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Bancroft: AP2 > Test #2: Connective Tissue Concepts & Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Test #2: Connective Tissue Concepts & Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important for the massage therapist to understand several physiological properties of connective tissue?

A

In order to work effectively with connective tissue.

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2
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue surrounds all muscle tissue as well as anchoring it to other muscle, skin or bone.

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3
Q

In working with skeletal muscle, is it possible to not affect the connective tissue in which it is enveloped?

A

No, it is impossible.

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4
Q

How many connective tissue concepts are there?

A

7 concepts

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5
Q

What are the 7 connective tissue concepts?

A
  1. Thixotropic property; 2. Piezoelectric property; 3. Neural network; 4. Fascial meridians and investing layers; 5. Slow stretch (creep); 6. Plasticity; and 7. Tensegrity
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6
Q

What is Greek for “Change by touch”?

A

Thixotropic property

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7
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Thixotropic property

A

Allows for colloidal suspensions to become more fluid when mechanical pressure or heat is applied, and to then return to their normal state when cooled.

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8
Q

What part of connective tissue is a colloidal suspension that displays the thixotropic property?

A

Ground substance

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9
Q

What are the effects of a massage therapist’s strokes?

A

The pressure and heat can effectively alter the consistency of ground substance thereby increasing fluidity and range of motion.

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10
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Piezoelectric property

A

a. When pressure is applied to tissue a slight electrical charge is generated.
b. The colloidal gel component of ground substance is influenced by this causing an increase in cellular activity.
c. This concept can work favorably as the client benefits from massage, or it can work unfavorably if this effect is due to repetitive activity or poor posture.

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11
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Neural network

A

There is a vast network of nerve cells which help to self-regulate the fascial web.

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12
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Fascial meridians and investing layers

A

a. All fascia is interconnected.
b. Fascia is continuous from the plantar surface of the foot to the top of the head.
c. Massage therapists consider these connections when working adjacent regions of the body (the spider web effect).
d. Fascia also runs in plans from superficial to deep.
e. In order to effectively treat different layers, the therapist must adjust his/her intention, depth and focus.

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13
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Slow stretch (creep)

A

a. Property of connective tissue to respond to slow, sustained stretch.
b. Lengthening and changing shape of connective tissue happens best when the massage applications are performed in a slow, sustained, deliberate manner.
c. The creep of tissue may be sustained or temporary depending on the elasticity of the tissue.

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14
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Plasticity

A

a. Property of a tissue to be stretched or molded to a point at which it retains its new shape.
b. Connective tissue displays this property since it can only be stretched minimally before it is unable to return to its original shape.

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15
Q

Connective Tissue Concept: Tensegrity

A

a. An architectural concept which refers to a structure’s ability to maintain its integrity by use of compressive and tensile elements.
b. In the body, bones provide strength against compressive forces, while tendons and ligaments act against tensile loads.
c. This provides for a balance which helps the body to resist external blows by dissipating energy throughout the entire system.
d. Massage helps to maintain structural integrity to better display this concept.

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16
Q

Tissue Repair Terminology: Regeneration

A

Simple cell division; cells divide to produce daughter cells.

Epithelial tissue repairs itself this way.

New tissue will be the same as the injured tissue. No change in characteristics and range of motion.

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17
Q

Tissue Repair Terminology: Fibrosis

A

A repair process which lays down fibrous scar tissue in the form of collagen fibers.

This will cause the repair site to be more prone to re-injury.

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18
Q

Tissue Repair Terminology: Adhesion

A

“Knots” – Any abnormal joining of tissue.

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19
Q

Tissue Repair Terminology: Scar

A

The visible or palpable sign of the healing process.

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20
Q

Tissue Repair Terminology: Inflammation

A

Occurs anytime tissue is injured. We need to respect the first 24-48 hours during which:

  1. The “stage” for repair is being set (clotting proteins and white blood cells)
  2. Containing of the injury site (to contain bacteria)
  3. Limits range of motion surrounding joints
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21
Q

What occurs during the inflammation process?

A

During the inflammation process, blood arterioles are dilating to bring more blood to the injury site. Capillaries in the region become more porous and leak plasma into the interstitial fluid.

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22
Q

How many classic signs of inflammation?

A

4 signs

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23
Q

What are the 4 classic signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Pain; 2. Swelling; 3. Redness; and 4. Heat
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24
Q

Inflammation: Pain

A

Increase of fluid presses on nerve endings. Chemical signals release by injured cells irritates the nerves as well.

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25
Q

Inflammation: Swelling

A

The capillaries leak plasma (also called edema).

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26
Q

Inflammation: Redness

A

Increase of blood flow to area = “hyperemia”

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27
Q

Inflammation: Heat

A

Increase of metabolic activity of your white blood cells; increase of plasma also increases temperature

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28
Q

How many types of muscle tissues?

A

3 types

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Cardiac; 2. Smooth; and 3. Skeletal
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30
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bone
Voluntary
Striated (|||| |||| ||||)

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31
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Heart <3
Involuntary
Striated

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32
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Internal organs
Involuntary
Non-striated

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33
Q

Muscle tissue:

A

Multi-nucleated (organelles get pushed to the walls)
Lots of mitochondria
Inclusion: Glycogen (stored form of energy)
Myoglobin - a molecule which binds O2

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34
Q

How many functions of skeletal muscle?

A

4 functions

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35
Q

What are the 4 functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Producing movement; 2. Maintaining posture; 3. Stabilizing joints; and 4. Generating heat
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36
Q

Function of skeletal muscle: Producing movement

A

Skeletal muscle shortens, pulling the insertion closer to the origin which creates movement at a joint.

37
Q

Function of skeletal muscle: Maintaining posture

A

Skeletal muscle maintains a constant state of semi-contraction to resist gravity.

38
Q

Function of skeletal muscle: Stabilizing joints

A

If ligament laxity exists, muscle tendon units can stabilize the joint.

39
Q

Function of skeletal muscle: Generating heat

A

The body is 40-50% skeletal muscle which generates up to 85% of our body heat.

40
Q

How many abilities to stimulate and contract skeletal muscle?

A

4 abilities

41
Q

What are the 4 abilities to stimulate and contract skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Excitability; 2. Contractibility; 3. Extensibility; and 4. Elasticity
42
Q

Excitability

A

Skeletal muscle has the ability to respond to a stimulus

43
Q

Contractibility

A

Skeletal muscle displays the ability to shorten.

44
Q

Extensibility

A

Skeletal muscle displays the ability to be lengthened (Up to 175% WOW!)

45
Q

Elasticity

A

Skeletal muscle displays the ability to recoil after a stretch

46
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: What is another name for a muscle fiber?

A

A muscle cell or myofiber

47
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Muscle Fiber (aka Muscle cell or myofiber)

A

It’s the “straw” in the straw analogy.

48
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Endomysium

A

Connective tissue sleeve around a muscle cell.

It’s the “paper wrapper around the straw” in the straw analogy.

49
Q

What does “endo” mean?

A

“Within”

50
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Fascicle

A

A grouping of muscle cells.

It’s the “bag of 100 straws” in the straw analogy.

51
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Perimysium

A

A connective tissue sleeve around a fascicle.

It’s the “plastic bag holding the 100 straws” in the straw analogy.

52
Q

What does “peri” mean?

A

“Around”

53
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Muscle belly

A

A grouping of fascicles. The fleshy, meaty portion of the muscle.

54
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Epimysium

A

A connective tissue sleeve around a muscle belly.

55
Q

What does “epi” mean?

A

“upon” or “above”

56
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Tendon

A

Parallel arrangement of collagen fibers attaching muscle to bone.

57
Q

What forms the tendon?

A

All 3 connective tissues (endo-, peri-, and epimysium) integrate to form the tendon.

58
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Aponeurosis

A

A broad sheet of connective tissue connecting muscle to muscle, skin or bone.

59
Q

What is the largest aponeurosis?

A

Thoracolumbar aponeurosis

60
Q

What aponeurosis has the most layers?

A

Abdominal aponeurosis

61
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Musculotendinous (MT) junction

A

Where muscle belly meets the tendon.

Weakest point. It’s the location of specialized nerves called proprioceptors.

62
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Sacrolemma

A

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell lying deep to the endomysium.

63
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Sacroplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell which stores large amounts of glycogen, myoglobin and mitochondria.

64
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Myofibrils

A

Are rod-like protein structures which extend the length of a muscle cell making up 80% of its volume.

65
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Z disc/line

A

A coin shaped sheet of protein which anchors thick and thin filaments and connects adjacent sarcomeres.

66
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Sarcomere*

A

a. The smallest contractile unit of a muscle cell.
b. It’s bordered by Z discs and is made up of a collection of protein filaments called Actin and Myosin.
c. Sarcomeres are lined up end to end to make up a muscle cell.

67
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Actin (thin filament)

A

Made up of the protein Actin, these thin filaments are anchored to the Z disc and extend inward toward the center of the sarcomere.

68
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Blocking proteins

A

Are proteins present on the Actin filament and serve to block Myosin from attaching to Actin.

They are moved away form their blocking position by the introduction of Calcium (Ca).

69
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Binding sites

A

Are locations on the Actin filament which allow Myosin to attach.

They are covered by the blocking proteins during relaxation and uncovered during contraction.

70
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Myosin (thick filaments)

A

Made up of the protein Myosin, these fthick filaments are centered in the sarcomere and are attached to the Z disc by an elastic protein filament.

71
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Cross bridges

A

Are paddle-like extension on the Myosin filament which attach to the Actin filament during muscle contraction.

They pull in on the Actin filament performing a movement known as the “power stroke”.

72
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

A sleeve-like arrangement of tubes surrounding the Myofibrils which stores Calcium (Ca) which can be released for muscle contraction to occur.

73
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: T-tubules

A

Are inward extension of the sarcolemma which carry the action potential (AP) and extracellular fluid into the muscle cell. They are connected to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

74
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Elastic filaments

A

Made up of the protein Titin, they connect the Actin and Myosin filaments to the Z disc and allow the muscle cell to return to a resting length after being stretched.

75
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Motor Unit

A

A single motor neuron and all individual muscle cells it innervates.

76
Q

What is the number range of motor units per muscle?

A

4-700 motor units

77
Q

What is the average number of motor units per muscle?

A

150 motor units

78
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Axon

A

An extension of a motor neuron which carries nerve impulses to the muscle

79
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Axon Terminal

A

The distal end of an axon. It contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

80
Q

What is another name for axon terminal?

A

Synaptic knob

81
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Neuromuscular junction

A

The location where the nervous system communicates with the muscular system.

82
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Synaptic Cleft

A

The microscopic space between axon terminal and muscle cell.

83
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released into the synaptic cleft. It’s used to communicate with the muscle cell.

84
Q

What is the specific neurotransmitter that communicates with muscle cells?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

85
Q

How many different neurotransmitters are there in the human body?

A

68 neurotransmitters

86
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Motor end plate

A

The region of the muscle cell which meets up with the axon terminal (but does not touch).

It contains receptor sites for acetylcholine (ACh).

87
Q

Action Potential & Nerve Stimulus: Action potential

A

A nerve impulse.

88
Q

How many steps in the process for Sliding Filament Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction?

A

9 steps

89
Q

What are the 9 steps in the process for Sliding Filament Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction?***

A
  1. An action potential (AP) is transmitted along the neuron’s axon to the axon terminal (synaptic knob) which stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft.
  2. The ACh binds with receptor sites on the motor end plate causing Sodium (Na) channels to open. This initiates an action potential which runs the length of the sarcolemma until it reaches the T-tubules.
  3. The AP then travels down the T-tubules to reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which stimulates Calcium (Ca) channels to open.
  4. Calcium ions bind to the blocking proteins on the Actin filament causing them to change shape thereby exposing their binding sites for Myosin cross bridges.
  5. Myosin cross bridges attach to the Actin binding sites pulling it towards the center of the sarcomere. The resultant shortening of the sarcomere causes muscle contraction called the “power stroke”.
  6. Meanwhile, the ACh is being removed from the synaptic cleft which stops the AP.
  7. Calcium is transported from the sarcoplasm back to the SR.
  8. Blocking proteins return to cover the cross bridge binding sites. Myosin can no longer attach and Actin moves back to its resting position. The sarcomere lengthens and the muscle relaxes.
  9. ATP provides the energy for this mechanism to occur.

Bancroft: AP2 (6 decks)

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