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Bancroft: AP2 > Test #6: Respiratory & Urinary Systems > Flashcards

Test #6: Respiratory & Urinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

How many functions of the nose?

A

5 functions

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nose?

A
  1. Provides an airway; 2. Warms and moistens air; 3. Filters air; 4. Olfactory sense; and 5. Resonating chamber for speech
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3
Q

How many external parts to the nose?

A

2 parts

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4
Q

What are the 2 external parts to the nose?

A
  1. Nasal bones; and 2. Hyaline cartilage
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5
Q

How many internal parts to the nose?

A

4 parts

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6
Q

What are the 4 internal parts to the nose?

A
  1. Nasal septum; 2. Olfactory and respiratory mucosa; 3. Conchae; and 4. Paranasal sinuses
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7
Q

Nose: Nasal Septum

A

Made up of the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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8
Q

Nose: Olfactory Mucosa

A

Lines the roof of the nasal cavity where the sense of smell is located. Chemoreceptors (nerve endings which respond to chemicals in solution) send an action potential to the brain.

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9
Q

Nose: Respiratory Mucosa

A

Lines the walls and floor of the nasal cavity. All mucosa have nerve endings which responds to debris triggering a sneeze.

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10
Q

Nose: Conchae

A

Superior and middle are bone markings on the ethmoid cranial bone. Inferior are facial bones. They warm, moisten and filter air.

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11
Q

Nose: Paranasal sinuses

A

Open cavities within bone which lightens weight of the skull and act as resonating chambers. They warm, moisten and filter air.

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12
Q

How many paranasal sinuses?

A

4 paranasal sinuses

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13
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal; 2. Sphenoid; 3. Ethmoid; and 4. Maxillary
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14
Q

Pharynx

A

aka “The Throat”

5-inch long skeletal muscle tube.

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15
Q

How many functions of the pharynx?

A

3 functions

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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Common pathway for air and food; 2. Equalizes pressure (auditory tubes); and 3. Houses tonsils
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17
Q

How many parts of the pharynx?

A

3 parts

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx; 2. Oropharynx; and 3. Laryngopharynx
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19
Q

Pharynx: Nasopharynx

A

Connects the nasal cavity to the oropharynx

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20
Q

How many parts of the nasopharynx?

A

3 parts

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21
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nasopharynx?

A
  1. Tonsils; 2. Auditory Tubes; and 3. Cilia
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22
Q

Nasopharynx: Tonsils

A

Tonsils present are the pharyngeal (adenoids) and tubal.

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23
Q

Nasopharynx: Auditory Tubes

A

Equalize pressure between nasopharynx and inner ear.

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24
Q

Nasopharynx: Cilia

A

The mucous membrane is ciliated to move the mucous blanket down toward the mouth and stomach (to swallow and cough it out).

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25
Q

Pharynx: Oropharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity; connects the nasopharynx to the laryngopharynx.

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26
Q

Oropharynx: Tonsils

A

Tonsils present are the palatine and lingual.

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27
Q

Pharynx: Laryngopharynx

A

Connects the oropharynx to the esophagus and larynx.

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28
Q

Larynx

A

aka “The Voicebox”

About 2 inches in length and made up of 9 pieces of cartilage.

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29
Q

How many functions of the larynx?

A

4 functions

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30
Q

What are the 4 functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Airway; 2. Switching mechanism; 3. Speech; and 4. Cilia
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31
Q

Larynx: Airway

A

It provides and open airway.

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32
Q

Larynx: Switching mechanism

A

the epiglottis routes food down the esophagus and away from the lungs. The epiglottis will trigger a cough reflex if food enters the larynx.

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33
Q

Larynx: Speech

A

The vocal chords are located here and the larynx is attached to the hyoid bone.

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34
Q

Larynx: Cilia

A

Moves the mucous blanket up towards esophagus and mouth.

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35
Q

How many parts to the larynx?

A

4 parts

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36
Q

What are the 4 parts to the larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid Cartilage; 2. Epiglottis; 3. Glottis; and 4. Vocal chords
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37
Q

Larynx: Thyroid Cartilage

A

aka “The Adam’s Apple”

1 of 9 pieces of cartilage that make up the larynx. Male’s is larger due to testosterone.

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38
Q

Larynx: Glottis

A

Opening of the larynx

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39
Q

Larynx: Vocal Chords

A

Made up of skeletal muscle and elastic ligaments stretched across the opening of the larynx and vibrate as air passes by them.

An increase of volume is caused by an increase of air.

Male vocal chords are thicker and less taught which lowers pitch and tone due to testosterone.

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40
Q

Trachea

A

aka “the Wind Pipe”

An open airway tube held open by hyaline cartilage rings. They are C-shaped and the posterior is smooth muscle to allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing food. It branches to the left and right to serve the lungs.

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41
Q

Lungs

A

Fill the thoracic cavity from the clavicles down to the diaphragm. The right lung has 3 lobes or segments and the left lung has 2 to make room for the heart.

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42
Q

Pleural Membranes

A

Pleura is a double layer serous membrane which houses and protects the lungs.

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43
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleural membrane?

A
  1. Parietal pleura; and 2. Visceral pleura
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44
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Outer layer just deep to the ribs and on top of the diaphragm.

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45
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Inner layer, covers the lungs themselves.

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46
Q

Pleural Cavity and Fluid

A

Thin space between the the parietal and visceral layers filled with serous fluid to reduce friction when the lungs expand and recoil.

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47
Q

The bronchial tree is made up of how many zones?

A

2 zones

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48
Q

What are the 2 zones of the bronchial tree?

A
  1. Conducting zone; and 2. Respiratory zone
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49
Q

How many parts of the conducting zone?

A

5 parts

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50
Q

What are the 5 parts of the conducting zone?

A
  1. Primary bronchi; 2. Secondary bronchi; 3. Tertiary bronchi; 4. Bronchioles; and 5. Terminal bronchioles
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51
Q

Bronchial Tree: Conducting Zone*

A

It “conducts” or delivers air to/from the lungs.

Trachea branches to enter the lungs at the level of T7 > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > branches up to 23 times > at 1 mm they are called bronchioles > at .5 mm they are called terminal bronchioles

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52
Q

How many parts of the respiratory zone?

A

3 parts

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53
Q

What are the 3 parts of the respiratory zone?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles; 2. Alveolar ducts; and 3. Alveoli
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54
Q

Bronchial Tree: Respiratory Zone*

A

It does gaseous exchange (O2 & CO2)

Terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli (about 300 million functional units)

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55
Q

How many characteristic changes along the bronchial tree pathway?

A

7 characteristic changes

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56
Q

What are the 7 characteristic changes along the bronchial tree pathway?*

A

1-3. Cilia, cartilage rings and mucous production decreases

4-7. Elastic tissue, smooth muscle, macrophages, and lymphoid nodules increases

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57
Q

What helps alveolus to recoil?

A

Surface tension of water molecules inside alveolus.

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58
Q

What prevents alveolus from collapsing completely during recoil?

A

Surfactant - a fat protein/molecule reduces the surface tension of the water molecules inside alveolus.

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59
Q

How many phases of respiration?

A

4 phases

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60
Q

What are the 4 phases of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation; 2. External respiration; 3. Transportation of respiratory gases; and 4. Internal respiration
61
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

The process of breathing (inhalation and exhalation).

62
Q

External respiration

A

The diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and blood capillaries

63
Q

Transportation of respiratory gases

A

O2 and CO2 are carried in our blood. O2 binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and CO2 dissolved in plasma (and a small amount in hemoglobin) creates a buffer to regulate blood pH (7.35-7.45).

64
Q

Internal respiration

A

Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood capillaries and the cells of the body.

65
Q

How many techniques to consider when working with a client dealing with respiratory issues?

A

4 techniques

66
Q

What are the 4 techniques to consider when working with a client dealing with respiratory issues?

A
  1. Tapotement; 2. Aromatherapy; 3. Positioning on the table; and 4. Massage for the muscles of respiration
67
Q

Tapotement

A

An effective method for breaking up congestion within the lungs (cupping).

68
Q

Aromatherapy

A

Use of menthol and eucalyptus may help to open respiratory passageways.

69
Q

Positioning on the table

A

For ease of breathing, consider sidelying, prone, supine, and seated positions as well as using pillows to aid clients with respiratory congestion.

70
Q

What muscles could be massaged for respiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm; 2. External and Internal Intercostals; 3. SCM; 4. Scalenes; 5. Pec Minor; 6. Abs; (7-8. Lats and QL).
71
Q

How many phases for pulmonary ventilation?

72
Q

What are the 2 phases for pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Inspiration (inhalation); and 2. Expiration (exhalation)
73
Q

Inspiration

A

The process of taking air in.

74
Q

How many types of inspiration?

75
Q

What are the 2 types of inspiration?

A
  1. Diaphragmatic; and 2. Costal
76
Q

Diaphragmatic Inspiration

A

Deep abdominal breaths

77
Q

Costal Inspiration

A

Shallow breaths

78
Q

Expiration

A

Releasing air

79
Q

Inhalation Muscles*

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract

80
Q

Exhalation Muscles*

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

No contraction! Exhalation is a passive process.

81
Q

Forced Inhalation Muscles*

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, SCM, scalenes, and pec minor contract.

82
Q

Forced Exhalation Muscles*

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, SCM, scalenes, and pec minor relax.

Abs and internal intercostals (and sometimes lats and QL) contract.

83
Q

How many pressure relationships for respiration?

A

3 relationships

84
Q

What are the 3 pressure relationships for respiration?

A
  1. Atmospheric; 2. Intrapulmonary; and 3. Intrapleural
85
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

The amount of pressure exerted on our body by the air around us.

86
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

87
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

The pressure inside the lungs will rise and fall but will always strive for equilibrium with atmospheric pressure.

88
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

The pressure inside the pleural membranes will rise and fall but is always less than intrapulmonary.

89
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

With temperature remaining constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.

Increase volume = decrease of pressure

Decrease volume = increase of pressure

90
Q

Respiratory process as defined by Boyle’s Law and pressure relationships

A

Pressure gradients from high to low, created by skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation which increases or decreases the volume of the lungs

91
Q

Vocab: Hypoxia

A

A low level of oxygen in the tissue.

92
Q

Vocab: Eupnea

A

A normal respiration rate

93
Q

Vocab: Apnea

A

A cessation of breathing

94
Q

What are some factors that affect respiration?

A
  1. Inflexibility of the muscles of respiration
  2. Emotional states
  3. Anything which affects the respiratory passageways by either creating a resistance of airflow or a decrease in the expansion/recoil ability of the lungs. e.g. Inflammation, adhesions, scar tissue, etc.
95
Q

Kidney: Size

A

4-5 inches in length; 1-2 inches thick = roughly the size of a bar of soap

96
Q

Kidney: Shape

A

Kidney bean shaped

97
Q

Kidney: Location

A

Between T12-L3 with right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney due to crowding of the liver

98
Q

How many functions of the kidneys?

A

4 functions

99
Q

What are the 4 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Blood volume and composition; 2. Regulation of pH; 3. Regulation of blood pressure; and 4. Stimulate red blood cell production
100
Q

Kidneys: Blood volume and composition

A

If changes need to be made, the brain will signal the kidneys to retain or release water.

101
Q

Kidneys: Regulation of pH

A

Can hold onto or excrete hydrogen ions which act as buffers in blood.

102
Q

Kidneys: Regulation of blood pressure

A

If too high, they make more urine to remove water; if too low, they make less urine or they produce the hormone renin which causes vasoconstriction.

103
Q

Kidneys: Stimulate red blood cell production

A

If oxygen is too low (hypoxia), they produce a hormone which causes an increase in red blood cell production from bone marrow.

104
Q

How many parts to the external anatomy of the kidney?

105
Q

What are the 4 parts to the external anatomy of the kidney?

A
  1. Renal hilus; 2. Renal capsule; 3. Adipose capsule; and 4. Renal fascia
106
Q

Kidneys: Renal hilus

A

Concave area on medial side serves as the entry/exit point for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and the ureter.

107
Q

Kidneys: Renal capsule

A

A transparent, dense layer of connective tissue on the outside of the kidney. It protects the kidney from bacteria.

108
Q

Kidneys: Adipose capsule

A

A layer of fat lying superficial to the renal capsule. It protects and insulates the kidney.

109
Q

Kidneys: Renal fascia

A

A layer of connective tissue superficial to the adipose capsule that anchors and further protects the kidneys.

110
Q

How many regions to the internal anatomy of the kidney?

A

3 distinct regions

111
Q

What are the 3 distinct regions to the internal anatomy of the kidney?

A
  1. Cortex; 2. Medulla; and 3. Pelvis
112
Q

Kidneys: Renal cortex

A

Outermost region of the internal anatomy which contains the bulk of the nephron.

113
Q

Kidneys: Renal medulla/pyramids

A

Lies deep to the renal cortex which contains collecting tubes.

114
Q

Renal medulla: Minor Calyx

A

A smooth muscle tube which collects urine from the collecting tubes in the renal medulla.

115
Q

Renal medulla: Major Calyx

A

A smooth muscle tube which collects urine from the minor calyx.

116
Q

Kidneys: Renal pelvis

A

A funnel-shaped smooth muscle tube which collects urine from the major calyx and drains into the ureter.

117
Q

Vocab: Peristalsis

A

Slow, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle to move urine along.

118
Q

Kidneys: Blood supply

A

Kidneys receive 25% of cardiac output every minute.

119
Q

Kidneys: Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidneys. About 1 million per kidney. It filters blood and makes the necessary adjustments.

120
Q

How many regions of the nephron?

121
Q

What are the 2 regions of the nephron?

A
  1. Glomerulus; and 2. Renal tubule
122
Q

Nephron: Glomerulus

A

A collection of blood capillaries which filter blood by hydrostatic pressure and the forces of blood pressure.

123
Q

Nephron: Renal tubule

A

1.25 inches in length. It makes all the necessary adjustments by keeping the good stuff and ridding the bad stuff.

124
Q

How many parts to the renal tubule?

125
Q

What are the 4 parts to the renal tubule?

A
  1. Glomerulus capsule; 2. Proximal convoluted tubule; 3. Loop of Henle; 4. Distal convoluted tubule; and 5. Collecting tubes
126
Q

Renal tubule: Glomerulus tubule

A

A cup shaped region which surrounds the glomerulus.

127
Q

Renal tubule: Proximal convoluted tubule

A

The proximal region of the tubule involved in urine formation

128
Q

Renal tubule: Loop of Henle

A

A “hairpin” loop in the tubule.

129
Q

Renal tubule: Distal convoluted tubule

A

The distal region of the tubule involved in urine formation.

130
Q

Renal tubule: Collecting tubes

A

Slender tubes which receive Urine from the nephron and then drain into the calyces and then the renal pelvis.

131
Q

How much blood is filtered through the kidneys?

A

47 gallons of blood per day

132
Q

How much urine is excreted by the kidneys?

A

1-2 liters per day

133
Q

How many phases of urine production?

134
Q

What are the 3 phases of urine production?*

A
  1. Glomerular filtration; 2. Tubular reabsorption; and 3. Tubular secretion
135
Q

Glomerular Filtration*

A

Blood is brought to the glomerulus and filtered by the forces of hydrostatic and blood pressures. Most passes through the glomerulus except blood cells and large proteins.

136
Q

Tubular Reabsorption*

A

All the “good stuff” is put back into the blood stream.

Good stuff = 99% of water, electrolytes, glucose and anything else still useful to the body.

137
Q

Tubular Secretion*

A

Any waste product remaining in the blood gets put back into the nephron. Hydrogen ions are also secreted back into the tubule to adjust blood pH.

138
Q

Urine

A

Water and waste product

139
Q

Ureters (2)

A

Slender tubes lined with epithelial tissue and a layer of smooth muscle. They perform peristalsis to deliver urine from the collecting tubes to the urinary bladder.

140
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A collapsible storage tank for urine. Can hold up to about 1,000 ml of urine. Peristalsis occurs every 200-300 ml. Located behind the pubic symphysis. Just anterior to the uterus in females.

141
Q

Urethra

A

A tube which delivers urine from the bladder to the outside.

142
Q

What is the scientific name for urination?

A

Micturition

143
Q

What are some things we should not see in our urine?

A

Red blood cells (bleeding), glucose (diabetes), white blood cells (infection), proteins (faulty nephrons), etc.

144
Q

Water Balance

A

The average adult has about 40 liters of water making up 50-60% of our body weight:

Fat - 20%
Muscle - 65%

145
Q

How many compartments does water exist within out bodies?

A

2 compartments

146
Q

What are the 2 compartments does water exist within out bodies?

A
  1. Intracellular - 2/3 inside cells; and 2. Extracellular - 1/3 outside cells
147
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive diffusion of water between the intracellular and extracellular compartments.

Water always follows salts and proteins.

148
Q

Electrolytes

A

A molecule which easily dissolves in water and carries an electrical charge. Salts, acids and bases can call be electrolytes, but it’s usually salts which govern the electrolyte balance of the body.

e.g. Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca)

NaCl = table salt / sodium chloride
in water = Na+ and Cl-

149
Q

Massage and the Urinary System

A
  1. Be cautious of deep work over the kidneys at the upper lumbar region (between T12 and L3).
  2. A client receiving dialysis treatments for kidney failure is contraindicated for circulatory massage but may benefit from energy work.

Bancroft: AP2 (6 decks)

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