles: Supply Stratum Functionalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The uterine veins empty into what?

A

Internal Iliac Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the most inferior portion of the uterus that extends into the vaginal canal called?

A

Cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What term refers to the portion of the cervix that encompasses external cervix and os, usually 1 in in diameter?

A

Ectocervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the Endocervix?

A

Encompasses endocervical canal to internal os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What produces Cervical Mucus?

A

Secretory Cells of Cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is significant of the Cervical Mucus during times of ovulation?

A

Less Viscous
More Alkaline
=More friendly to Sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the tubular, 4 inch long fibromuscular canal, lined w/mucous membrane that extends from exterior of body to cervix?

A

Vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The vagina serves what purposes and is situated between what?

A

Receptacle for penis
Outlet for menstrual flow
Passageway for birth
Situated between: Bladder and Rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Recess that surrounds vaginal attachment to cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the layers of the vagina?

A
  • Adventitia: Anchors vagina to adjacent organs
  • Muscularis: Outer circular and inner longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
  • Mucosa: Continuous w/that of the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does the Muscularis layer of the vagina allow?

A

Vagina to stretch during intercourse and Childbirth

64
Q

What structure is a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane, partially closes the inferior end of the vagina?

A

Hymen

65
Q

What is the term that refers to all parts of the female external genitalia?

A

Vulva (Pudendum)

66
Q

What does the vulva include?

A 
Mons Pubis
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Paraurethral (Skene's) Glands
Greater Vestibular (Bartholin's) Glands
Bulb of the Vestibule
67
Q

What part of the Vulva consist of adipose tissue to cushion the pubic Symphysis?

A

Mons Pubis

68
Q

What structure of the vulva is covered by pubic hair, composed of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands?

A

Labia Majora

69
Q

What is the Labia Majora homologous to in the male?

A

Scrotum

70
Q

What structure of the vulva is devoid of pubic hair and fat, few sudoriferous glands and contains many sebaceous glands?

A

Labia Minora

71
Q

What is the Labia Minora homologous to in the male?

A

Spongy (penile) urethra

72
Q

What part of the vulva contains erectile tissue and numerous blood vessels and nerves?

A

Clitoris

73
Q

What is the Clitoris homologous to in the male?

A

Corpora Cavernosa

Glans Penis

74
Q

What is the Prepuce?

A

Layer of skin formed at the point where Labia minora unite

-Covers Clitoris

75
Q

What is the exposed portion of the clitoris called?

A

Glans Clitoris

76
Q

What does the Vestibule contain?

A

Hymen
vaginal Orifice
External urethral Orifice
Openings of ducts of several glands

77
Q

Which gland of the vulva is lateral to the urethral orifice, secretes mucous, and is embedded in the wall of the urethra?

A

Paraurethral (Skene’s) Glands

78
Q

Which gland of the vulva is lateral to the vaginal orifice and produces mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication?

A

Greater Vestibular (Bartholin’s) Glands

79
Q

What has two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice, applying pressure to the penis during intercourse?

A

Bulb of the Vestibule

80
Q

What is the diamond shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks, in which contain external genitalia and anus and is present in males and females?

A

Perineum

81
Q

What make up the borders of the Perineum?

A
  • Pubic Symphysis: Anterior Border
  • Ischial Tuberosity’s: Lateral Border
  • Coccyx: Posterior Border
82
Q

A transverse line drawn from one Ischial tuberosity to the other divides the diamond of the perineum into what?

A

Urogential Triangle

Anal Triangle

83
Q

The Breast lies anterior to what muscles?

A

Pectoralis Major and Serratus Anterior

84
Q

The pigmented projection, NIPPLE, contains a series of closely spaced openings where milk emerges, via what ducts?

A

Lactiferous Ducts

85
Q

What give the Areola (Circular pigmented skin surrounding nipple) its rough appearance?

A

Contains Modified Sebaceous Glands

86
Q

What runs between breast skin and fascia and becomes looser w/excess age or strain?

A

Cooper’s Ligaments

87
Q

Each breast contains how many mammary glands?

A

One Gland

88
Q

How many Lobe (compartments) are within each gland?

A

15-20

89
Q

The Lobes are further divided into several what?

A

Lobules

90
Q

What structure within the lobules secrete milk?

A

Alveoli

91
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

A

Lactation
Synthesis
Secretion
Ejection of milk

92
Q

What stimulates Milk Production?

A

Prolactin

93
Q

What Stimulates Milk Ejection?

A

Oxytocin

94
Q

What are the Homologous female structures to the Following Male structures, Testes, Sperm, Scrotum, Spongy Urethra, Glans Penis/Corpora Cavernosa, Corpus Spongiosum/Bulb of Penis, Prostate, Bulbourethral glands?

A
  • Testes = Ovaries
  • Sperm = Ovum
  • Scrotum = Labia Majora
  • Spongy Urethra = Labia Minora
  • Glans Penis/Corpora Cavernosa = Clitoris
  • Corpus Spongiosum/Bulb of Penis = Bulb of Vestibule
  • Prostate = Skene’s Glands (Paraurethral)
  • Bulbourethral Glands = Bartholin’s Glands (Greater Vestibular)
95
Q

A nonpregnant female will experience cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus every how many days?

A

24-36 days

96
Q

The Female Reproductive Cycle Consists of What Two Cycles?

A

Ovarian Cycle

Uterine Cycle

97
Q

Hormones from where control the process of oogenesis and preparation by uterus to receive fertilized ovum?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Ovaries

98
Q

The Ovarian Cycle Includes what?

A

Changes that occur during and after maturation of oocyte

99
Q

What does the uterine cycle involve?

A
  • Endometrium prepares for implantation

- No implantation–> ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of stratum functionalis

100
Q

What hormone released from the Hypothalamus, controls bothe the ovarian and uterine cycles, and stimulates release of LH and FSH (Stimulates ovarian follicles to produce estrogen)?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

101
Q

This hormone initiates follicular growth and under its influence allow Androgens made by LH and take up by granulosa cells to be turn into estrogen?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

102
Q

Which hormone stimulates further development of ovarian follicles and stimulates theca cells to produce androgens?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

103
Q

What does LH trigger (mid-cycle)?

A

Ovulation

104
Q

LH Then stimulates formation of what and what is produced and secreted by it?

A

Corpus Luteum

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Relaxin (Small unless fertilization)
  • Inhibin (Small unless fertilization)
105
Q

What hormone promotes development and maintenance of reproductive structures, Secondary Sex Characteristics (Broad Pelvis, Hair growth, mons pubis, hips, etc…), Breasts and increases protein anabolism?

A

Estrogen

  • Includes building strong bones
  • Synergistic w/ hGH
106
Q

What does Estrogen lower and is thought to be a reason most women under 50 have lower risk of coronary artery disease as compared to men?

A

Lower Blood Cholesterol

107
Q

What will moderate levels of Estrogen in the blood inhibit?

A

Release of GnRH and Secretion of FSH/LH

108
Q

What is secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum and is synergistic w/Estrogen to prepare and maintain the endometrium?

A

Progesterone

109
Q

Progesterone helps prepare the mammary glands for what and high levels will inhibit secretion of what?

A

Milk Secretion

High Levels inhibit GnRH and LH

110
Q

The hormone Relaxin produced by the Corpus Luteum serves what purpose?

A
  • Relaxes uterus by inhibiting contractions
  • Thought to “quiet” the uterus, makes it better for implantation
  • During Pregnancy, placenta produces lots, keeps uterine contraction turned off
  • Help increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix
111
Q

What hormone is secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and corpus luteum after ovulation and what effect does this have?

A

Inhibin

-Inhibits secretion of FSH and to lesser extent LH

112
Q

What are the 4 phases of the reproductive cycle?

A

1) Menstrual: Days 1-5, 1st day is 1st day of new cycle
2) Preovulatory: Days 6-13
3) Ovulation: Days 14-15
4) Postovulatory: Days 15-28

113
Q

The Menstrual and Preovulatory Phases combined are known as?

A

Follicular Phase

114
Q

Ovulation and Postovulatory Phases combined are known as?

A

Luteal Phase

115
Q

Preovulatory Phase may also be called?

A

Proliferative Phase: due to proliferation of endometrial lining

116
Q

Postovulatory Phase may also be called?

A

Secretory Phase: due to secretion of glycogen by secretory glands of endometrium

117
Q

Which hormone starts the progression of Primordial follicles progressing into primary follicles and eventually into secondary follicles?

A

FSH

118
Q

During the Menstrual Phase in the ovaries the process of Oogenisis of Primordial follicles to secondary follicle take how long?

A

Several Months: Ovulated Ovum is several months old

119
Q

During the Menstrual Phase Within the Uterus 50-150mL of menses is shed from the endometrium, what makes up the menses?

A

Blood
Tissue Fluid
Mucus
Epithelial cells

120
Q

What cause the shedding of the endometrium?

A

-Declining progesterone and estrogen levels cause release of prostaglandins

121
Q

What do the Porstaglandins cause to happen?

A

Constriction of Spiral arterioles

122
Q

Due to the Constriction of the Spiral Arterioles what tissue is no longer being supplied oxygen, what significance does this have?

A

Stratum Functionalis Layer becomes O2 deprived and dies

CAUSES: Sloughing of Stratum Functinoalis layer (AKA menses)

123
Q

During the Preovulatory Phase what is occurring within the Ovaries?

A

-Secondary follicles secrete Estrogen and inhibin
-Approx. day 6, dominant follicle (Secondary follicle)
CAUSES:
-Estrogen and inhibin released by the dominant follicle cause decrease in FSH
-Other follicles stop growing and undergo atresia

124
Q

What occurs if there is more than one dominant follicle?

A

Increase possibility of Twins or more

125
Q

Dominant follicle continues to become the mature (graafian) follicle, this continues until approx what?

A

Size is about 20mm in diameter and ready for ovulation

-As follicle increases in size Estrogen production increases

126
Q

What is occurring within the Uterus during the Preovulatory Phase?

A

Estrogen stimulates repair of endometrium

  • Stratum basalis cells undergo mitosis and produce new stratum functionalis
  • Straight endometrial gland develops arteriole coils for stratum functionalis
  • Endometrium double in size, 4-10mm in thickness
127
Q

During what phase will the Mature (Graafian) Follicle rupture and release the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity? When did this occur?

A

Ovulation Phase at day 14 of 28

128
Q

The Secondary oocyte is surrounded by what during ovulation?

A

Zona Pellucida

Corona Radiata

129
Q

The high levels of Estrogen during the Pre-ovulatory phase exert of kind of feedback loop?

A

Positive Feedback for LH and GnRh and
CAUSE
ovulation

130
Q

The high levels of Estrogen stimulate what?

A
  • GnRH from Hypothalamus

- LH from Anterior Pituitary

131
Q

GnRH stimulates what?

A

Release of FSH and more LH?

132
Q

What does the surge of LH cause?

A
  • Rupture of Mature Follicle

- Expulsion of Secondary Oocyte

133
Q

The Lining of the Uterus continues to proliferate and arterioles continue to lengthen, coil and imbed deeper into the endometrium during what phase?

A

Ovulation Phase

134
Q

What does a home test kit detect thus letting the user known they are ovulating?

A

Surge of LH

135
Q

After ovulation, the mature (graafian) follicle collapses and the basement membrane between the theca interna and granulosa cells breaks down, the cells mix and become Corpus luteum Cells, this occurs during what phase? What influences this?

A 
Postovulatory Phase (Events occurring only in Ovary that ovulated)
-Influenced by: LH
136
Q

LH stimulates the Corpus luteum to secrete what hormones?

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin

137
Q

During the Postovulatory Phase what is the lifespan of the corpus luteum if the ovum is not fertilized?

A

Two Weeks

138
Q

In the Ovary during the postovulatory phase hormonally what is occurring?

A
  • Corpus Luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans due to decreasing progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
  • Increase in GnRH, FSH, LH–> due to lack of Negative feedback
  • Follicular growth resumes and new ovarian cycle
139
Q

What occurs in the Ovary during the Postovulatory Phase when the ovum is Fertilized?

A
  • Corpus Luteum persists past 2 weeks
  • Chorion of Embryo produces hCG (Begins 8 days after fertilization)
  • hCG stimulates secretory activity of Corpus Luteum (Like LH)
  • hCG in urine or blood is indicator of pregnancy
140
Q

What changes occur in the Uterus during the Postovulatory Phase?

A

Progesterone and Estrogen (from Corpus Luteum):

  • Promote Growth and Coiling of Endometrial Glands
  • Vascularization of Superficial Endometrium
  • Thickening of Endometrium (12-18mm)
141
Q

When do the preparatory changes in the uterus, in the presence of Progesterone and estrogen, peak and what would cause them to decline?

A
  • Peak 1 week after ovulation as this is the time in which possible fertilized ovum would reach the uterus
  • Decline: if no fertilization and estrogen and progesterone levels decrease causing menstruation
142
Q

What are the different types of Birth Control Methods?

A

-Abstinence
-Surgical Sterilization
(Vasectomy- Male)
(Tubal Ligation- Female)
-Non-incisional Sterilization
(Essure: coil inserted into tubes causes scar tissue to form)
-Hormonal Methods
-Barrier Methods

143
Q

Hormonal Methods of Birth Control include what?

A

Oral Contraceptives
IUD
Spermicides

144
Q

Females age 40-50 go through menopause, in which ovarian ovums are exhausted, what occurs hormonally due to the absence of oocytes?

A

-Lack of ovulation creates lack of Corpus Lutem–>

Estrogen decline despite level of FSH/LH released from Anterior Pituitary

145
Q

What causes the characteristic hot flashes and heavy sweating that occurs during Menopause?

A

GnRH

146
Q

What other symptoms may be associated w/Menopause?

A 
Headaches
Hair Loss
Vaginal Dryness
Insomnia
Depression
Weight Gain
Mood Swings
147
Q

The loss of Estrogen causes what changes in the female body?

A

Decrease bone mineral density

148
Q

A healthy male will continue to be fertile to what age?

A

80s-90s

149
Q

At age 50-55 what hormone decreases and what does it lead to?

A

Testosterone

  • Reduced muscle strength
  • Fewer Viable Sperm
  • Reduced Libido
150
Q

What change may occur in the prostate around age 60?

A

Increase 2-4x’s in size

-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

151
Q

An increase in prostate size causes what?

A
  • Decrease size in prostatic urethra which leads to–>
  • Frequent urination
  • Bed wetting
  • Hesitancy in Urination
  • Decreased Force of Stream
  • Post voiding Dribbling
152
Q

How does an oral Contraceptive that contains just Progestin (hormone similar to progesterone) prevent pregnancy?

A
  • Thicken Cervical Mucous (blocks sperm)

- Blocks implantation in Uterus

153
Q

How does an oral contraceptive that contains Estrogen and Progestin prevent pregnancy?

A
  • Inhibits ovulation by suppressing FSH/LH

- Low levels of FSH/LH prevents development of dominant follicle in ovary

154
Q

The Rhythm Method of Birth controls relies on what to prevent Pregnancy?

A

Abstaining
3 days before ovulation
Day of ovulation
3 days after ovulation

155
Q

What birth control method requires an understanding of the signs of ovulation such as increased basal body temp, stretchy cervical mucous, and pain with ovulation (mittelschmerz)?

A

Sympto-Thermal Method

A&P II IPAP 3-17 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions