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bio 12 > Test 1-biological molecules > Flashcards

Test 1-biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

formula for carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

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2
Q

formula for bicarbonate ions

A

HCO3-

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3
Q

what happens if blood ph is too high, what formula is the buffer

A

bicarbonate ions (hco3-) combine with excess h+ to make carbonic acid, which can then be broken down into water and carbon dioxide (exhaled out)

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4
Q

what happens if blood ph is too low, what formula is the buffer

A

buffer carbonic acid (h2co3) combines with blood and dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

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5
Q

what is the ph of blood

A

7.4

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6
Q

why does water have high surface tension and can perform capillary action

A

cohesion and adhesion (due to polarity and hydrogen bonding)

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7
Q

what makes carbonic acid

A

h2o and co2

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8
Q

what atoms are always found in living things

A

hydrogen and carbon

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9
Q

why is carbon able to form such large molecules, what can it form

A

chem properties such as having 4 valence electrons meaning it can bond with at least four other atoms, can form long hydrocarbon chains or rings

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10
Q

what bond is formed in dehydration synthesis

A

covalent bond

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11
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates

A

quick energy, energy storage (more short term), cell markers for cell to cell recognition

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12
Q

what are the five monosaccharides

A

glucose (hexose)
galactose
fructose
ribose (pentose)
deoxyribose

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13
Q

what are the three disaccharides and what are their combinations

A

sucrose: fructose and glucose
maltose: glucose and glucose
lactose: galactose and glucose

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14
Q

what is the structure and function of starch

A

long, few glucose chains
storage form of glucose in plants

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15
Q

what is the structure and function of glycogen, where is it found

A

many, long chains of glucose
storage form of glucose for animals
found in liver

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16
Q

what is the structure and function of cellulose

A

long chains of glucose with alternating bonds between molecules
makes up chitin and is fiber in our diets

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17
Q

which parts of glucose link with which in dehydration synthesis

A

c4 with c1

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18
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

padding, insulation, chemical messengers (hormones), long term energy usage/ storage, structural component of cell membrane

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19
Q

where does energy in lipids go

A

in liver for immediate use or stored in fat cells

20
Q

whatre the formulas for carboxyl/ acid group and amino group, what polymers are they found in, what do carboxyl groups help with

A

carboxyl: COOH
amino group: NH2
both are found in proteins (amino acids)
carboxyl group found in lipids (in fatty acids, so in triglycerides and phospholipids too)
carboxyl group helps fatty acids attach to other molecules

21
Q

why are lipids nonpolar

A

hydrocarbon chain with little en difference

22
Q

what are the four main types of lipids (one is monomer)

A

fatty acids, triglycerides/ neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids

23
Q

what is the function and structure of fatty acids (general)

A

long hydrocarbon chains with cooh (carboxyl) end, is the monomer for other lipids

24
Q

what are properties and one example of a saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds (in hydrocarbon chain), solid at room temp, straight chain, most amount of H in chain, ex. lard

25
Q

what are properties and give an example of unsaturated fatty acid

A

liquid at room temp., more than one double bond, ex. oils, bent chain

26
Q

where does trans fatty acid come from and what problems come from it

A

comes from unsaturated fatty acid, causes high cholesterol, goes to blood not liver

27
Q

what is the function and structure of a triglyceride, are they saturated or unsaturated

A

storage form of fat (energy) for animals, made of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains (typically saturated, can be unsaturated)

28
Q

whats the function and structure of a phospholipid

A

structural component in cell membrane
made of hydrophilic head (glycerol and phosphate group) and hydrophobic tails (two fatty acid chains)

29
Q

what polymers do glycerol and glycogen belong in

A

glycogen is carbohydrate
glycerol is lipid (triglyceride and phospholipid)

30
Q

what is cholesterol, what does it make

A

its a lipid (sterol), makes vitamin d and bile, is in cell membrane structure

31
Q

what is the structure and function of steroids, where do they come from, give examples

A

derived (made from) cholesterol, made of carbon rings, are chem messengers/ important hormones (ex. testosterone and estrogen)

32
Q

what do emulsifiers do and whats an example of one

A

ex. bile
helps fat mix with water, allowing oils to be attracted to water (not break down in water)

33
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20 different r groups= 20 amino acids

34
Q

what is the function of proteins

A

structural (bones, tissues, cartilage), movement in muscle cells, enzymes immune system antibodies, transport, hormones (signals)

35
Q

what is special about a peptide bond

A

its polar covalent, since the o double bonded by the carbon attracts more electrons than the nitrogen, so the NH side is more positive

36
Q

what determines secondary structure and what are the two shapes of it

A

h2 bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms
folds due to bonds and r group properties
alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

37
Q

what bonds determine tertiary structure, give examples of proteins in this level

A

initial structure folds in on itself
hydrogen, ionic, covalent, and sometimes disulfide bridges
adh oxytocin

38
Q

give examples of quaternary proteins

A

hemoglobin, insulin

39
Q

whatre nucleotides composed of

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar

40
Q

what does phosphate bind to (in its own and close nucleotide) and what does the base bind to for the sugar

A

phosphate binds to c5
base binds to c1
phopshate from other nucleotide binds to c3

41
Q

which are purines, how many rings

A

double rings, adenine and guanine

42
Q

which are pyrimidines, how many rings

A

one ring, thymine, uracil, cytosine

43
Q

how many h bonds between g and c and between a and t/u

A

g and c: 3
a and c/u: 2

44
Q

which bonds have the most amount of energy in atp

A

all have high energy, but especially between 2nd and 3rd

45
Q

what is the structure of atp, what does it become when it loses a phosphate group

A

becomes adp
adenine base, 3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar

46
Q

whats attached to hydrocarbon chains and what do they do, give example

A

functional groups, makes macromolecules behave in a certain way
ex. carboxyl group

bio 12 (6 decks)

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