Test 2 Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic Nervous System: Nerves from sense organs to the CNS and from CNS to muscles and glands
Autonomic Nervous System: Heart, intestines, other organs
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System:
- Aroused state
- Expends energy
- Fight/flight
- Freeze/fawn
- Tend/befriend (women more than men because linked with oxytocin that enhances bonding and trust)
- Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
- Relaxed state
- Conserves energy
- Rest/Digest
- Acetylcholine
What are the aspects of the spinal cord?
- Gray matter: H shaped, and densely packed with dendrite & cell bodies
- White matter: myelinated axon
- Motor nerve
- Sensory nerve
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Central Canal
- Dorsal
- Ventral
- Direction of nerve entry/exit
What is the function of the spinal cord?
- Within spinal column
- Communicates with sense organs and muscles below the head
- Each segment has on each side a sensory and motor nerve
What is the Bell-Megendie Law?
- sensory nerves enter the spinal cord on the dorsal side
- motor nerves exit the spinal cord on the ventral side
What happens if the spinal cord is cut at any given segment?
The brain
- looses sensation from that segment and all segments below it
- looses motor control over all parts of the body served by that segment and those below it
Dorsal:
Toward the back
Ventral:
Toward to stomach
Anterior:
Toward the front
Posterior:
Toward the rear
Superior:
Above another part
Inferior:
Below another part
Lateral:
Toward the side
Medial:
Toward the midline
Proximal:
Close to the point of origin
Distal:
More distant from the point of origin
Ipsilateral:
Same side
Contralateral:
Opposite side
Coronal plane:
Structures as seen from the front
Saggital plane:
Structures as seen from the side
Horizontal Plane:
Structures as seen from above
What are the facts of the cranial nerves?
- 12 pairs of nerves
- control sensory/motor information of the head
- I - IV are in the midbrain & forebrain
- V - XII are n the medulla & pons of the hindbrain
CN I
Olfactory - smell
CN II
Optic - vision
CN III
Oculomotor - eye movement & pupil constriction
CN IV
Trochlear - eye movement
CN V
Trigeminal - Jaw movement, chewing and swallowing
CN VI
Abducens - eye movement
CN VII
Facial - taste & facial expressions & crying
CN VIII
Statoacoustic - hearing & equilibrium
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal - Throat movement: speech, saliva, swallowing
CN X
Vagus - sensations from neck and thorax
CN XI
Accessory - neck & shoulder movement
CN XII
Hypoglossal - muscles of the tongue
What is the location and the functions of the medulla?
L: Hindbrain
F: Controls vital reflexes: heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing
What is the location and the functions of the Pons?
L: Hindbrain
F: Sleep, dreaming, breathing respiration
What is the location and the functions of the Cerebellum?
L: Hindbrain
F: Organizes sensory information which guides movement, shifting attention, balance, coordination, rhythm
What is the location and the functions of the tectum?
L: Midbrain
F: Sensory processing
Two swellings on each side of the tectum
- Superior colliculus: vision
- Inferior colliculus: hearing
What is the location and the functions of the Tegmentum?
L: Midbrain
F: basic body and limb movement (CN III & IV nuclei)
What is the location and the functions of the Substantia Nigra?
L: Midbrain
F: Facilitates readiness for movement - deteriorates in Parkinson’s Disease
What is the location and the functions of the Cerebral Cortex?
L: Forebrain
F: higher thought processes, including speech & decision making,
What is the location and the functions of the Limbic system?
L: Forebrain
F: Emotional and motivation al behaviors such as eating, drinking, sex, anxiety, aggression
What is the location and the functions of the Thalamus?
L: Forebrain
F: Sensory switchboard, main source of sensory input to cerebral cortex
* except the sense of smell
What is the location and the functions of the Hypothalamus?
L: Forebrain
F: 6 F’s fight, flight, fornication, fear, food, fever
What is the location and the functions of the Pituitary Gland?
L: Forebrain
F: Synthesizes and releases hormones into the blood stream: growth hormone & oxytocin
What is the location and the functions of the Basal Ganglia?
L: Forebrain
F: movement, memory, reasoning, attention
Includes 3 major structures
- Caudate Nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
*Deterioration is prominent in Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease
What is the location and the functions of the Basal Forebrain?
L: Forebrain
F: Arousal, wakefulness, attention
*deterioration is prominent in Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease
What is the location and the functions of the Hippocampus?
L: Forebrain
F: memory storage, especially memories for individual events
What are the seven important aspects of the cerebral cortex to label?
1) Frontal Lobe
2) Parietal Lobe
3) Occipital Lobe
4) Temporal Lobe
5) Primary motor cortex (in front, aka precentral gyrus)
6) Primary somatosensory cortex (behind, aka postcentral gyrus)
7) Central fissure
What is the cerebral cortex?
Cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere
What are the aspects of the Frontal lobe?
- Fine motor movement
- Decision Making
- Impulsivity
- Shifting attention
Contains - Primary motor cortex
- Prefrontal cortex
–> *Working Memory
– * only area of cerebral cortex to receive input from all sensory modalities
What is the corpus callosum?
Wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (Front to back)
What is the Central fissure?
- Separates the primary somatosensory cortex from the primary motor cortex
What are the aspects of the Parietal lobe?
- emotional consequences
- info about touch/body location
- identify objects
- damage on one side - person ignores opposite side of the body
What are the aspects of the Temporal lobes?
- Auditory information
- Some complex aspects of vision
– perception of movement
– facial recognition - Tumor will cause auditory or visual hallucinations
- Left temporal:
– understand spoken language
– emotional/motivation behavior
What are the aspects of the Occipital lobe?
Visual information
What is Broca’s Area?
Left frontal lobe area for speech articulation
What is Wernicke’s Area?
Left temporal lobe area for speech comprehension
What are the Greek names of the areas of the brain?
Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon
Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Forebrain - Prosencephalon
What are the aspects of the ventricles?
Contains CSF:
- Central canal: channel filled with fluid in the center of the spinal cord
- Ventricles: 4 fluid-filled cavities in the brain
What is the flow of CSF?
Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to fourth ventricle (medulla)
- Some CSF goes to central canal
- More CSF foes through narrow space between the brain and meninges
– CSF gradually reabsorbed into blood vessels of the brain through the subarachnoid space
What are the meninges? What is meningitis?
- Membranes surrounding brain & spinal cord
- Inflammation of the meninges
What are the four aspects of CSF?
- Cushions the brain
- Provides buoyancy
- Provides hormones for brain and spinal cord
- Provides nurtion for the brain and spinal cord
What is hydrocephalus?
Obstruction of the flow of CSF
- Increasing pressure on the brain
- Skull bones may spread in infants causing an overgrown head
- Associated with intellectual disabilities
What is the reticular formation?
A structure in the brain stem
What is a gyrus?
A bump on the brain
