Test 6 Endo Adrenal Medulla, etc... Slides 187-238 Flashcards
What is the inner region of the Adrenal Gland called?
Adrenal Medulla
What are the functional units of the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin Cells
Chromaffin cells are modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and are formed from what?
Same embryonic tissue as sympathetic ganglia but lack axons
Chromaffin cells form clusters around what and release what?
Cluster around blood vessels in adrenal medulla
-Release hormones (very quickly due to control of ANS)
What do Chromaffin cells secrete?
Catecholamines
- Epinephrine (80%)- Adrenaline
- Norepinephrine (20%)- Noradrenaline
What role do Catecholamines have?
Intensify Sympathetic responses throughout the body
During what situations and how are catecholamines from Chromaffin cells stimulated for release?
During stress
1) Impulses from hypothalamus stimulate sympathetic preganglionic neurons
2) Which stimulate Chromaffin cells to release catecholamines
Catechaolamines are responsible for causing what effects throughout the body?
- Increase heart rate, force of contraction, output of heart, BP
- Increases blood flow to heart, liver, skeletal muscles
- Dilates airways to lungs
- Increases blood glucose and fatty acids
This is usually caused by a benign tumor of the chromaffin cells, arises in adrenal medulla (Most often) but can arise anywhere along sympathetic paraganglia?
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma increases production and secretion of what?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
The increased epinephrine and norephinephrine caused by pheochromocytoma causes what?
Prolonged “Fight or Flight” response in the body
- Increased BP, HR
- Elevated Basal Metabolic Rate
- Hyperglycemia
- Nervousness
- Sweating
- Headache
What controls the release of hormones Glucagon and Insulin from the Pancreas?
Glucagon:
-Stimulated: low blood glucose, exercise, and protein meals
-Inhibited: Somatostatin (GHIH) and insulin
(Concentration based)
Insulin:
-Stimulated: Increase blood glucose, acetylcholine, arginine and leucine (AA), glucagon, GIP, hGH, ACTH
-Inhibited: Somatostatin (GHIH)
What will inhibit Somatostatin (GHIH) secretion?
Pancreatic Polypeptide
What stimulates and inhibits Pancreatic Polypeptide?
- Stimulated: Protein meals, fasting, exercise, acute hypoglycemia
- Inhibited: Somatostatin (GHIH)
Which organ is a flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum, 5-6 inch in length, w/head, body, and tail, and is both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland?
Pancreas
Endocrine: secrete hormones, directly to blood, faster
Exocrine: Secrete enzymes, directly to SOA, slower
The pancreas is 95% exocrine cells arranged in what way?
Acini: clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes
Where do the Endocrine cells of the pancreas lie and what are they called?
Middle of the acini (1-2 million endocrine cells)
Called: Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
What are the 4 types of islet cells in the pancreas?
Alpha (A) Cells: 17%- secrete Glucagon
Beta (B) Cells- 70%- secrete Insulin
Delta (D) Cells- 7%- secrete somatostatin (GHIH)
F Cells- 6%- secrete pancreatic polypeptide
What are the functions of the pancreatic hormones, Glucagon and Insulin?
Glucagon: Raises blood glucose levels
Insulin: Lowers blood glucose levels
What is the function of Somatostatin?
- Paracrine function: inhibiting both insulin and glucagon release
- Endocrine function: inhibit release of hGH
What is the function of Pancreatic Polypeptide?
Inhibits:
Somatostatin release
Gallbladder contraction
Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas
What occurs in a hypoglycemic state to bring blood glucose levels up?
1) Alpha cells release glucagon and Beta cells are inhibited from releasing insulin
2) Glucagon acts on hepatocytes
-Accelerated conversion of glycogen into glucose
(Glycogenolysis)
-Promotes formation of glucose from lactic acid and AA
(Gluconeogenesis)
3) Hepatocytes release glucose into blood stream
What occurs in a hyperglycemic state to bring blood glucose level down?
1) Beta cells release insulin and alpha cells are inhibited from releasing glucagon
2) Insulin acts on cells throughout the body to:
-Facilitates diffusion of glucose into cells
-Speeds conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis)
-Increases uptake of AA to increase protein synthesis
-Speeds synthesis of FA (lipogenesis)
-Slows conversion of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)
-Slows formation of glucose from lactic acid and AA
(Gluconeogenesis)
3) Blood glucose levels fall
What is the most important regulator of release of glucagon and insulin?
Blood glucose levels
What hormones stimulate release of insulin indirectly because they both elevate blood glucose levels?
hGH
ACTH
Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) liberated from axon terminals of parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers that innervate the pancreatic islets cells stimulate what?
Insulin
What affect do the AA arginine and leucine present in the blood after a protein containing meal have on insulin?
Stimulate Insulin
This is released in the small intestine in response to glucose presence?
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide has what effect on insulin?
stimulate Insulin
Increased activity of the sympathetic division of the ANS (i.e. exercise) and a rise in AA due to a meal containing mainly protein will stimulate what to be released?
Glucagon
What is required for growth because they have a synergistic effect?
hGH and Insulin
If a defect occurs in hGH or insulin secretion during development what may occur?
Growth can be stunted or stopped
What is the 4th leading cause of death in the US and results from the inability to produce or use insulin (B-cell destruction)?
Diabetes Mellitus
What are the three Poly’s that characterized Diabetes Mellitus?
Polyuria: Excessive urine production
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
Poylphagia: excessive eating