Test 5 Flashcards
*What is diabetes? (handout 1)
Disease where one’s blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high
What is insulin?
A hormone that helps glucose get into one’s cells to give energy or storing it as fat/glycogen
*What is Type I diabetes? (handout 2)
(usually genetic) body does not make insulin
*What is Type II diabetes? (handout 3)
(lifestyle) body does not make or use insulin well (most common)
*What happens from diabetes overtime? (handout 4)
Over time - too much glucose/sugar in the blood can cause problems (2-3)
- damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves
- cause heart disease, stroke, increased BP
- removal of limbs
*What about pregnant women and diabetes? (handout 5)
Pregnant women can get gestational diabetes
*What are the methods of controlling diabetes? (Handout 6-10)
1) A1C test (glycohemoglobin) usually given 2x year
2) Exercise
3) Monitor blood glucose levels
4) Take med, if prescribed
5) Meal Plan
*What are the aspects of A1C test? (Handout 6)
- measures average blood glucose over past 3 months
- determines how well one his managing diabetes
- Normal A1C level is below 5.7%
- Prediabetes is 5.7-6.4% (risk for getting type II)
- Type II is above 6.5%
*What are the aspects of meal plans for diabetes? (Handout 10)
List 3-4
- Limit foods high in sugar
- eat smaller portions spread out over the day
- control carbs
- eat whole grains, fruits, veggies DAILY
- eat less fats
- Use less salt
- Limit alcohol use
Homeostasis:
Balanced internal state
Set point:
Single value the body works to maintain
e.g. O2, H2O, glucose, protein, fat, etc.
Allostasis:
Process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis
Basal Metabolism:
Energy used to maintain constant body temperature while at rest
Poikilothermic:
- Amphibians, reptiles, fish (ectothermic)
- Body temp matches environment temperature
Homeothermic:
- Mammals & birds (endothermic)
- Use physiological mechanisms to maintain almost constant body temperature despite variations in environment temp
- Shivering
- Sweating
Human Body Temp:
98.6*F 37C
- above 103 F reason for concern
What areas of the brain are responsible for temperature regulation?
- POA-AH:
– preoptic area: most critical for temperature control
– hypothalamus: key player, specifically anterior hypothalamus
POA-AH
- Send output to hindbrain’s raphe nucleus which controls sweating, shivering, heart rate, metabolism, and blood flow to the skin
- In brain stem
- Damage impairs ones ability to regulate body temperature
Fever:
- Increases body temperature
- Caused by bacterial/viral infection
- Body’s defense against illness
- Leukocytes mobilize and attack the bacteria or virus
– releasing cytokines (protein) which in turn produce
– Prostaglandin E1 & E2
– which can cross BBB, increasing body temp and sleep
What are the general things about Thirst? (Why need fluid, why loose water, what happens in brain when need water)
- Need fluid in the circulatory system to maintain normal Blood Pressure
- Loose water by sweating, urinating, defecating
- When body needs water posterior pituitary gland releases vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
– raises BP by constricting blood vessels
– enables kidneys to reabsorb water and secrete highly concentrated urine
Osmotic Thirst:
- Caused: increase solute concentrations in body fluids & blood
- OVLT: organum vasculosum lamina terminalis
– area responsible for detecting osmotic thirst/pressure
*Best relieved by drinking clear H2O
Hypovolemic thirst:
- Caused: low blood volume
- BP and blood volume are low the blood cannot carry enough water or nutrients to the cells
- Detecting blood volume loss
*Best relieved by drinking water with solutes
How is blood volume lost detected?
(hypovolemic thirst): 2 ways
1) Baroreceptors: attached to large veins which detect the pressure of blood returning to the heart
2) SFO (subfornical organ) adjoining the third ventricle
- when blood volume drops kidneys release renin which converts to angiotensin II which constricts blood vessels compensates for drop in BP
What percentage of the body is water?
70%
What is sodium-specific hunger?
(salt cravings)
- adrenal glands produce aldosterone causing
– kidneys, salivary glands, sweat glands to conserve sodium and excrete more fluids/water than usual
– increase in salt tastes
- angiotensin II increases salt cravings in response to decreased sodium and increased blood levels
What are the aspects of the digestive system?
- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, sphincter muscle, intestines
Small intestines:
- Main site for absorption of digested food stuffs into blood –>
- cells –> nutrients & store excess fat, glucose, & protein
– later these reserves convert into glucose (body’s main fuel)
Large intestines:
- Absorbs water & minerals
- Lubricates the remaining material to pass as feces
Pairing food with illness:
Conditional taste aversion
Lactose intolerance:
Consume milk products = cramping and gas
Stomach and satisfaction
- Full stomach tells the brain it is satisfied
– Vagus nerve:
– Splanchnic nerve:
Vagus nerve and satisfaction
- CN X,
- conveys information about the stomach walls stretching (satiety)
Splanchnic nerve and satisfaction
- celiac plexis in abdominal cavity,
- carries information to the brain regarding nutrients in the stomach
Duodenum:
- Part of the small intestine where it connects to the stomach
- 1st digestive site that absorbs significant nutrients
- inhibits appetite by releasing CCK
What does CCK do?
(cholecystokinin):
- closes sphincter muscles causing stomach to fill quickly
- sends message to neuromodulator in brain that decreases eating
Hypothalamus and eating:
- Lateral hypothalamus: control of feeding
– lesion in this area –> under eating & weight loss - Ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH)
– lesion in this area –> overeating & weight gain
Glucose
Fuel for brain, energy for body
Glucagon:
Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen –> glucose –> increased BGL
Anorexia:
- low weight, fear of gaining wight, desire to be thin, restrict food intake
- increased cortisol (like depressed people)
- Comorbid with depression, anxiety, OCD
Bulimia:
- binge and purge, normal weight
- increased YY + PYY neuromodulator peptide
- decreased CCK
Obesity:
Can be genetic and environmental
- genes can effect metabolic rate: higher –> lower weight, lower –> higher weight,
Those with Anorexia are likely to have family members with what disorder?
OCD
