Test 6- Lymphatic And Immune System

Question 1

What does the lymphatic system do

Answer 1

Filters lymph, maintains fluid balance, and supports immune defense

Question 2

What is movement of lymph dependent on

Answer 2

Movement of lymph dependent on skeletal muscle contractions and veins to prevent backflow

Question 3

What is plasma called as it moves throughout the body

Answer 3

Plasma in blood vessels
Interstitial fluid when outside of capillaries
Lymph when in lymphatic capillaries
Plasma when in subclavian vein

Question 4

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from

Answer 4

From the upper right side of body (right arm, right side of chest/head/neck)

Question 5

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from

Answer 5

From rest of body (left side of body and all lower limbs/parts)

Question 6

What is edema and what is it caused by

Answer 6

Swelling due to trapped fluids in tissues (blockage of the flow of lymph)

Question 7

Where do fats go from the lacteals and how are they filtered

Answer 7

Lacteals from small intestinal villi absorb fats (glycerol and fatty acids), transporting them through lymphatic vessels, passing through lymph nodes that filter toxins, ending up in the bloodstream

Question 8

Whatre the two primary lymphoid organs and what are primary lymphoid organs

Answer 8

Where lymphocytes develop and mature
Red bone marrow and thymus

Question 9

What does red bone marrow do

Answer 9

The stem cells inside produce rbc, wbc, and platelets
B cells/lymphocytes mature here

Question 10

What does the thymus do

Answer 10

Produces hormones called thymosins that cause t cells to mature

Question 11

When is thymosin active until, why is this significant

Answer 11

Only until around puberty, so its better for kids to be exposed to microbes early, maturing as many t cells as they can to get a large library of wbc

Question 12

What are secondary lymphoid organs and the two organs that are

Answer 12

Lymph nodes and spleen
Where lymphocytes/cells respond/activate

Question 13

What do lymph nodes do, where are they found

Answer 13

Located at certain points along lymphatic vessels
Contains lymphocytes and macrophages that filter out pathogens from lipids

Question 14

Whats immunity

Answer 14

The bodys ability to defend against infection

Question 15

Whats innate immunity

Answer 15

Immunity that functions without previous exposure to pathogens

Question 16

What is apart of innate immunity

Answer 16

1. Physical chemical barriers
2. Inflammatory response
3. Macrophages and dendritic cells
4. Phagocytes and natural killer cells

Question 17

What is caused by the inflammatory response

Answer 17

Injury site becomes enflamed (redness, heat, pain, swelling)
Damaged tissue and granular wbc release histamine

Question 18

What does histamine do, where is it found

Answer 18

Its a vasodilator, so it dilates/widens blood vessels, increasing blood flow (with wbc) to injury
Found in the vesicles of granular wbc

Question 19

Whats the inactive version of macrophages

Answer 19

Monocytes

Question 20

what do macrophages and dendritic cells do and release and what does this cause

Answer 20

Engulfs pathogens and release cytokines
Promotes fever (to kill bacteria, slight temp increase speeds enzymes up)
Promotes wbc production
Activates other immune cells (like other macrophages)

Question 21

What do natural killer cells do, are they specific

Answer 21

Kill virus infected and tumor cells by cell to cell contact, nonspecific

Question 22

Why does it initiate and whats adaptive immunity? How long does it take to activate

Answer 22

Initiates when immune response fails to remove invaders
Specific, slow
5-7 days to activate

Question 23

Whatre the two parts to adaptive immunity

Answer 23

Cell mediated immunity
Antibody mediated immunity

Question 24

What does cell mediated immunity involve

Answer 24

Involves helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells

Question 25

When do macrophages become antigen presenting cells, who do they present it to

Answer 25

Macrophage that has engulfed a pathogen is now presenting an antigen on its membrane protein, now an apc
Th and tc cells recognize invaders presennted by macrophages

Question 26

What do th cells do

Answer 26

Releases cytokines that activate b cells

Question 27

What do tc cells do and how

Answer 27

Recognizes infected cells by the antigen presented on the apc’s membrane
Tc cells targets and kills infected cells

Question 28

What are activated b cells called, why, what are they activated by

Answer 28

Plasma cells, because they produce antibodies in the plasma
Activated by cytokines from th cells

Question 29

What do antibodies do

Answer 29

Attach to and mark the invader to be engulfed by phagocytes

Question 30

What memory cells are there, what do they do

Answer 30

Memory b and t cells
Retains information about the bodys past battles, making you more equipped for the same fight against the same pathogens again

Question 31

what does the spleen do and contain

Answer 31

same as lymph nodes, contains lymphocytes that filter out pathogens
contains lymphoid tissue and lymphocytes