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bio 12 > Test 5- Circulatory System > Flashcards

Test 5- Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Whatre the three main types of blood vessels, order them from thick to thin, which carry blood away and to the heart?

A

Arteries: thick layer of smooth muscle to carry blood away from the heart
Veins: Thin layer of smooth muscle with valves to carry blood back to the heart and prevent back flow
Capillaries: Very thin walled vessels to exchange nutrients and wastes with blood vessels

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2
Q

What do capillaries join together

A

Arterioles (small arteries) to venules (small veins)

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3
Q

Whatre precapillary sphincters and arteriovenuses shunts

A

Precapillary sphincters within capillaries control blood flow to specific areas
Arteriovenus shunts (also known as as astamoses), are direct connections between the arterioles, can bypass capillary beds to bring blood to an area more needed (running directs some blood away from the digestive system)

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4
Q

What is blood made of

A

Plasma and formed elements (rbc, wbc, platelets)

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5
Q

What are four plasma proteins, what do they do

A

Albumin: transports bilirubin from the spleen to the liver
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol
Prothrombin and fibrinogen aids in blood clotting

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6
Q

Where are antibodies produced, whats the scientific name for them, what do they do

A

Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes (cells), helps fight infection
Immunoglobulins

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7
Q

Whats the scientific name for rbc, what do they contain and not contain

A

Does not contain a nucleus
Contains hemoglobin to transport oxygen and co2

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8
Q

Where are platelets, rbc, and wbc produced

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

Do rbcs live for a long time? Where do they get dismantled? Whats produced when theyre dismantled and whats reused

A

They live for around 120 days (not a long time)
They get dismantled in the liver and spleen when worn out
Iron reused to make more rbcs
Heme portion of hemoglobin produces biliverdin, beocming bilirubin

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10
Q

How is bilirubin excreted

A

Excreted as bile pigments in bile

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11
Q

Whats the stimulus, target, source, and effect of EPO? Whats the full name of EPO?

A

Erythropoietin
Source: kidneys
Stimulus: kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood
Target: Femur’s red bone marrow
Effect: increases red blood cell production (negative feedback)

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12
Q

What regulates the acid base balance of the blood? How?

A

Kidneys (and the respiratory system) regulate
ExcretesH+ ions and reabsorbs HCO3- (bicarbonate) ions
When too acidic: hydrogen ions combine with bicarbonate ions to make carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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13
Q

Whats the ph of urine

A

6 or lower

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14
Q

Whatre the two types of wbcs, whats the scientific name of wbcs, whats the difference between the two types, give examples of the types

A

Leukocytes
Granular: contains enzymes and proteins that defend against the body by engulfing and digesting antigens with their many vesicles (ex. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Agranular: spherical, kidney shaped nucleus, produces antibodies (ex. Monocytes and lymphocytes)

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15
Q

Whats the scientific name for platelets, where do they come from, are they a cell?

A

Thrombocytes
Comes from large cells produced by the red bone marrow called megakaryocytes, which fragment into platelets
Not cells

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16
Q

What is the role of platelets

A

Aids in blood clotting

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17
Q

How do platelets help with blood clotting

A

Releases a clotting factor called prothrombin activator, which helps activate prothrombin

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18
Q

What does prothrombin combine with, what does it become?

A

Prothrombin combines with calcium ion to become thrombin (active enzyme)

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19
Q

What does thrombin do

A

Helps fibrinogen combine with calcium ion to form fibrin

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20
Q

Of fibrin and thrombin, which is an enzyme?

A

Thrombin

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21
Q

What does fibrin do

A

Forms a mesh made of fibers that traps rbcs, creating a clot to stop/plug the bleeding

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22
Q

What breaks down fibrin

A

Once tissues start to heal, the enzyme plasmin breaks down the fibrin

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23
Q

Is blood hypotonic or hypertonic to tissue fluid typically

A

Hypertonic

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24
Q

Why do arteries have higher blood pressure than veins

A

Because heart directly pumps blood out, while blood returns to the heart via skeletal muscle contractions

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25
Q

Describe what occurs at the arteriole end of capillaries and why this occurs

A

Because blood pressure is more than osmotic pressure, water, oxygen, and nutrients leave the capillary, by diffusing into the cells

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26
Q

Describe what occurs at the venous/venule end of the capillaries and why this occurs

A

Because osmotic pressure is more than blood pressure, water and wastes from the tissue body cells re enter the capillary by diffusion

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27
Q

Where does excess tissue fluid end up, why is there excess tissue fluid?

A

Excess tissue/interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, and the fluid is returned to the blood at the subclavian veins
If osmotic pressure is too low or blood pressure is too high, more fluid may leave the capillaries than entered

28
Q

Whats lymph

A

interstial fluid that has entered the lymphatic capillaries

29
Q

what happens if a blood type is transfused into a recepient with b blood type

A

A antigens on blood get attacked by a antibodies from the recepient, causing clumping and blocking blood vessels

30
Q

Whats the term for blood cells clumping

A

Agglutination

31
Q

Whats the universal recepient and donor

A

O- is universal donor, AB+ is universal recepient

32
Q

What is heart muscle called

A

The cardiac muscle/myocardium

33
Q

Whats the pericardium

A

A thick membrane that the heart lies in, which secretes a lubricating liquid

34
Q

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood within the heart

A

Superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid atrioventricular valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, left right pulmonary arteries, lungs

35
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood within the heart

A

Lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid/mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body

36
Q

What are the three steps in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atria contract together
  2. Two ventricles contract eachother
  3. Whole heart relaxes
37
Q

What is systole and diastole

A

Systole:: contraction of heart chambers
Diastole: relaxation

38
Q

What sound does the heart make and where does it come from

A

Lub dub
Due to the closing of the heart valves

39
Q

Which step produces the lub and which step produces the dub sound

A

Lub: step two (ventricles contract)
Dub: heart relaxes

40
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart and what does it do, where is it found

A

The sinoatrial node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat by generating electrical signals

41
Q

What does the av (atrioventricular) node do? Where is it found

A

Receives the stimulus and conveys it to the purkinje fibers to contract the atria, then indirectly causing the ventricles to contract
Found in the right atrium

42
Q

Where is the cardiac control center found, what does it do

A

In the medulla oblongata of the brain
Regulates the heartbeat (extrinsic) by speeding or slowing it down with the autonomic nervous system

43
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and what are their differences

A

Parasympathetic: slows heart rate, promoting relaxation
Sympathetic: increases heart rate, controlling fight/flight responses

44
Q

Where do the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine get released from, what do they do, whats another name for them

A

Epinephrine: adrenaline
Norepinephrine: noradrenaline
From the adrenal medulla (found near kidney) , stimulating faster heart rate

45
Q

What does ecg stand for and what does it do

A

Electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium (heart tissue) during a cardiac cycle

46
Q

What ion helps contract the heart, how

A

Calcium ion enters the cardiac muscle cells via channels, contracting the heart

47
Q

What occurs during the p, qrs, and t wave

A

P: atrial contraction
Qrs: ventricle contraction
T: ventricle relaxing

48
Q

Why is the heart considered a double pump

A

Because it circulates blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits at the same time

49
Q

What are the two circuits in the body

A

Pulmonary: within the heart
Systemic: within the body

50
Q

How is blood transported to the intestines from the heart and back

A

Aorta, mesenteric artery, intestines, hepatic portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, inferior vc

51
Q

How is blood from the heart transported to the kidneys and back

A

Aorta, renal artery, kidneys, renal vein, inferior vc

52
Q

How is blood from the heart transported to the legs and back

A

Aorta, iliac artery, iliac vein

53
Q

How is blood transported from the heart to the arms and back

A

Aorta, subclavian artery, brachial artery, arm, brachial vein, subclavian vein

54
Q

How are nutrients transported to the heart itself

A

Coronary artery, heart, cardiac vein

55
Q

How is blood from the heart transported to the head and back

A

Carotid artery, head, jugular vein

56
Q

What is blood pressure measured by, what is the average

A

Sphygmomanometer
120 mm hg systolic over 80 mm hg diastolic

57
Q

Where is blood pressure measured

A

Measured with the brachial artery

58
Q

Why do varicose veins develop

A

When high blood pressure in the veins stretches vein walls, cretaing weak valves, then backflow of blood and pooling

59
Q

Whats osmoregulation, what organ maintains it and how

A

The maintenance of water salt balance
Kidneys maintain the water salt balance of the body by controlling the excretion and reabsorption of ions (mostly sodium)

60
Q

What is the source, stimulus, target, and effect of renin

A

Source: kidneys
Stimulus: low blood pressure (typically due to low blood volume)
Target: adrenal cortex
Effect: adrenal cortex releases aldosterone

61
Q

What is the source, stimulus, target, and effect of aldosterone

A

Source: adrenal cortex
Stimulus: renin
Target: kidneys
Effect: promotes reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys

62
Q

What is the source, stimulus, target, and effect of adh? What does adh stand for? What detects the stimulus?

A

Stimulus: hypertonic blood (usually due to lower blood volume) detected by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
Source: hypothalamus
Target: first the posterior pituitary gland, then the kidneys
Effect: aids in the reabsorption of water, increasing blood volume by opening up kidney aquaporins
Stands for antidiuretic hormone

63
Q

What is the source, target, stimulus, and effect of anh? What is the stimulus detected by? What does anh stand for?

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone
Stimulus: blood volume too high detected by stretch receptors in cardiac cells
Source: cardiac cells in atria
Target: kidneys and adrenal cortex
Effect: inhibits secretion of renin and aldosterone, which excretes more sodium causing more water to be excreted meaning blood volume drops

64
Q

What are diuretics, give examples

A

Chemicals that lower blood pressure by increasing urine output
Alcohol inhibits secretion of adh
Caffeine decreases reabsorption of sodium

65
Q

Is less or more adh produced at night and why

A

More produced at night, reducing the amount of urine produced

bio 12 (8 decks)

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