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A&P II IPAP 3-17 > Test 6 Endo Hypothalamus Slides 47-101 > Flashcards

Test 6 Endo Hypothalamus Slides 47-101 Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates the control of Hormone Secretion?

A
  • Signal from Nervous System
  • Chemical Changes in the Blood
  • Other Hormones
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2
Q

The diminution or counteraction of an effect y its own influence on the process giving rise to it, describes what?

A

Negative Feedback

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3
Q

Strengthens or reinforces of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it, describes what?

A

Positive Feedback

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4
Q

What portion of the brain is inferior to the thalamus, not considered a separate organ, controls the ANS, and serves as a major link between the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

How many hormones are synthesized by the cells of the Hypothalamus?

A

9

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6
Q

What portion of the brain and what glands are together responsible for regulation of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Gland Complex

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7
Q

Name the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells responsible for the synthesis of hypothalamic hormones that will be transported to the Anterior Pituitary?

A
  • Dorsal Medial Nucleus
  • Ventral Medial Nucleus
  • Infundibular Nucleus
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8
Q

What are the steps to prepare Hypothalamic hormones for transport whose target is the ANTERIOR pituitary? (Dorsal Medial, Ventral Medial, Infundibular Nuclei)

A

1) Packaged in secretory vesicles
2) Transported by axons to axon terminals near superior aspect of infundibulum
3) Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release from axon terminals via exocytosis from secretory vesicles

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9
Q

Hypothalamic hormones diffuse into the primary capillary plexus, which is supplied by what artery?

A

Superior Hypophyseal artery

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10
Q

How are hormones transported to the ANTERIOR Pituitary that are produced by the Dorsal Medial, Ventral Medial, Infundibular Nuclei of the Hypothalamus?

A

1) Transported by Hypophyseal portal veins to secondary capillary plexus of Hypophyseal portal system
2) Hormones diffuse into ANTERIOR Pituitary target cells where they exert their action

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11
Q

The secondary capillary plexus of the Hypophyseal portal system is adjacent to what?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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12
Q

Name the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells (clusters of specialized neurons) responsible for the synthesis of hypothalamic hormones that will be transported to the POSTERIOR Pituitary?

A

Supraoptic Nucleus

Paraventricular Nucleus

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13
Q

How are hormones transported to the POSTERIOR Pituitary that are produced by the Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei of the Hypothalamus?

A

1) Packaged in secretory vesicles
2) Transported by axon to axon terminals within the POSTERIOR Pituitary
3) Stored in POSTERIOR Pituitary, no synthesis of hormones in POSTERIOR Pituitary

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14
Q

Name the Hypothalamic RELEASING Hormones that stimulate release of ANTERIOR Pituitary hormones.

A
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)
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15
Q

Name the Hypothalamic INHIBITING Hormones that Inhibit release of ANTERIOR Pituitary hormones.

A
  • Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)(AKA: Somatostatin)
  • Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)(AKA: Dopamine)
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16
Q

Name the Hypothalamic Hormones synthesized in hypothalamus and stored in the POSTERIOR Pituitary.

A
  • Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)

- Oxytocin

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17
Q

Which Hypothalamic Nuclei synthesizes Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)?

A

Supraoptic Nuclei

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18
Q

Which Hypothalamic Nuclei synthesizes Oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

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19
Q

What is the technical term for the Pituitary Gland?

A

Hypophysis

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20
Q

What Endocrine gland is a small, pea-shaped gland located within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

A

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

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21
Q

What connects the Pituitary Gland to the Hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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22
Q

What are the two separate portions of the Pituitary Gland?

A
  • Anterior Pituitary

- Posterior Pituitary

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23
Q

What is the technical name for the Anterior Pituitary (Comprises 75% of total weight)?

A

Adenohypophysis (Pars Distalis)

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24
Q

What is the technical name for the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Neurohypophysis (Pars Nervosa)

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25
Q

What is the Anterior Pituitary Gland composed of?

A

Pars Distalis

Pars Tuberalis

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26
Q

What type of tissue is the Pars Distalis (Largest Portion)?

A

Glandular Tissue

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27
Q

What covers the infundibulum (like a sheath)?

A

Pars Tuberalis

28
Q

The anterior pituitary gland produces hormones from 5 specific cell types within it, what type of hormones are these?

A

Tropic Hormones

29
Q

What is a Tropic Hormone?

A

Hormone that exerts its effect on another endocrine gland

30
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones after synthesis are passed into what so they can enter general circulation?

A

Secondary Capillary Plexus and then into the Anterior Hypophyseal Veins

31
Q

What cells within the Anterior Pituitary secrete Human Growth Hormone (AKA Somatotropin)?

A

Somatotrophs

32
Q

What is the name of the releasing/stimulating hormone and the Inhibiting/suppressing hormone that has an affect on Somatotropin (hGH)?

A

Releasing: Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Inhibit: Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) (somatostatin)

33
Q

What cells within the Anterior Pituitary secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)?

A

Thyrotrophs

34
Q

What is the name of the releasing/stimulating hormone and the name of the Inhibiting/suppressing hormone that has an affect on Thyrotropin (TSH)?

A

Releasing: Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Inhibiting: Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

35
Q

What cells within the Anterior Pituitary secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

A

Gonadotrophs

36
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotrohpin Releasing Hormone

No inhibiting hormone

37
Q

What cells within the Anterior Pituitary secrete Prolactin Hormone (PRL)?

A

Lactotrophs

38
Q

What will stimulate and inhibit the hormone PRL?

A

Releasing: Prolactin Releasing Hormone
Inhibit: Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) and Nitric Oxide

39
Q

What cells in the Anterior Pituitary secrete Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)(Melanotropins) and Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)(Corticotropin)?

A

Corticotrophs

40
Q

What will Stimulate the release of ACTH (Corticotropin)?

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

No inhibiting hormone

41
Q

What will stimulate the release and inhibit MSH (Melanotropins)?

A

Releasing: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Inhibiting: Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

42
Q

Which hormone is the most abundant Anterior Pituitary Hormone and secreted in bursts every few hours, especially during sleep by somatotrophic cells (most abundant cell)?

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

43
Q

What is the main function of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

A

Promote synthesis and secretion of
Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF, somatomedins),
(small protein hormone)

44
Q

In response to hGH cells in what tissues synthesize and secrete Insulin-like Growth Factors (Somatomedins) and where does IGF hormone have action?

A

Tissues: Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Cartilage, Bone

Enters bloodstream via Liver or acts locally as Autocrines or paracrines

45
Q

IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor) have what affects?

A

-Increases Protein Synthesis: Increases uptake of AA
-Decrease Protein Catabolism: Decreases breakdown by limiting use of AA for ATP production
-Stimulates growth in childhood: esp. bone, muscle
-Adults: Promotes tissue maintenance, healing, repair
Maintain muscle mass and bone structure
-Enhances Lipolysis (Adipose Tissue): Increases release of FA for ATP production
-Influences Carbohydrate Metabolism: Decreases glucose uptake, leaves it in bloodstream for neurons. Stimulates Liver glycogenolysis if hypoglycemic

46
Q

What is secreted when the body is hyperglycemic?

47
Q

What is secreted when the body is in a hypoglycemic state?

A

1) GHRH secretion stimulated (Hypothalamus)
GHIH secretion inhibited (Hypothalamus)
2) GHRH stimulates secretion of hGH from Anterior Pituitary
-Increased hGH results in increased IGF concentration
-IGF results in chain reaction of Glycogenolysis in Liver and other tissues and Carbohydrate metabolism

48
Q

What is secreted when the body is in a hyperglycemic state?

A

1) GHIH secretion stimulated (Hypothalamus)
GHRH secretion inhibited (Hypothalamus)
2) GHIH results in decrease in hGH
Decreased hGH results in decrease IGF
-Decrease IGF results in the cells taking up more glucose from bloodstream

49
Q

What factors stimulate hGH secretion (Control of hGH secretion)?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system stimulation (stress, strenuous exercise)
  • Deep sleep (stage 3-4 of non-REM)
  • Decreased FA and increased AA in plasma
  • Influence of glucagon, estrogen, cortisol, and insulin
50
Q

What factors inhibit hGH secretion (Control of hGH secretion)?

A
  • Increased FA and decreased AA in plasma
  • REM sleep
  • Emotional deprivation
  • Obesity
  • Plasma T3 and T4 levels are low
  • hGH (somatotropin) itself is Negative Feedback
  • GHIH (somatostatin)
51
Q

hGH hypersecretion in childhood stimulates chondrogenesis in epiphyseal plates resulting in very tall individual w/almost normal body proportions, the medical term for this is?

A

Giantism (Gigantism)

52
Q

hGH hypersecretion in adulthood causes enlargement of internal organs, thickened skin, and bone thickening (Enlarged facial features, feet, and fingers), the medical term for this is?

A

Acromegaly

53
Q

Persistent hyperglycemia due to over secretion of hGH resulting in what?

A

Diabetogenic effect of hGH

1) Continually secretion of insulin from Beta-cells in pancreas
- Can cause beta-cell burnout
- Decreasing or stopping insulin secretion
- Perpetuates the hyperglycemia state
2) Causes DIABETES MELLITUS

54
Q

hGH hyposecretion in childhood, causes epiphyseal plates to close before normal height is attained and individual retains childlike features, the medical term for this is?

55
Q

Congenital Dwarfism is due to what?

A

Genetic IGF deficiency

56
Q

As we age hGH secretion decreases which may result in what?

A

Muscle wasting and Fat deposition

57
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)(Corticotropin) from the Anterior Pituitary?

A
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from Hypothalamus
  • Stress-related stimuli (Hypoglycemia, physical trauma)
  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1): secreted by macrophages
58
Q

What does ACTH (Corticotropin, AKA Adrenocorticotropin Hormone) control production of and from where?

A

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids by the cortex of Adrenal Glands

59
Q

Glucocorticoids inhibit what and in-turn this inhibits what via negative feedback?

A

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Which decreased levels of CRH decreases ACTH via negative feedback

60
Q

The secretion of Prolactin (PRL) from the Anterior Pituitary is controlled by?

A
  • Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH) from Hypothalamus

- Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) (AKA Dopamine) from Hypothalamus

61
Q

Prolactin’s actions by itself is weak what hormones work synergistically to increase its actions?

A 
Estrogen
Progesterone
Glucocorticoids
hGH
Thyroxine (T4)
Insulin
62
Q

What is the effect in pregnant women when prolactin is synergistically producing its action with one of the following hormones, Estrogen, Progesterone, Glucocorticoids, hGH, Thyroxine (T4), Insulin

A

Milk production

63
Q

Ejection of milk is caused by which hormone and where does it secrete from?

A

Oxytocin from the Posterior Pituitary

64
Q

What is a likely reason for breast tenderness during menstruation?

A

Low levels of Estrogen and Progesterone prior to menstruation inhibit PIH (dopamine) and stimulate Prolactin secretion

65
Q

How are the female hormones affected during the rest of the female cycle?

A

Estrogen secretion increases and PIH (Dopamine) secretion increases which results in inhibiting prolactin secretion

66
Q

What is a common cause of Prolactin Hypersecretion?

A

Prolacinoma (benign pituitary adenoma)

67
Q

What patients should a diagnosis of Prolactinoma be considered?

A
  • Non-pregnant, non-lactating female complaints of milky breast discharge
  • Male w/ED w/no obvious cause (such as older, HTN, obese)
  • Male w/milky breast discharge

A&P II IPAP 3-17 (12 decks)

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