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aCU: PYCH 3900: Neurophysiological > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic Nervous System: Nerves from sense organs to the CNS and from CNS to muscles and glands
Autonomic Nervous System: Heart, intestines, other organs

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System:
- Aroused state
- Expends energy
- Fight/flight
- Freeze/fawn
- Tend/befriend (women more than men because linked with oxytocin that enhances bonding and trust)
- Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
- Relaxed state
- Conserves energy
- Rest/Digest
- Acetylcholine

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4
Q

What is the anatomy of the spinal cord?

A
  • Gray matter: H shaped, and densely packed with dendrite & cell bodies
  • White matter: myelinated axon
  • Motor nerve
  • Sensory nerve
  • Dorsal root ganglion
  • Central Canal
  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
  • Direction of nerve entry/exit
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5
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  • Within spinal column
  • Communicates with sense organs and muscles below the head
  • Each segment has on each side a sensory and motor nerve
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6
Q

What is the Bell-Megendie Law?

A
  • sensory nerves enter the spinal cord on the dorsal side
  • motor nerves exit the spinal cord on the ventral side
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7
Q

What happens if the spinal cord is cut at any given segment?

A

The brain
- looses sensation from that segment and all segments below it
- looses motor control over all parts of the body served by that segment and those below it

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8
Q

Dorsal:

A

Toward the back

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9
Q

Ventral:

A

Toward to stomach

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10
Q

Anterior:

A

Toward the front

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11
Q

Posterior:

A

Toward the rear

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12
Q

Superior:

A

Above another part

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13
Q

Inferior:

A

Below another part

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14
Q

Lateral:

A

Toward the side

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15
Q

Medial:

A

Toward the midline

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16
Q

Proximal:

A

Close to the point of origin

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17
Q

Distal:

A

More distant from the point of origin

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18
Q

Ipsilateral:

A

Same side

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19
Q

Contralateral:

A

Opposite side

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20
Q

Coronal plane:

A

Structures as seen from the front

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21
Q

Saggital plane:

A

Structures as seen from the side

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22
Q

Horizontal Plane:

A

Structures as seen from above

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23
Q

What are the facts of the cranial nerves?

A
  • 12 pairs of nerves
  • control sensory/motor information of the head
  • I - IV are in the midbrain & forebrain
  • V - XII are n the medulla & pons of the hindbrain
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24
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory - smell

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25
CN II
Optic - vision
26
CN III
Oculomotor - eye movement & pupil constriction
27
CN IV
Trochlear - eye movement
28
CN V
Trigeminal - Jaw movement, chewing and swallowing
29
CN VI
Abducens - eye movement
30
CN VII
Facial - taste & facial expressions & crying
31
CN VIII
Statoacoustic - hearing & equilibrium
32
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal - Throat movement: speech, saliva, swallowing
33
CN X
Vagus - sensations from neck and thorax
34
CN XI
Accessory - neck & shoulder movement
35
CN XII
Hypoglossal - muscles of the tongue
36
What is the location and the functions of the medulla?
L: Hindbrain F: Controls vital reflexes: heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing
37
What is the location and the functions of the Pons?
L: Hindbrain F: Sleep, dreaming, breathing respiration
38
What is the location and the functions of the Cerebellum?
L: Hindbrain F: Organizes sensory information which guides movement, shifting attention, balance, coordination, rhythm
39
What is the location and the functions of the tectum?
L: Midbrain F: Sensory processing Two swellings on each side of the tectum - Superior colliculus: vision - Inferior colliculus: hearing
40
What is the location and the functions of the Tegmentum?
L: Midbrain F: basic body and limb movement (CN III & IV nuclei)
41
What is the location and the functions of the Substantia Nigra?
L: Midbrain F: Facilitates readiness for movement - deteriorates in Parkinson's Disease
42
What is the location and the functions of the Cerebral Cortex?
L: Forebrain F: higher thought processes, including speech & decision making,
43
What is the location and the functions of the Limbic system?
L: Forebrain F: Emotional and motivation al behaviors such as eating, drinking, sex, anxiety, aggression
44
What is the location and the functions of the Thalamus?
L: Forebrain F: Sensory switchboard, main source of sensory input to cerebral cortex * except the sense of smell
45
What is the location and the functions of the Hypothalamus?
L: Forebrain F: 6 F's fight, flight, fornication, fear, food, fever
46
What is the location and the functions of the Pituitary Gland?
L: Forebrain F: Synthesizes and releases hormones into the blood stream: growth hormone & oxytocin
47
What is the location and the functions of the Basal Ganglia?
L: Forebrain F: movement, memory, reasoning, attention Includes 3 major structures - Caudate Nucleus - Putamen - Globus pallidus *Deterioration is prominent in Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease
48
What is the location and the functions of the Basal Forebrain?
L: Forebrain F: Arousal, wakefulness, attention *deterioration is prominent in Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease
49
What is the location and the functions of the Hippocampus?
L: Forebrain F: memory storage, especially memories for individual events
50
What are the seven important aspects of the cerebral cortex to label?
1) Frontal Lobe 2) Parietal Lobe 3) Occipital Lobe 4) Temporal Lobe 5) Primary motor cortex (in front, aka precentral gyrus) 6) Primary somatosensory cortex (behind, aka postcentral gyrus) 7) Central fissure
51
What is the cerebral cortex?
Cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere
52
What are the aspects of the Frontal lobe?
- Fine motor movement - Decision Making - Impulsivity - Shifting attention Contains - Primary motor cortex - Prefrontal cortex --> *Working Memory -- * only area of cerebral cortex to receive input from all sensory modalities
53
What is the corpus callosum?
Wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (Front to back)
54
What is the Central fissure?
- Separates the primary somatosensory cortex from the primary motor cortex
55
What are the aspects of the Parietal lobe?
- emotional consequences - info about touch/body location - identify objects - damage on one side - person ignores opposite side of the body
56
What are the aspects of the Temporal lobes?
- Auditory information - Some complex aspects of vision -- perception of movement -- facial recognition - Tumor will cause auditory or visual hallucinations - Left temporal: -- understand spoken language -- emotional/motivation behavior
57
What are the aspects of the Occipital lobe?
Visual information
58
What is Broca's Area?
Left frontal lobe area for speech articulation
59
What is Wernicke's Area?
Left temporal lobe area for speech comprehension
60
What are the Greek names of the areas of the brain?
Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon Midbrain - Mesencephalon Forebrain - Prosencephalon
61
What are the aspects of the ventricles?
Contains CSF: - Central canal: channel filled with fluid in the center of the spinal cord - Ventricles: 4 fluid-filled cavities in the brain
62
What is the flow of CSF?
Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to fourth ventricle (medulla) - Some CSF goes to central canal - More CSF foes through **narrow space** between the brain and meninges -- CSF gradually reabsorbed into blood vessels of the brain through the **subarachnoid space**
63
What are the meninges? What is meningitis?
- Membranes surrounding brain & spinal cord - Inflammation of the meninges
64
What are the four aspects of CSF?
1. Cushions the brain 2. Provides buoyancy 3. Provides hormones for brain and spinal cord 4. Provides nurtion for the brain and spinal cord
65
What is hydrocephalus?
Obstruction of the flow of CSF - Increasing pressure on the brain - Skull bones may spread in infants causing an overgrown head - Associated with intellectual disabilities
66
What is the reticular formation?
A structure in the brain stem
67
What is a gyrus?
A bump on the brain

aCU: PYCH 3900: Neurophysiological (6 decks)

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