Test 6 Flashcards
1
Q
What are emotions?
A
A Gauge not a guide
2
Q
What do emotions involve?
A
- Cognitions “this situation is not safe”
- Feelings “I am feeling anxious/scared”
- Actions “walk away” “call someone”
- Brain area: limbic system
- Autonomic Nervous System
3
Q
What is included in the autonomic nervous system?
A
- Sympathetic NS: Arousal, fight/flight/freeze, norepinephrine
- Parasympathetic NS: calming, rest/digest, acetylcholine
4
Q
What are the three theories of emotion?
A
- James-Lange: physiological response before emotion
- Cannon-Bard: physiological response & emotion simultaneously
- Schachter-Singer: physiological response indicates how strong the emotion is via cognitive appraisal to identify which emotion
5
Q
Serendipity:
A
Stumble upon something pleasurable or positive or interesting
6
Q
Fear vs Anxiety:
A
- Fear: Present orientated, temporary
- Anxiety: Future-orientated, longer lasting
- Area of the brain: amygdala - enhances startle reflex response to unexpected noise
7
Q
Panic Disorder
A
- Occasional attacks: intense fear, impending doom, feelings of suffocation or dying, increased heart rate, increased breathing (rapid/shallow), dizzy, fatigue, sweaty, hyperventilated
8
Q
Treatments of panic disorder:
A
- Antidepressants
- CBT
- Barbiturates (tranquilizers): habit forming & fatal in OD especially combined with alcohol
- Benzodiazepines (anxiolytics): valium, Librium Xanex
9
Q
PTSD
A
- Symptoms: flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance behaviors, exaggerated arousal to stimuli or noises (startle reflex)
- Smaller hippocampus
- Lower levels of cortisol (“blunted”)
10
Q
Aggression:
A
- Amygdala
- Decreased serotonin & increased testosterone (esp males 15-25) - impulsive aggression
11
Q
Stress:
A
- Selye: the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
– Pleasent: marriage, grad school
– Unpleasant: divorce, illness
12
Q
General Adaptation Syndrome
A
(Selye)
- Alarm: sympathetic response increases, hormones released: epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone
- Resistance: sympathetic response declines, adrenal glands continue secreting cortisol
- Exhaustion: person is very tired, inactive, vulnerable to illness (physical and mental), extreme cases: death
13
Q
Psychosomatic
A
An onset of illness which is influenced by one’s mind, emotions, and/or experience
14
Q
In HPA Axis HPA stands for what?
A
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland
15
Q
Stress and the HPA axis:
A
- Stress activates SNS - fight/flight
- Stress activates HPA
– H causes P to secrete ACTH –> A secrete cortisol –> enhances, metabolism, increases blood sugar, increases alertness
“stress hormone” mobilizes body to fight difficult situations
16
Q
Results of stress on the body
A
- Brief/moderate stress improves attention & memory
- Stress improves performance on simple/well-learned tasks
- Stress impairs performance on complex tasks
- Brief stress enhances immune system activity
- Prolonged stress impairs
– Immune activity, memory, learning
17
Q
Manage Stress Well
A
- Resolve problem
- Breathing
- Utilize social support
- Exercise
- Staying in the Word
- Leaning into God
- Eating and Sleeping well
18
Q
Immune System:
A
- Cells that protect against viruses, bacteria, other intruders
- Leukocytes (WBC) most important for patrolling blood and body fluids
- B cells, T cells, Natural Killer Cells, Macrophage, Cytokines
19
Q
B cells:
A
- Mature in bone marrow & secrete antibodies
- Every cell has surface proteins called antigens as unique as fingerprints
- Attack unfamiliar antigens
(attach and attack)
20
Q
T cells:
A
- Made in bone morrow and travel to thymus
- Mature in thymus gland
- Attack intruders directly without secreting antibodies (cytotoxic T cells)
- Some T cells help other T or B cells multiply (Helper T cells)
21
Q
Natural Killer Cells:
A
- Blood cells that attack tumor cells & cells infected with a virus
- attack all intruders
22
Q
Macrophage:
A
- surrounds bacteria/intruders & digest it
- engulf & destroy
- target cells indicating an immune response
23
Q
Cytokines:
A
- Chemicals released by immune system that attack infections & communicate with the brain to illicit anti-illness behavior (by)
- Stimulate Vagus nerve –> release prostaglandins that cross BBB –> hippocampus & hypothalamus to produce anti-illness behaviors
24
Q
What are the anti-illness behaviors?
A
- Fever
- Lack of energy
- Sleepiness
- Lack of appetite
- Loss of sex drive
25
What do Asprin/ibuprofen do for anti-illness behavior?
- they decrease fever by inhibiting prostaglandins
26
Endogenous circannual rhythm:
An internal calendar that prepares a **species** for **annual** seasonal changes
(migrations, hybernation)
27
Endogenous circadian rhythm:
Internal rhythms that last about a **day** (wakefulness and sleepiness)
- humans generate 24 hr rhythm
28
Where are circadian rhythms present other than sleep?
- Eating
- Drinking
- Urination
- Secretion of hormone
- Sensitivity to drugs
- Other variables
- Body temperature (36.7 night, 37.2 late afternoon)
- Mood (teens increase until mid day then decline)
29
Zeitgeber:
Stimulus that is necessary for resetting the circadian rhythm. **Light** is the dominant zeitgeber for land animals
- Blind sometimes others (noise, temperature, meals, etc.)
30
Jet Lag:
- Disruption of our biological rhythms due to crossing time zones
- Phase-delay: happens to circadian rhythms when traveling **west** (stay awake late)
- Phase-advance: happens to circadian rhythms when traveling **east** (sleep earlier)
31
What happens when circadian rhythms adjust too frequently?
**increases levels of cortisol** which can damage the **hippocampus** and cause **memory loss**
32
Circadian rhythm predispositions?
- Larks: early risers
- Owls: evening people
- May change with age
33
Biological clocks and resistance?
Biological clocks are **very** resistant to environmental stressors
34
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus:
(SCN)
- Nucleus above **optic chiasm** in **hypothalamus**
- Controls rhythms for **sleep** and **temperature**
- Neurons generate impulses that follow circadian rhythm
-- neurons generate 24-hr rhythm by themselves
35
How does light reset the SCN?
- the retinohypothalamic path extends directly from the retina to the SCN
- resetting retinal ganglion cells are different than vision-contributing ganglion cells
- resetting retinal ganglion cells have their own photopigment called **melanopsin**
- these special ganglion cells are located near the nose
36
What is the retinohypothalamic path?
A small branch of the optic nerve
37
Melatonin:
- A serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns
- SCN regulates waking and sleeping by controlling the pineal gland which releases melatonin
- Increases sleepiness
- Release usually starts 2 or 3 hrs before bedtime
38
Pineal Gland:
Endocrine gland in the brain resembling a pine cone
39
Sleep:
A state that the brain actively produces, characterized by decreased response to stimuli
40
Coma:
- An extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stoke, or disease
- Characterized by low brain activity throughout the day and little or no response to stimuli including pain
41
Vegetative state:
Alternation between periods of sleep and moderate arousal although they show no awareness of their surroundings
42
Minimally Conscious State:
- Person shows occasional, brief periods of purposeful actions and limited speech comprehension
43
Brain Death:
- No sign of brain activity and no response to stimulation
- Physicians generally wait 24 hours before pronouncing death (after being in vegetative state)
44
Electroencephalograph:
EEG, records gross electrical potentials in an area of the brain through electrodes attached to the scalp
45
Polysomnograph:
Combination of EEG and eye-movement records
46
Alpha Waves:
- Frequency of 8-12 brain waves/sec
- Typical of relaxed state of consciousness
47
Stage 1:
- light sleep
- irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves
48
Stage 2:
Characterized by
- Sleep spindles (burst 12-14Hz waves for ~0.5 sec)
- K-complex (sharp, high-amplitude waves followed by a smaller, positive wave)
49
Stages 3 & 4:
- Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
- Slow, large-amplitude waves
50
Paradoxical sleep
- deep sleep in some ways and light in others
(brain active & muscles relaxed)
51
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep:
- Same as paradoxical sleep except that many animal species lack eye movements
52
Non-REM sleep:
Stages of sleep other than REM
- Fall asleep: Stage 1 --> 2, 3, 4, --> 3, 2, then REM sleep
- After REM sleep cycle sequence repeats with each complete cycle **lasting 90 minutes**
- Early in night stages 3 & 4 predominate, toward morning 4 shortens and REM longer
- REM is associated with dreaming but dreams can happen in non-REM sleep
