Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio 12 > Test 7- Nervous System > Flashcards

Test 7- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the function of the nervous system

A

To coordinate and regulate the functioning of the body’s other systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two main branches of the nervous system and what sets them apart

A

Central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system includes spinal and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which way do dendrites and axons carry nerve impulses

A

Dendrites: towards cell body
Axon: away from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do neuroglia cells do and what are two of them

A

Support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, and form myelin
Oligodendrocytes and schwaan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do neurons do and what are the three types

A

Transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system
Sensory, interneuron, and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of endings do sensory neurons have and what do they do, in which areas are sensory neurons in the cns and pns, what is it myelinated by

A

Have specialized ending called sensory receptors near dendrite end, which detect changes in the environment and carry the messages to the cns, detecting changes in temperature and pressure

Most of sensory neuron in pns, while axon terminal is in cns
Myelinated by schwaan cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the interneuron and which parts are found in the cns and pns, what is it myelinated by

A

Found completely in the cns
Receives messages from sensory neurons, sums up the messages received and communicates with motor neurons
Myelinated by oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do motor neurons do, which parts are in the cns and pns, and what are they myelinated by

A

Myelinated by schwaan cells
Carry the message from the cns to an effector (muscle, organ, glands)
Cell body in cns, axon and axon terminal in pns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does myelin do, what is myelin, where is it from

A

Lipids found in the membranes of schwaan cells
Increases speed of nerve impulse transmissions and aid in nerve regeneration in the pns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whatre nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheath that allows for nerve impulses to jump from one to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Whats saltatory conduction

A

Faster transmission speeds via nodes of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which systems are schwaan and oligodendrocytes found

A

Schwaan found in pns, oligodendrocytes found in cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Whatre tracts and nerves

A

Tracts: bundles of myelinated axons in cns (white matter)
Nerves: bundles of myelinated axons and dendrites in the pns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an action potential and what does it do

A

A rapid change in polarity across an axon
Carries the message from one end of the neuron to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Whatre the four steps in nerve impulses

A

Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, recovery/refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron and why is it that way

A

-70 mv
Because theres more na+ outside (causing it to be more negative inside), and theres cl- and large, negatively charged proteins inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is na+ and k+ found during resting potential and during repolarization

A

Resting: k+ inside, na+ outside
Repolarization: k+ outside, na+ inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during depolarization and why does this happen
How negative does it start and end in this step

A

Na+ channels open after threshold is reached, na+ enters due to concentration and electrochemical gradient, making the neuron more positive.
Starts at -55, ends at 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How negative does a neuron need to be for na+, k+ ca2+ channels to open

A

Na+: -55 mv
K+: 40 mv
Ca 2+: -55 mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How negative does a neuron need to be for na+, k+, and sodium potassium pump to close

A

Na+: 40 mv
K+: -70
Pump: -70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during repolarization and why

A

K+ channels open after na+ closes, k+ leaves neurons due to concentration and electrochemical gradient
Neuron becomes more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does hyperpolarization occur and at what negativity

A

-85
During repolarization, k+ channels are slow to close at -70 mv, causing more k+ to rush out and making it more negative than needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens during the recovery period, how many na+ are moved out and how many k+ are moved in

A

Sodium potassium pump moves 3 na+ out, 2k+ in because ions are on wrong side of neuron

Restores ion distribution so nerve impulse can start again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Whats a synapse

A

A region where the axon of one neuron is close to/ communicates with the cell body/dendrite of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do neurotransmitters do

A

Carry the action potential across the synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do voltage gated ca 2+ channels open

A

Once the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the first neuron, depolarizes it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does ca2+ do

A

Diffuse into the neuron via channel, interacting with proteins that cause vesicles with neurotransmitters to merge with the presynaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do neurotransmitters enter the synaptic cleft

A

Via exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do neurotransmitters move across the cleft

A

Diffuses across the cleft to the receptors on the na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane (Dendrite/ cell body of next neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens when nts bind to the receptors of the post synaptic membrane

A

Alters the potential of post synaptiv membrane depending on the nt and receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Whatre the two types of nts and what do they do

A

Excitatory: cause neuron to get closer to its threshold required in order for it to fire by opening na+ channels (becomes more positive/depolarize)
Inhibitory: cause neuron to get further away from its threshold by opening up K+ or Cl- channels (becomes more negative/repolarize)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitters after theyve done their job

A

Released by presynaptic membrane/digested by enzymes in the synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Whatre the two neurotransmitters used and where are they used

A

Acetylcholine (ach) used in somatic and autonomic systems of the pns
Norepinephrine used in the sympathetic division of the autonomic system

34
Q

What breaks down ach

A

Acetylcholinesterase

35
Q

What is different about the action potential for stronger stimuli

A

More neurons will fire, neurons will fire more frequently

36
Q

How can drugs affect the nervous system and synapses

A

1.Stimulates release of nts
2.Blocks the release of nts
3.Combines with nts to prevent them from being broken down by enzyme
4.Mimics nts, binding to receptors (Causing impulses/blocks nts from binding)
5. Prevents uptake of nt from presynaptic membrane (neuron continues to fire=continuous impulses)

37
Q

What happens when excitatory and inhibitory nts are blocked

A

Excitatory: paralysis
Inhibitory: convulsions

38
Q

Where does the spinal cord leave the skull from

A

From the foramen magnum

39
Q

Wheres cerebrospinal fluid found and what does it do

A

Cushions brain and spinal cord
Between the meninges, in brain ventricles, and central canal

40
Q

Whatre the meninges

A

Protective three membrane layers around the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

For spinal cord, is gray matter on the inside or the outside, what is it also called

A

The inside
The cortex

42
Q

For the brain, is gray matter on the inside or the outside

A

Outside

43
Q

What does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain, what is it responsible for

A

Where synapses occur, where commmunication between sensory and motor neurons occurs
Contains cell bodies/dendrites of motor neurons, axons of sensory neurons, and cell bodies of interneurons
Axons found here are nonmyelinated

44
Q

What is the white matter in the spinal cord responsible for, what does it contain

A

Interneurons bundled together in tracts (just the myelinated axons)
Communication between the brain and pns

45
Q

Whatre the four main parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

46
Q

what is the cerbral cortex responsible for

A

For sensation, voluntary movement, and thought

47
Q

What divides the l and r hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

The longitudinal fissure

48
Q

Whats different about the l and r hemisphere

A

L: more specific
R: more as a whole

49
Q

Whatre the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

50
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for and contain

A

Contains the primary motor cortex, controlling voluntary skeletal muscles
Allows humans to thnk critically and formulate appropriate behaviours (behaviour/emotional control center, responsible for personality)
Contains brocas area (only in lh), which refines grammar and controls speech

51
Q

What does the parietal lobe do and contain

A

Contains the somatosensory cortex, receives sensory info (touch, temp., pain), from skin and skeletal muscles
Analyzes information from skin, muscles, and cerebellum

52
Q

What does the homunculus represent in the brain and why

A

Somatosensory cortex
Represents how the cortex receives more input from some areas (the hands, lips) than others

53
Q

What is the occipital lobe for

A

For sight and recognizing sights by comparing

54
Q

What is the temporal lobe for

A

For receiving info from the ears and nose, recognizing sounds by comparing, and understandning written and spoken word via the wenickes area (lh only)

55
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Receives sensory input from joints and muscles
Controls balance and maintains posture
Works with cerebral (motor) cortex to ensure smooth complex muscle movement, also working with the parietal and frontal lobe

56
Q

What does the diencephalon contain

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

57
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Receives sensory input (taste, audio, visual), from pns and sends it to the cerebrum (Relay station)
Involved in higher mental functions like memory and emotions with the limbic system

58
Q

What does the hypothalamus do and control, what does it regulate

A

Controls the pituitary glands
Maintains homeostasis by secreting hormones
Regulates sleep, thirst, hunger, body temperature, blood pressure, water balance

59
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

Secrete melatonin, regulating the bodys sleep and wake cycles

60
Q

What does the brainstem contain

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

61
Q

What does the midbrain do and contain

A

Relay station (passes info) between the cerebrum and the spinal cord/cerebellum
Contains reflex processing centers for certain visual and auditory responses

62
Q

What do the pons do and contain

A

Contains axons that travel from the cerebellum to the rest of the cns
Works with medulla oblongata to control breathing

63
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do and what reflex centers does it have

A

Controls many reflex centers for heartbeat, respiration, vasoconstriction, coughing, swalllowing, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping

64
Q

What does the corpus callosum do/ is

A

Is a bridge of white matter, that passes info between the left and right cerebral hemisphere

65
Q

What does the limbic system do and contain

A

Contains the hippocampus and amygdala
Functions in learning and memory
Amygdala also functions in responding to and displaying anger and fear
Prompts release of adrenaline from adrenal glands

66
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and what neurons do they contain

A

12 pairs
Sensory, motor, mixed

67
Q

What do cranial nerves operate

A

Brain, neck, face, internal organs

68
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and what neurons do they contain, what branches do they have

A

31 pairs
All mixed
Dorsal (for sensory neurons), and ventral (for motor)

69
Q

What does the somatic nervous system operate, which nt is used

A

The skin, muscles, and tendons
Ach

70
Q

Are ach and ne excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

71
Q

What does the autonomic system operate

A

Heart, glands, internal organs

72
Q

Whats the pathway of information in the autonomic system

A

Receptor/sensory neuron
Motor (preganglionic)
Ach
Ganglion
Motor (postganglionic)
Ach/ne
Effector

73
Q

Where do nerves leave in the sympathetic division

A

Leaves the middle (thoracic lumbar) part of the spinal cord

74
Q

Is the preganglionic motor neuron shorter or longer in the sympathetic division, what nts are used

A

Shorter, ach and ne

75
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release, why, and in what division

A

Sympathetic
Stimulated by neuron
Release norepinephrine and adrenaline

76
Q

Where do nerves leave in the parasympathetic division

A

Leave the cranium/ sacral (bottom) of spinal cord

77
Q

Is the preganglionic motor neuron shorter or longer in the parasympathetic division

A

Longer

78
Q

Where is the ganglia often found in the parasympathetic division

A

Above the effector/organ

79
Q

What nt is used in the parasympathetic division

A

Ach only

80
Q

What is special about a reflex, is it in the gray or white matter

A

It doesnt involve the brain, is only in the gray matter of the spinal cord

bio 12 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions