Test 1-biological molecules Flashcards
formula for carbonic acid
H2CO3
formula for bicarbonate ions
HCO3-
what happens if blood ph is too high, what formula is the buffer
bicarbonate ions (hco3-) combine with excess h+ to make carbonic acid, which can then be broken down into water and carbon dioxide (exhaled out)
what happens if blood ph is too low, what formula is the buffer
buffer carbonic acid (h2co3) combines with blood and dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
what is the ph of blood
7.4
why does water have high surface tension and can perform capillary action
cohesion and adhesion (due to polarity and hydrogen bonding)
what makes carbonic acid
h2o and co2
what atoms are always found in living things
hydrogen and carbon
why is carbon able to form such large molecules, what can it form
chem properties such as having 4 valence electrons meaning it can bond with at least four other atoms, can form long hydrocarbon chains or rings
what bond is formed in dehydration synthesis
covalent bond
what are the functions of carbohydrates
quick energy, energy storage (more short term), cell markers for cell to cell recognition
what are the five monosaccharides
glucose (hexose)
galactose
fructose
ribose (pentose)
deoxyribose
what are the three disaccharides and what are their combinations
sucrose: fructose and glucose
maltose: glucose and glucose
lactose: galactose and glucose
what is the structure and function of starch
long, few glucose chains
storage form of glucose in plants
what is the structure and function of glycogen, where is it found
many, long chains of glucose
storage form of glucose for animals
found in liver
what is the structure and function of cellulose
long chains of glucose with alternating bonds between molecules
makes up chitin and is fiber in our diets
which parts of glucose link with which in dehydration synthesis
c4 with c1
what are the functions of lipids
padding, insulation, chemical messengers (hormones), long term energy usage/ storage, structural component of cell membrane
where does energy in lipids go
in liver for immediate use or stored in fat cells
whatre the formulas for carboxyl/ acid group and amino group, what polymers are they found in, what do carboxyl groups help with
carboxyl: COOH
amino group: NH2
both are found in proteins (amino acids)
carboxyl group found in lipids (in fatty acids, so in triglycerides and phospholipids too)
carboxyl group helps fatty acids attach to other molecules
why are lipids nonpolar
hydrocarbon chain with little en difference
what are the four main types of lipids (one is monomer)
fatty acids, triglycerides/ neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids
what is the function and structure of fatty acids (general)
long hydrocarbon chains with cooh (carboxyl) end, is the monomer for other lipids
what are properties and one example of a saturated fatty acid
no double bonds (in hydrocarbon chain), solid at room temp, straight chain, most amount of H in chain, ex. lard
what are properties and give an example of unsaturated fatty acid
liquid at room temp., more than one double bond, ex. oils, bent chain
where does trans fatty acid come from and what problems come from it
comes from unsaturated fatty acid, causes high cholesterol, goes to blood not liver
what is the function and structure of a triglyceride, are they saturated or unsaturated
storage form of fat (energy) for animals, made of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains (typically saturated, can be unsaturated)
whats the function and structure of a phospholipid
structural component in cell membrane
made of hydrophilic head (glycerol and phosphate group) and hydrophobic tails (two fatty acid chains)
what polymers do glycerol and glycogen belong in
glycogen is carbohydrate
glycerol is lipid (triglyceride and phospholipid)
what is cholesterol, what does it make
its a lipid (sterol), makes vitamin d and bile, is in cell membrane structure
what is the structure and function of steroids, where do they come from, give examples
derived (made from) cholesterol, made of carbon rings, are chem messengers/ important hormones (ex. testosterone and estrogen)
what do emulsifiers do and whats an example of one
ex. bile
helps fat mix with water, allowing oils to be attracted to water (not break down in water)
how many amino acids are there
20 different r groups= 20 amino acids
what is the function of proteins
structural (bones, tissues, cartilage), movement in muscle cells, enzymes immune system antibodies, transport, hormones (signals)
what is special about a peptide bond
its polar covalent, since the o double bonded by the carbon attracts more electrons than the nitrogen, so the NH side is more positive
what determines secondary structure and what are the two shapes of it
h2 bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms
folds due to bonds and r group properties
alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
what bonds determine tertiary structure, give examples of proteins in this level
initial structure folds in on itself
hydrogen, ionic, covalent, and sometimes disulfide bridges
adh oxytocin
give examples of quaternary proteins
hemoglobin, insulin
whatre nucleotides composed of
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar
what does phosphate bind to (in its own and close nucleotide) and what does the base bind to for the sugar
phosphate binds to c5
base binds to c1
phopshate from other nucleotide binds to c3
which are purines, how many rings
double rings, adenine and guanine
which are pyrimidines, how many rings
one ring, thymine, uracil, cytosine
how many h bonds between g and c and between a and t/u
g and c: 3
a and c/u: 2
which bonds have the most amount of energy in atp
all have high energy, but especially between 2nd and 3rd
what is the structure of atp, what does it become when it loses a phosphate group
becomes adp
adenine base, 3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar
whats attached to hydrocarbon chains and what do they do, give example
functional groups, makes macromolecules behave in a certain way
ex. carboxyl group
