- dec attention - inc impulsivity - hyperactivity - fidgety/restless - mood swings - short temper - sensitive to stress - inability to make/follow through plans - information overload - inc frustration (Know 4-5 things)

- genetics - brain damage - malnutrition - diet - teratogens: toxins, tobacco, alcohol, smoking - dec dopamine levels (dopamine transporter density) (Know 4-5 things)

Test 3 Flashcards by A Stoll

What are the statistics of headaches?

More than 90% of people in U.S. get headaches some fairly mild, some severe, frequent, & disabling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are primary headaches?

Medical conditions in and of themselves, not symptoms of another disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three types of headaches?

Tension, cluster, migraine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are tension headaches?

Most common; intermittent and market by pressure on both sides of head

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are cluster headaches?

Least common; pain is on one side of head pain is behind the eye, eye may droop or tear - pain may go away for 1 hr the return (cycle can last weeks)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are migraine headaches?

Not a daily occurrence; throbbing pain on one side of head, upset stomach, sensitivity to light/noise - lasts hours/days

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causes of a migraine?

Some researchers trace it to a disturbance in one area of the brain –> TRIGEMINAL NERVE
Which is Cranial Nerve V
Which originates in the brainstem carrying messages from the head and face to the brain
When the trigeminal nerve is disturbed it may release peptides at nerve endings
In high numbers, peptides can cause the tissues around the brain & the blood vessels to become inflamed.
These inflamed blood vessels trigger nearby nerves, sending pain signals that may result in a migraine.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are warning signs of migraines?

Aura: forewarning preceding a migraine
- lose part of field of vision
- bright flashing lights call scintillating scotoma
Prodrome: symptoms occurring 1-2 days before headache
- food cravings
- fatigue
- depression
- diarrhea
- giddiness
- overly sensitive
- angry, nausea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does someone use a daily diary to record?

Frequency, intensity, duration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four triggers for headaches? (List and give at least two examples)

1) Environmental factors: bright lights, strong orders, change in altitude, change in pressure
2) Specific foods: aged cheese, chocolate, red wine, food additives - MSG, dec. caffeine
3) Behaviors: skipping a meal, sleeping too much/late, not enough sleep
4) Physiology in women: hormonal fluctuations, estrogen, menstrual period

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are treatments for headaches?

Pain medicines called analgesics which contain
- aspirin
- caffeine
- acetominophen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What defines ADHD?

dec attention
inc impulsivity
hyperactivity
fidgety/restless
mood swings
short temper
sensitive to stress
inability to make/follow through plans
information overload
inc frustration

(Know 4-5 things)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes ADHD?

genetics
brain damage
malnutrition
diet
teratogens: toxins, tobacco, alcohol, smoking
dec dopamine levels (dopamine transporter density)

(Know 4-5 things)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are medication treatments for ADHD?

Ritalin (methylphenidate)
Adderall (amphetamine)
Concerta
Zenzedi
Vyvanse
(stimulants inc dopamine)

(Know 4-5 things)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are behavioral treatments for ADHD?

Reduce distractions
Use lists, schedules
Pace oneself
Relaxation techniques
Social engineering
Token economy (rewards)

(Know 4-5 things)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are rule-outs for ADHD?

dec sleep
family conflicts
allergies
inc sugar
inc caffeine
dec discipline

(Know 4-5 things)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What area of the brain is affected by ADHD?

*frontal lobe
- attention
- motivation
- decision making
- impulsivity
- disinhibition

What are the statistics on migraines?

Migraines tend to run in families
3x more women than men suffer migraines
25% of migraine cases begin in childhood, occurring equally - boys/girls

What are the five stages of the development of neurons ?

1) Proliferation
2) Migration
3) Differentiation
4) Myelination
5) Synaptogenesis

What is the proliferation stage of neuron development?

production of new cells
cells lining ventricles divide
– some remain
– (others) stem cells

What is the migration stage of neuron development?

Neurons more toward eventual destination in the brain
– Immunoglobulins
– Chemokines
– Deficit is impaired migration, decreased brain size, intellectual impairment

What is the differentiation stage of neuron development?

Forming axons and dendrites
Axon grows before the dendrite
Dendrites don’t grow until reaching destination

What is the myelination stage of neuron development?

Slower stage where glia produced insulated sheaths (myelin)

What is the synaptogenesis stage of neuron development?

Formation of synapses
Begins before birth and continues through life
Process slows down in older people

How has weight of the brain changed with development of the brain?

Birth = 350g 1 Yr = 1,000g Adult: 1,200-1,400g

What causes in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Baby is exposed to alcohol while in the womb Childhood - impulsivity (more alcohol, more impulsive) - decreased alertness - facial abnormalities: smaller disproportioned head, asymmetrical eyes - hyperactivity - lower IQ Adulthood - High risk of alcoholism/drug dependance - Depression - Anger issues - Other psychological disorders

What is the effects of cocaine on the developing brain?

- Decreased IQ, language skills, attentiveness - Severe neurological impairments

What is the effect of tobacco on the developing brain?

- Decreased birth weight and immune system - increased asthma - SIDS - Long term IQ effects - ADHD - Sons: delinquency and crime

What causes brain damage?

- Tumors - Infections - Exposure to radiation/toxins - Degeneration (AD, PD) - Head injury - Lack of oxygen

What are closed head injuries?

- Sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the skull - Forces drive brain tissue against the inside of the skull - blood clots interrupt normal flow to the brain

What occurs in repeated blows to the head?

- Serious memory loss - Loss of reasoning, movement control, and emotional balance

What are the six warning signs of a stroke?

- Balance: sudden loss of balance - Eyes: double vision or sudden loss of vision - Face: one side droops while smiling - Arms: one arm may drift downward - Speech: speech is slurred and strange - Time: call 911 if any signs are present -

How do strokes kill neurons?

Two Waves 1) Those in the vicinity of the stroke 2) Cells int he penumbra (surrounding region)

What are the characteristics of the two types of strokes?

- Ischemia: blocked blood vessel -- cells in penumbra lose oxygen/glucose - Hemorrhage: burst blood vessel -- cells in the penumbra are flooded with oxygen and calcium

What is the series of events after a stroke?

- The BBB has been broken down -- edema forms (swelling caused by accumulation of fluid) --> increased pressure --> more strokes - Sodium-Potassium pump slows down --> increased Na+ inside neurons - Edema and excess Na+ causes glia cells to dump glutamate (excitatory) --> overstimulating neurons --> killing neurons/synapses - As neurons die, microglia proliferate removing waste products

What do they do for a stroke?

Quickly administer TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) that breaks up clots

How is stroke recovery promoted?

- Avoid tranquilizers - Use stimulant drugs a few days after the stroke - Keep the patient cold (91-97*F) for first 3 days -- use ice packs -- inject cool liquid into the blood -- Rx - Exposure to cannabinoids -- puts the breaks on glutamate -- anti-inflammatory effects Later - Stimulate the brain

What is phantom limb syndrome?

- Continuing sensation after amputation as result of brain reorganization (somatosensory cortex) - Phantom sensations: -- burning, shooting, pins & needles, crushing, movement, temperature, pressure, itch

How is phantom limb syndrome treated?

- Rx: SSRIS, anticonvulsants, opioids - Non-Rx: nerve stimulation (TENS), mirror imaging, acupuncture, lifestyle choices (distraction, physical activity, relaxation techniques) - *Prosthetic

How does aging influence the brain?

- Young adults recover from brain damage better than very old adults - we all lose neurons throughout life - Over 60: dendrites may shrink

What is the Kennard Principle?

- The degree of recovery from brain damage is **more complete** in children than adults especially if the damage is confined to one hemisphere - However, infancy brain damage (shaken baby syndrome) may produce more deficits than adult brain damage