Test #1: Cell & Connective Tissue Flashcards
What is a Cell?
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
What are cells bathed in?
Cells are bathed in a diluted saltwater solution called interstitial fluid.
How much do cells vary in their structure and function?
Cells vary greatly in their structure and function.
How many cells compose the human body?
The human body is composed of trillions of cells.
What is interstitial fluid?
a .It is the fluid which exists between the cells.
b. It’s a nutrient rich soup.
c. It’s a byproduct of blood.
d. Cells get their nutrients, hormones and electrolytes from interstitial fluid.
e. Also gets rids of their waste into this fluid.
How many basic parts make up generalized animal cells?
3 basic parts
What are the 3 basic parts that make up generalized animal cells?
- Nucleus; 2. Plasma Membrane; and 3. Cytoplasm
What is the Nucleus?
a. Centrally located within the cell.
b. Control center or “brains” of the cell.
c. One or many within the cell.
d. Generally takes on the shape of the cell.
e. It is where DNA (our genetic blueprint) is located.
What is the Plasma Membrane?
The outer border or boundary of a cell.
What is the Plasma Membrane made up of?
It is made up of fat, protein, cholesterol and sugar.
How many parts make up the main structure of the Plasma Membrane?
2 parts
What are the 2 parts that make up the main structure of the Plasma Membrane?
- Lipids (fats); and 2. Proteins
Plasma Membrane: Lipids (Fats)
a. Are arranged in a double layer (heads with tails): o-|-o
b. Heads are hydrophilic: o
c. Tails are hydrophobic: -
What is hydrophilic?
“Water loving” – Can interact with water
What is hydrophobic?
“Water hating” – Repels water
Plasma Membrane: Proteins
a. Are scattered throughout the plasma membrane.
b. They act as receptor sites.
c. Also act as passageways.
How many functions of the Plasma Membrane?
3 functions
What are the 3 functions of the Plasma Membrane?
- Membrane transport; 2. Maintenance of an electrical gradient; and 3. Interaction with the outside environment
Plasma Membrane: Membrane Transport
a. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, choosing what can enter/exit the cell.
b. This membrane transport can be either active or passive.
Passive Plasma Membrane Transport: Is energy required?
No energy is required.
How many methods of passive membrane transport?
2 methods
What are the 2 methods of passive membrane transport?
- Diffusion; and 2. Osmosis
Passive Plasma Membrane Transport: Diffusion
a. Molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
b. Molecules move “down hill”.
Passive Plasma Membrane Transport: Osmosis
a. Movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
b. Water always follows salts and proteins.
Active Plasma Membrane Transport: Is energy required?
Energy is required.
How many methods of active membrane transport?
2 methods
What are the 2 methods of active membrane transport?
- Endocytosis; and 2. Exocytosis
Active Plasma Membrane Transport: Endocytosis
Cell is bringing material (within) inside.
How many specific forms of endocytosis?
2 specific forms
What are the 2 specific forms of endocytosis?
- Pinocytosis; and 2. Phagocytosis
Endocytosis: Pinocytosis
“Cell drinking” - Bringing in a liquid
Endocytosis: Phagocytosis
“Cell eating” - Bringing in a solid
Active Plasma Membrane Transport: Exocytosis
Cell is getting rid of something (waste or proteins)
Plasma Membrane: Maintenance of an electrical gradient*
a. A plasma membrane maintains a separation of charges on either side of the membrane.
b. Positive on the outside; negative on the inside: -|+
c. This gives the cell the ability to conduct electricity.
d. It just needs to be stimulated to do so.
What chemical element is on the outside of the membrane to give it a positive charge?*
Sodium or Na+
Sodium (Na+) is “more positive” than Potassium (K+): K+|Na+ (-|+)
What chemical element is on the inside of the membrane to give it a negative charge?*
Potassium or K+
Potassium (K+) is “less positive” than Sodium (Na+): K+|Na+ (-|+)
Plasma Membrane: Interaction with the outside environment
Proteins and sugar molecules allow the plasma membrane to interact with material outside of the cell.
What is Cytoplasm?
Everything inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.
How many components of Cytoplasm?
3 components
What are the 3 components of Cytoplasm?
- Cytosol; 2. Inclusions; and 3. Organelles
Cytoplasm: Cytosol
a. The watery portion.
b. Made up mostly of H2O with salts, proteins, hormones, organelles and waste floating in it.
Cytoplasm: Inclusions
Are chemicals floating in the cytoplasm that pertain to the function of that particular cell.
Examples:
melanin - pigment in skin cells
glycogen - a stored form of glucose in muscle cells
fat - in adipose cells
Cytoplasm: Organelles
The metabolic machinery of the cell.
Organelles: Ribosomes*
a. The site of protein synthesis.
b. Some float freely within the cytoplasm making protein for the cell, and
c. some are attached to membranes making protein for export to other regions of the body.
Organelles: Mitochondria*
a. The “power plant” of the cell providing it with energy in the form of ATP (from glucose).
b. The more productive the cell, the more mitochondria.
c. Muscle cells have many.
Organelles: Endoplasmic Retinaculum
a. A network of fluid filled tubes and membranes within the cytoplasm serving as anchor points for some ribosomes.
b. They also deliver proteins from one area of the cell to another.
c. Rough ER has ribosomes; Smooth ER does not.
Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
a. The “UPS” of the cell.
b. They are flattened membranes which server to sort, package and distribute proteins for export from the cell.
c. Portions of the GA pinch off to form secretory vesicles.
Organelles: Secretory Vesicles
a. Enclosed structures which carry the protein produced by the cell to the plasma membrane.
b. They fuse with the membrane; their walls disintegrate releasing the protein from the cell via exocytosis.
Organelles: Lysosomes
a. A type of secretory vesicle which is filled with digestive enzymes used to destroy worn out organelles and most foreign matter that enters the cell.
How many organelles are found outside the cell?
2 organelles
What 2 organelles are found outside the cell?
- Cilia; and 2. Flagella
Organelles: Cilia
a. Hair-like projections off the plasma membrane which serve to move material across the cell surface.
b. The respiratory tract is lined with cilia.
Organelles: Flagella
a. A single tail-like extension off the plasma membrane which propels the cell.
b. The only example in the human body is the sperm cell.
How many types of organelles are there?
8 types of organelles
How many organelles are found inside the cell?
6 organelles
What 6 organelles are found inside the cell?
- Ribosomes; 2. Endoplasmic Retinaculum; 3. Golgi Apparatus; 4. Secretory Vesicles; 5. Lysosomes; and, 6. Mitochondria
What is Protein Synthesis?*
Cells are made up of miniature factories which synthesize a variety of different proteins that make up the chemical and physical nature of the body as a whole.
How many steps are there in the simplified version of the complex protein synthesis process?*
9 steps
Protein Synthesis: 9 steps*
- DNA (our genetic information housed within the nucleus) serves as the “blueprint” for protein synthesis.
- The ribosomes (within the cytoplasm) receive a copy of this “blueprint” and use it to make protein.
- Some protein is made for that particular cell while some is made for export to other areas of the body.
- The ribosomes which make protein for other areas of the body are attached to the endoplasmic retinaculum (Rough ER).
- The rough ER transports the protein to other regions of the cell where the Golgi apparatus is located.
- The Golgi apparatus sorts, packages and prepares the protein for export from the cell.
- Regions of the GA “pinch” off to form secretory vesicles which serve to deliver the packaged protein to the plasma membrane of the cell.
- The secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. Eventually this fusion disintegrates expelling the protein into the interstitial fluid via exocytosis. It can then be carried to other regions of the body.
- Throughout this expensive process, the mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP (derived from glucose metabolism).
What is the benefit of massage therapy on the cell?
a. Swedish massage is designed to aid circulation of blood.
b. Interstitial fluid is a byproduct of blood.
c. Therefore we are aiding the nutrition and waste removal of cells… in theory.
d. Pending medical research to confirm.
What is Tissue?
A grouping of similar cells to perform a function for the body.
How many types of tissue in the human body?
4 types
How many types of tissue are most organs made up of?
All 4 types
What are the 4 types of tissue in the human body?
- Epithelial; 2. Connective; 3. Muscle; and, 4. Nervous
What is Epithelial Tissue?
Provides covering and lining for the body
How many types of epithelial tissue?
2 types
What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue?
- Covering and lining; and 2. Glandular
Epithelial Tissue: Covering and Lining
a. Covering - skin and organs
b. Lining - lines the passageways open to the outside (i.e. the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts); also lines the closed ventral cavity
Epithelial Tissue: Glandular
Makes up the glands of the body.
How many types of glands?
2 types
What are the 2 types of glands?
- Endocrine; and 2. Exocrine
Glandular Epithelial Tissue: Endocrine
a. Glands which produce hormones.
b. They are ductless.
c. They deliver hormones directly into the blood or lymph.
Glandular Epithelial Tissue: Exocrine
a. Glands which have ducts.
b. They deliver their byproduct into a cavity or onto a surface.
Ex: lacrimal (tears); salivary (spit); sebaceous (oil); mammary (breast milk)
How many characteristics of Covering and Lining epithelial tissue?*
4 characteristics
What are the 4 characteristics of Covering and Lining epithelial tissue?*
- Forms continuous sheets; 2. Basement membrane; 3. Innervated and avascular; and 4. Regeneration
Covering and Lining epithelial tissue: Forms continuous sheets*
a. Epithelial cells are tightly packed, forming a sheet.
b. Proteins hold epithelial cells together.
Ex: Stomach = Tight junction protein; Skin = Desmosome protein
Covering and Lining epithelial tissue: Basement membrane*
A thin layer of connective tissue which supports the epithelial tissue and provides nutrition.
Covering and Lining epithelial tissue: Innervated and avascular*
Has a nerve supply; Does not have blood vessels (the basement membrane has the blood supply)
Covering and Lining epithelial tissue: Regeneration*
All epithelial tissue repairs by simple cell division.
What is Connective Tissue?
a. It is the most abundant – it’s everywhere!
b. It provides support, structure, fuel, protection and insulation for the body.
Connective Tissue: 6 Degrees of vascularity
From vascular to avascular…
Blood > Bone > (muscle) > Tendons > Ligaments > Cartilage
What is Extracellular Matrix?*
All connective tissue cells are suspended in a non-living medium called extracellular matrix.
How many components make up Extracellular Matrix?*
2 components
What are the 2 components that make up Extracellular Matrix?*
- Ground Substance; and 2. Fibers (Protein)
Extracellular Matrix: Ground Substance*
Is the medium in which the cells are suspended. (liquid > gel > solid)
Extracellular Matrix: How many types of fibers are there?*
3 types
Extracellular Matrix: What are the 3 types of fibers?*
- Collagen; 2. Reticular; and 3. Elastic
Extracellular Matrix: Collagen Fibers*
Used for strength
Strong as steel re: tensile forces
Extracellular Matrix: Reticular Fibers*
Thinner weaker form of collagen
Extracellular Matrix: Elastic Fibers*
Used for flexibility
What determines the type of connective tissue?*
The type of connective tissue is based on the type and abundance of protein fibers as well as consistency of ground substance.
What defines the strength, flexibility and functional characteristics of particular connective tissue?*
It’s the type and density of the protein fibers as well as the form of ground substance which defines the strength, flexibility and functional characteristics of that particular connective tissue.
How many various types of connective tissue?*
5 various types
What are the 5 various types of connective tissue?*
- Bone; 2. Blood; 3. Loose Connective Tissue; 4. Dense Connective Tissue; and 5. Cartilage
Connective Tissue: Bone
a. Collagen fibers for strength and elastic fibers for flexibility
b. Hard ground substance (calcium salts) for strength
Connective Tissue: Blood
a. A variety of soluble protein fibers for clotting
b. Liquid ground substance (plasma) for blood flow
Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue*
a. A combination of all 3 fiber types loosely arranged
b. Gel-like ground substance
How many types of loose C.T.?*
2 types
What are the 2 types of loose C.T.?*
- Areolar; and 2. Adipose (fat)
Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar*
a. “Packing material” of the body – it’s everywhere!
b. It’s mostly located surrounding joints.
Pathology: Edema*
An excess of fluid. Areolar loose connective tissue holds the excess fluid. It’s like a sponge.
Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose (fat)*
It provides energy, protection and insulation.
Connective Tissue: Dense Connective Tissue*
a. All 3 fiber types (mostly collagen) densely arranged
b. Dense ground substance
How many types of dense C.T.?*
3 types
What are the 3 types of dense C.T.?*
- Tendons; 2. Ligaments; and 3. Deep fascia
Dense Connective Tissue: Tendons*
Attach muscle to bone. Mostly collagen fibers, parallel arranged.
Dense Connective Tissue: Ligaments*
Attach bone to bone. Collagen and elastic fibers, parallel arranged.
Dense Connective Tissue: Deep Fascia*
Irregularly arranged fibers. Collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. It groups muscles into functional units. It provides a pathway for blood vessels and nerves.
Connective Tissue: Cartilage*
a. Mostly collagen fibers
b. Semi-solid, rubbery ground substance
How many types of cartilage?*
3 types
What are the 3 types of cartilage?*
- Hyaline; 2. Fibrocartilage; and 3. Elastic
Cartilage: Hyaline*
Articular cartilage found at the end of long bones, makes up the tip of the nose, and costal cartilage between the ribs.
Cartilage: Fibrocartilage*
Intervertebral discs, menisci, and pubic symphysis.
Cartilage: Elastic*
Ears and epiglottis
Protein Synthesis: 9 steps (Shortened)*
- DNA in the nucleus has instructions for protein synthesis.
- The ribosomes within the cytoplasm receive a copy of the instructions and use it to make protein.
- Some protein is made for that particular cell while some is made for export to other areas of the body.
- Ribosomes which make protein for other areas of the body are attached to the endoplasmic retinaculum (Rough ER).
- The rough ER moves the protein to other regions of the cell where the Golgi apparatus is located.
- The Golgi apparatus sorts, packages and prepares the protein for export from the cell.
- Regions of the GA “pinch” off to form secretory vesicles which deliver the protein to the plasma membrane of the cell.
- The secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, then disintegrates, expelling the protein into the interstitial fluid via exocytosis. The protein can then be carried to other regions of the body.
- Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP to drive the entire process.
