Test 3 Flashcards
What are the statistics of headaches?
More than 90% of people in U.S. get headaches some fairly mild, some severe, frequent, & disabling
What are primary headaches?
Medical conditions in and of themselves, not symptoms of another disease
What are the three types of headaches?
Tension, cluster, migraine
What are tension headaches?
Most common; intermittent and market by pressure on both sides of head
What are cluster headaches?
Least common; pain is on one side of head pain is behind the eye, eye may droop or tear - pain may go away for 1 hr the return (cycle can last weeks)
What are migraine headaches?
Not a daily occurrence; throbbing pain on one side of head, upset stomach, sensitivity to light/noise - lasts hours/days
What are the causes of a migraine?
- Some researchers trace it to a disturbance in one area of the brain –> TRIGEMINAL NERVE
- Which is Cranial Nerve V
- Which originates in the brainstem carrying messages from the head and face to the brain
- When the trigeminal nerve is disturbed it may release peptides at nerve endings
- In high numbers, peptides can cause the tissues around the brain & the blood vessels to become inflamed.
- These inflamed blood vessels trigger nearby nerves, sending pain signals that may result in a migraine.
What are warning signs of migraines?
- Aura: forewarning preceding a migraine
- lose part of field of vision
- bright flashing lights call scintillating scotoma - Prodrome: symptoms occurring 1-2 days before headache
- food cravings
- fatigue
- depression
- diarrhea
- giddiness
- overly sensitive
- angry, nausea
What does someone use a daily diary to record?
Frequency, intensity, duration
What are the four triggers for headaches? (List and give at least two examples)
1) Environmental factors: bright lights, strong orders, change in altitude, change in pressure
2) Specific foods: aged cheese, chocolate, red wine, food additives - MSG, dec. caffeine
3) Behaviors: skipping a meal, sleeping too much/late, not enough sleep
4) Physiology in women: hormonal fluctuations, estrogen, menstrual period
What are treatments for headaches?
Pain medicines called analgesics which contain
- aspirin
- caffeine
- acetominophen
What defines ADHD?
- dec attention
- inc impulsivity
- hyperactivity
- fidgety/restless
- mood swings
- short temper
- sensitive to stress
- inability to make/follow through plans
- information overload
- inc frustration
(Know 4-5 things)
What causes ADHD?
- genetics
- brain damage
- malnutrition
- diet
- teratogens: toxins, tobacco, alcohol, smoking
- dec dopamine levels (dopamine transporter density)
(Know 4-5 things)
What are medication treatments for ADHD?
- Ritalin (methylphenidate)
- Adderall (amphetamine)
- Concerta
- Zenzedi
- Vyvanse
(stimulants inc dopamine)
(Know 4-5 things)
What are behavioral treatments for ADHD?
- Reduce distractions
- Use lists, schedules
- Pace oneself
- Relaxation techniques
- Social engineering
- Token economy (rewards)
(Know 4-5 things)
What are rule-outs for ADHD?
- dec sleep
- family conflicts
- allergies
- inc sugar
- inc caffeine
- dec discipline
(Know 4-5 things)
What area of the brain is affected by ADHD?
*frontal lobe
- attention
- motivation
- decision making
- impulsivity
- disinhibition
What are the statistics on migraines?
- Migraines tend to run in families
- 3x more women than men suffer migraines
- 25% of migraine cases begin in childhood, occurring equally - boys/girls
What are the five stages of the development of neurons ?
1) Proliferation
2) Migration
3) Differentiation
4) Myelination
5) Synaptogenesis
What is the proliferation stage of neuron development?
- production of new cells
- cells lining ventricles divide
– some remain
– (others) stem cells
What is the migration stage of neuron development?
- Neurons more toward eventual destination in the brain
– Immunoglobulins
– Chemokines
– Deficit is impaired migration, decreased brain size, intellectual impairment
What is the differentiation stage of neuron development?
- Forming axons and dendrites
- Axon grows before the dendrite
- Dendrites don’t grow until reaching destination
What is the myelination stage of neuron development?
Slower stage where glia produced insulated sheaths (myelin)
What is the synaptogenesis stage of neuron development?
- Formation of synapses
- Begins before birth and continues through life
- Process slows down in older people
How has weight of the brain changed with development of the brain?
Birth = 350g
1 Yr = 1,000g
Adult: 1,200-1,400g
What causes in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Baby is exposed to alcohol while in the womb
Childhood
- impulsivity (more alcohol, more impulsive)
- decreased alertness
- facial abnormalities: smaller disproportioned head, asymmetrical eyes
- hyperactivity
- lower IQ
Adulthood
- High risk of alcoholism/drug dependance
- Depression
- Anger issues
- Other psychological disorders
What is the effects of cocaine on the developing brain?
- Decreased IQ, language skills, attentiveness
- Severe neurological impairments
What is the effect of tobacco on the developing brain?
- Decreased birth weight and immune system
- increased asthma
- SIDS
- Long term IQ effects
- ADHD
- Sons: delinquency and crime
What causes brain damage?
- Tumors
- Infections
- Exposure to radiation/toxins
- Degeneration (AD, PD)
- Head injury
- Lack of oxygen
What are closed head injuries?
- Sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the skull
- Forces drive brain tissue against the inside of the skull
- blood clots interrupt normal flow to the brain
What occurs in repeated blows to the head?
- Serious memory loss
- Loss of reasoning, movement control, and emotional balance
What are the six warning signs of a stroke?
- Balance: sudden loss of balance
- Eyes: double vision or sudden loss of vision
- Face: one side droops while smiling
- Arms: one arm may drift downward
- Speech: speech is slurred and strange
- Time: call 911 if any signs are present -
How do strokes kill neurons?
Two Waves
1) Those in the vicinity of the stroke
2) Cells int he penumbra (surrounding region)
What are the characteristics of the two types of strokes?
- Ischemia: blocked blood vessel
– cells in penumbra lose oxygen/glucose - Hemorrhage: burst blood vessel
– cells in the penumbra are flooded with oxygen and calcium
What is the series of events after a stroke?
- The BBB has been broken down
– edema forms (swelling caused by accumulation of fluid)
–> increased pressure
–> more strokes - Sodium-Potassium pump slows down
–> increased Na+ inside neurons - Edema and excess Na+ causes glia cells to dump glutamate (excitatory)
–> overstimulating neurons
–> killing neurons/synapses - As neurons die, microglia proliferate removing waste products
What do they do for a stroke?
Quickly administer TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) that breaks up clots
How is stroke recovery promoted?
- Avoid tranquilizers
- Use stimulant drugs a few days after the stroke
- Keep the patient cold (91-97*F) for first 3 days
– use ice packs
– inject cool liquid into the blood
– Rx - Exposure to cannabinoids
– puts the breaks on glutamate
– anti-inflammatory effects
Later - Stimulate the brain
What is phantom limb syndrome?
- Continuing sensation after amputation as result of brain reorganization (somatosensory cortex)
- Phantom sensations:
– burning, shooting, pins & needles, crushing, movement, temperature, pressure, itch
How is phantom limb syndrome treated?
- Rx: SSRIS, anticonvulsants, opioids
- Non-Rx: nerve stimulation (TENS), mirror imaging, acupuncture, lifestyle choices (distraction, physical activity, relaxation techniques)
- *Prosthetic
How does aging influence the brain?
- Young adults recover from brain damage better than very old adults
- we all lose neurons throughout life
- Over 60: dendrites may shrink
What is the Kennard Principle?
- The degree of recovery from brain damage is more complete in children than adults especially if the damage is confined to one hemisphere
- However, infancy brain damage (shaken baby syndrome) may produce more deficits than adult brain damage
