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Soph - Semester 1 > Test #5 - Temperature > Flashcards

Test #5 - Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

What are some basics about temperature needs?

A
  • Temp regulation is necessary to survival
  • Differences between newborn, child and adult
  • Everyone has a neutral thermal environment (NTE)
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2
Q

What are the different types of immunity?

A

-Natural Passive

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in mothers milk

-Natural Active

Antigens enter the body naturally; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

-Acquired Passive

Preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced into the body by injection

-Acquired Active

Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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3
Q

What happens to the respiratory system during infection?

A

Tachypnea
Retractions, nasal flaring

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4
Q

What happens to the cardiac system during infections?

A

Decreased cardiac output
Tachycardia
Hypotensive
Decreased profusion

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5
Q

What happens to CNS during infection?

A

Decreased activity and tone irritability
Lethargy
Temperature instability

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6
Q

What happens to the integumentary system during infection?

A

Jaundice
Pallor
Petechiae
Mottling

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7
Q

What happens to the GI system during infections?

A

Abdominal distention
Nausea
Vomiting

Diarrhea

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8
Q

What are some assessments of EARLY onset of infection?

A

Manifests in 24-48 hours
Progresses RAPIDLY
Mortality as high as 15%

Microorganisms of the normal flora of vaginal tract

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9
Q

What happens during the LATE onset of infections?

A

Commonly seen after two weeks of age
Slower progression
Bacterial transmission is varied
May be viral
Fungal

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10
Q

What does TORCH stand for pertaining to infections?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Other – HPV, HBV, HIV, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Varicella
  • Rubella
  • Cytomegalovirus – CMV
  • Herpes Simplex – HSV
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11
Q

What are some interventions to prevent sepsis?

A

HANDWASHING
Fingernails – Short, clean, no polish, no artificial
Standard Precautions
Infectious personnel should not work in newborn nursery
Prophylactic antibiotic administration
Clean stethoscope between infants
Keep infants clean
Monitor
TEACH

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12
Q

What do we need to know about communicable diseases in children?

A

Symptoms
How transmitted

Proper isolation precautions

Incubation
Period of communicability
Treatment
Prevention

Immunizations

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13
Q

Nursing Responsibility in administering vaccines chart

A
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14
Q

Barriers to Immunization Chart

A
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15
Q

Common misconceptions about administration and safety of vaccines chart

A
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16
Q

Special Considerations related to immunizations chart

A
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17
Q

Immunization schedule chart

A
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18
Q

What is diphtheria?

A
  • Acute BACTERIAL Disease
  • Affects tonsils, throat, nose and/or skin
  • If untreated can cause serious complications and/or death
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19
Q

What are some assessments for diphtheria?

A

Low grade fever
Anorexia
Rhinorrhea with foul odor
Cough
Hoarseness

Nasal manifestations initially resemble the common cold, then gradually begin to include discharge of foul-smelling muco-purulent material

HALLMARK SIGN: Thin, gray membrane on the tonsils and pharynx, causing bull neck, or neck edema

Respiratory compromise due to a narrowing of the upper airway

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20
Q

How is Diphtheria transmitted?

A

Direct contact, droplet

CDC PRECAUTIONS: Airborne

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21
Q

What is the incubation for diphtheria?

A

2-5 days

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22
Q

How long is the communicability of diphtheria?

A

2-4 weeks
OR: until negative cultures have been obtained

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23
Q

What is the treatment for diphtheria?

A

Antitoxin
Antibiotic
Bed Rest
Tracheostomy if airway issue

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24
Q

When do children get the diphtheria vaccine?

A

Vaccinations under 7

2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years

Vaccinations over 7

11-12 years

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25
Q

What is tetanus?

A
  • Affects the nervous system
  • Does not affect mental status
  • High mortality
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26
Q

What are some assessments for tetanus?

A

Headache
Stiffness of the neck and jaw
Painful facial spasms
Difficulty chewing and swallowing
Laryngospasm
Severe Pain
Respiratory arrest

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27
Q

How is tetanus transmitted?

A

Tetanus bacillus (anaerobic) from soil
Intestines of human or animal
No direct person to person transmission

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28
Q

What is the incubation period for tetanus?

A

Average 8 days
Can be 3-21 days
Recovery takes 1-2 months

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29
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A

ICU
Tetanus IG Large doses for 7-14 days
Metronidazole Large does for 7-14 days
Sedatives
Muscle relaxers

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30
Q

What are the ages for tetanus vaccines?

A

Vaccinations under 7

2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years

Vaccinations over 7

11-12 years

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31
Q

What is pertussis?

A
  • Also known as whooping cough
  • Highly contagious bacterial Infection
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32
Q

What are the assessments for Pertussis?

A

Distinctive “whoop” cough
Often occurs at night
Thick mucous that may form a plug and dislodge when coughing
Episodes may end in vomiting

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33
Q

How is pertussis transmitted?

A

Direct contact; droplet
CDC – AIRBORNE

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34
Q

What is the incubation period for pertussis?

A

6-20 Days

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35
Q

What is the communicability of pertussis?

A

1-2 weeks and until the 4th week
MOST contagious before the paroxysmal cough stage
Not contagious if treated with mycin antibiotics (erythro, clarithro and azithro)

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36
Q

What is the treatment for pertussis?

A

Macrolide (Mycin) antibiotics and corticosteroids

Cortico: Used to open airways

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37
Q

What ages are the pertussis vaccines given?

A

Vaccinations under 7

2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years

Vaccinations over 7

11-12 years

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38
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A
  • Also known as Polio
  • Infectious viral disease
  • Invades nervous system
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39
Q

What are the assessments for poliomyelitis?

A

Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Sore Throat
Progressive Weakness (THIS IS HOW YOU ARE GOING TO KNOW IT’S POLIO)

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40
Q

How is poliomyelitis transmitted?

A

Direct Contact

(Fecal-oral, oral-oral respiratory)

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41
Q

What is the incubation period of polio?

A

Average of 7-10 days
May range from 5-35 days

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42
Q

What is the communicabiility of polio?

A

Greatest shortly before and with onset of clinical symptoms when the virus is in the throat
Excreted in the feces for several weeks

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43
Q

What is the treatment of polio?

A

Complete bed rest
Resp ventilation possible
Physical therapy

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44
Q

What age is the polio vaccines given?

A

Vaccination

2 months
4 months
6-18 months
4-6 years

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45
Q

What are other preventions besides vaccines for polio?

A

Isolation of infected individual
Treatment and monitoring of household members

Will be quarantined at home or hospital depending on severity

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46
Q

What is Infectious Parotitis (Mumps)?

A
  • Also known as mumps
  • Acute viral disease
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47
Q

What are some assessments for Mumps?

A

Fever
Malaise and Anorexia
Followed by ear ache that is aggravated by chewing
Swelling of one or more parotid glands

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48
Q

What are some interventions for mumps?

A

Examine ears and throat
Perform neurologic assessment
Intermittent application of ice packs
Teach meticulous hand hygiene to child

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49
Q

How is mumps transmitted?

A

Airborne/Droplet
Direct contact with saliva of an infected person
Possibly urine

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50
Q

What is the incubation period for mumps?

A

16-25 days

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51
Q

What is the communicability time for mumps?

A

7 days before parotid swelling until 9 days after swelling subsides

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52
Q

What are the treatments for mumps?

A

Symptomatic care
Respiratory isolation from onset
Analgesics
Antipyretics
IVF’s
Bed rest until swelling subsides
Soft bland food that isn’t difficult to chew
Supportive therapy based on Signs and Symptoms

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53
Q

What are the ages for vaccines of mumps?

A

12-15 months
4-6 years

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54
Q

What is another prevention if someone has been exposed to mumps?

A

Quarantine those who may have been exposed if necessary

WHOLE HOUSE QUARANTINED

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55
Q

What is Rubeola (measles)?

A
  • Also known as measles
  • Acute highly communicable viral disease
  • More severe in infants and adults than in children
  • Many complications can occur
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56
Q

What are some assessments for measles?

A

Prodromal (Lasts 1-4 days)

Fever
Coriz (Runny nose)
Cough
Conjunctivitis
Koplick Spots (Appears 2 days before rash)

Small, blue-white spots with a red base that cluster near the molars on the buccal mucosa

Rash

2-4 days after onset of prodromal state
Red and blotchy
Begins around face
Spreads downward
Becomes darker red
Lightens up 3-4 days after appearance
Assumes a brownish appearance

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57
Q

How are measles transmitted?

A

Direct contact with droplets of infected person
Airborne (Less frequent)

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58
Q

What is the Incubation period for measles?

A

8-12 days

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59
Q

What is the communicability time for measles?

A

3-5 days prior to rash
4 days after rash appearance

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60
Q

What is the treatment for measles?

A

Respiratory/droplet isolation through 4th day of rash
No real treatment
Vitamin A replacement
Bed Rest
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Tepid Baths

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61
Q

What are the ages for vaccines of measles?

A

12-15 months
4-6 years

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62
Q

What are preventions for measles?

A

Vaccination

Eduation

Vaccinations for those in contact with Patient

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63
Q

What is Rubella?

A
  • Also Known as German Measles
  • Mild febrile viral disease
  • Encephalitis may develop
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64
Q

What are some assessments for Rubella?

A

Prodromal symptoms

Absent in children
Present with adolescents and adults

Lymphadenopathy

Precedes rash by 3-5 days
May develop leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

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65
Q

How is Rubella Transmitted?

A

Airborne
Direct Contact

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66
Q

What is the incubation for Rubella?

A

14-21 Days

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67
Q

What is the communicability time for Rubella?

A

7 days before onset of rash
14 days after onset of rash
Highly communicable

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68
Q

What is the treaments for Rubella?

A

Analgesics
Antipyretics
Bed Rest

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69
Q

At what age are kids vaccinated for Rubella?

A

12-15 months
4-6 years

70
Q

What are some preventions for Rubella?

A

Vaccination

12-15 months
4-6 years

Education

Pregnant women are at risk

Keep infected children from school and or work for 7 days after onset of rash

71
Q

What is Roseola?

A
  • Acute Febrile rash illness with a viral origin
  • Affects children under 4, most common in <2 years old
  • Caused by Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6)
72
Q

What are the assessments for Roseola?

A

Sudden fever as high as 105 for 3-8 days
Rash initially on trunk, then spreads, will fade rapidly

73
Q

How is Roseola transmitted?

A

Direct contact of saliva of effected person

74
Q

What is the incubation for Roseola?

A

9-10 days estimated

75
Q

What is the communicability time for Roseola?

A

Unknown – Thought to be from the febrile stage to when rash first appears

76
Q

What is the treatment for Roseola?

A

Antipyretics
Hydration

77
Q

What is the prevention for Roseola?

A

No vaccine available
Mild disease that gives sustained immunity after infection

78
Q

Rubeola Rubella and Roseola mnemonic

79
Q

What is Haemophilus Influenza B?

A
  • Another name is Hib
  • Bacterial illness
  • Can cause encephalitis
  • Most commonly causes Meningitis
  • Symptoms of Hib infection will be specific to the area of the body
80
Q

What are the assessments for Haemophilus influenza b?

A

-ASSESSMENTS (MENINGITIS – As dx with lumbar puncture for CSF culture)

Fever
Weakness
Vomiting
Stiff neck
May develop seizures and anemia
Monitor for Kernig sign and/or Brudzinski sign

81
Q

How is HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B transmitted?

A

Direct Contact

Droplet

82
Q

What is the incubation period for HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B?

A

Unknown, probably less than a week

83
Q

What is the communicability of HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B?

A

Varies on type of infection
If untreated, remains communicable as long as bacteria is in the nose/throat

84
Q

What is the treatement for haemophilus influenza b?

A

Antibiotics
Rifampin (Prophylactic antibiotic) given to those exposed

85
Q

What age are kids vaccinated for haemophilus Influenza B?

A

2 months
4 months
6 months (In 3 shot series)
12-15 months (Booster dose)

86
Q

What is hepatitis A?

A

-Acute viral illness

Highly Contagious

87
Q

What are some assessments of Hepatitis A?

A

May be asymptomatic
Mildly ill

88
Q

What is the transmission for hepatitis A?

A

Fecal-oral transmission of matter contaminated

89
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis A?

A

Average 15-50 days

90
Q

What is the communicability time for hepatitis A?

A

1-2 weeks before and 1 week after symptoms

91
Q

What is the treatment for Hepatitis A?

A

Symptoms
Keep Hydrated

92
Q

What are the ages for vaccinations of Hepatitis A?

A

2 doses: 12 months – 3 years
Separate the 2 doses by 6-18months

Ex: 1st vaccine given at 12 months, the 2nd dose cannot be given prior to 18 months and no later than 30 months

93
Q

What is some preventions of hepatitis A?

A

Vaccinations

Hand Washing

IG Administration

94
Q

What is hepatitis B?

A

Acute Viral Illness

95
Q

What are some assessments for Hepatitis B?

A

Most children are asymptomatic
Fever
Rash
Malaise
Liver failure
Death

96
Q

How is Hepatitis B transmitted?

A

Infected blood, blood products and body fluids

Percutanously
Mucosal

97
Q

What is the incubation time for hepatits B?

A

45-180 days (Average 90 days)

98
Q

What is the communicability time for hepatitis B?

A

Will remain communicable through acute course of the disease

99
Q

What is the treatment for Hep B?

A

Of symptoms
Keep Hydrated

100
Q

What ages are kids vaccinated for Hep B?

A

Birth
1-2 months
6-18 months

101
Q

What are some preventions for Hep B?

A

Vaccinations

Avoid High risk activities

102
Q

What is Varicella?

A
  • Also known as “chicken pox”
  • Highly contagious viral disease
103
Q

What are some assessments for Varicella?

A

Acute onset
Mild fever
Malaise
Anorexia
Irritability
Macular rash for few hours
Rash progresses to pruritic vesicular lesions for 1-5 days

104
Q

How is Varicella transmitted?

A

Direct Contact
Airborne
Droplet

105
Q

What is the incubation time for varicella?

A

10-21 days

106
Q

What is the communicability time for varicella?

A

1-2 days before rash (prodromal) to
First crop of vesicles when crusts have formed (usually 5-7 days)

107
Q

What is the treatment for varicella?

A

Antiviral agent
VZIG
Comfort
Secondary Infection treatment

108
Q

At what ages are kids vaccinated for varicella?

A

12-15 months
4-6 years

109
Q

What is scarlet Fever?

A

-Acute infection with group A strep

110
Q

What are some assessments for scarlet fever?

A

Sore throat
Temp
Rash within 12-36 hours

111
Q

How is scarlet fever transmitted?

A

Direct Contact with infected person
Airborne (inhalation or ingestion)

112
Q

What is the ijncubation period for scarlet fever?

A

1-7 days (Average of 3 days)

113
Q

What is the communicability time for scarlet fever?

A

Acute stage until 24 hours after antimicrobial therapy has begun

114
Q

What is the treatment for scarlet fever?

A

PCN or erythromycin
Bed rest
Isolation until 24 hours after initiation of antibiotics

115
Q

What is Acute otitis media?

A
  • Inflammation of the middle ear
  • Caused by dysfunctional Eustachian tube
  • Most common childhood bacterial infection

6 month – 2 years

116
Q

What are some complications associated with acute otitis media?

A

Chronic OM
Hearing loss
Meningitis
Eardrum perforation
Scarring

117
Q

What are some assessments for acute otitis media?

A

Fussy
Low Grade Fever
Pulling on ear

118
Q

What are some treatments for acute otitis media?

A

Antibiotics

Surgery

119
Q

What are some preventions for acute otitis media?

A

No smoking around child
No propping of bottle
Encourage protection

120
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A
  • Infection or inflammation of the tonsils
  • May be caused by a virus or bacterium
  • Peaks between ages 4-7 years
  • Dx with throat culture, visualization of inflamed pharynx and CBC
121
Q

What are some assessments for tonsillitis?

A

Sudden sore throat
Painful/difficulty swallowing
Mouth breathing
Mouth odor
Chills
Fever

122
Q

What are some treatments for tonsillitis?

A

Maintain airway
Comfort measures
Antibiotics
Possible surgery

123
Q

What is encephalitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the brain tissue
  • Post viral illness
  • Tick or mosquito bite
  • Can be very serious
  • Most fully recover
  • Dx with spinal tap, CT, and/or MRI
124
Q

What are assessments for encephalitis?

A

Depends on the causative organism and location of infection in the brain

125
Q

What are some treatments for encephalitis?

A

Monitor closely
Focus on controlling ICP

Provide seizure precautions

126
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A
  • Pink eye
  • Inflammation of the conjunctiva
  • Can be viral and bacterial
127
Q

What are some assessments for conjunctivitis?

A

Conjunctiva is pink and/or red
Depends on the type
Bacterial discharge is green or yellow in color
Viral discharge is watery
Viral may be accompanied by cold and/or flu like symptoms

128
Q

What are some treatments for conjunctivitis?

A

Antibiotics
Warm compresses cleaning unaffected eye first

129
Q

What are some preventions for conjunctivitis?

A

Strict hand washing
Wash contaminated laundry separate

130
Q

What is Reye’s Syndrome?

A
  • Toxic Encephalopathy
  • Associated with ASA therapy for treatment of fever in children with viral illness
131
Q

Otitis Media Mnemonic

132
Q

Reye’s Syndrome Clinical Staging System Chart

133
Q

What are some assessments for Reye’s syndrome?

A

Fever
Profoundly impaired consciousness
Disordered hepatic function
Follows viral Illness

134
Q

What is the treatment for Reye’s syndrome?

A

Initial care in ICU through acute stages
Early diagnosis and treatment are key to recovery

135
Q

What is the prevention for Reye’s syndrome?

A

Education on early diagnosis
Education on NO ASA to child under 6 years old unless directed by PCP

136
Q

What is rocky mountain spotted fever?

A
  • Bacterial infection transmitted by ticks
  • Most common in southeastern states

May lead to death if untreated

137
Q

What is the incubation for rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

2-14 days (Average 7 days)

138
Q

What are some assessments for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Appear 1-14 days after tick bite
Onset gradual or rapid with vague signs
Sudden high fever of 104 degrees
Children may become very ill very quickly
Signifigant Malaise
Abdominal pain
N/V
Lasts for 2-3 weeks

139
Q

What are some complications associated with rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

Pneumonia
Resp/Cardiac failure
Meningitis
Brain damage
Clotting problems
Kidney failure
Shock

140
Q

What is the treatment for rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

Doxycycline or tetracycline is common practice

141
Q

What is the prevention of rocky mountain spotted fever?

A

Avoid areas heavily tick infested
If tick found, remove promptly and correctly
Education

142
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Mnemonic

143
Q

What is Lyme Disease?

A

Tick borne disease

144
Q

What is the incubation period for Lyme disease?

A

3-32 ddays

145
Q

What are the assessments for lyme disease?

A

Chills
Fever
HA
Fatigue
Stiff neck
Muscle or joint pain
Swollen lymph nodes

146
Q

What are some complications related to lyme disease?

A

Left untreated can lead to neurological defects
Arm & leg weakness
Bell’s palsy
Meningitis
Severe Headache

147
Q

What are the treatments for lyme disease?

A

10-21 days oral treatment
Under 8

Amoxicillin
PCN

Over 8

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin
Cefuroxime

148
Q

What are some preventions for lyme disease?

A

Avoid areas heavily tick infested
If tick found, remove promptly and correctly
Anticipatory guidance
Education

149
Q

Lyme disease mnemonic

150
Q

Prevention measures to avoid insect/tick bites chart

151
Q

What is Mononucleosis?

A

Mono

Acute viral infection often with EBV

152
Q

What are the assessments for Mono?

A

Swollen Lymph Nodes
Fever
Sore Throat
Headache
Lethargy
Fatigue

153
Q

What is the incubation period for Mono?

A

4-6 weeks after exposed to virus

154
Q

How is mono transmitted?

155
Q

What is the treatment for mono?

A

Rest

Fluids

156
Q

What is Erythema Infectiosum?

A
  • Called Fifth’s Disease
  • Acute human parvovirus type b infection
157
Q

What are the assesments for erythema infectiosum?

A

3 stages
Stage 1: Flu like symptoms
Stage 2: A “slapped face” appearance of rash
Stage 3: Lasts 1-3 weeks as the rash fades

158
Q

What is the incubation period for Erythema infectiosum?

A

4-14 days but can be 21 days

159
Q

What is the communicability for erythema infectiosum/

A

Shedding of virus occurs between 5 and 12 days
Usually from the prodromal period until the rash appears

160
Q

How is erythema infectiosum transmitted?

A

Airborne
Droplet
Respiratory secretions and blood
Mother to fetus

161
Q

What is the treatment for erythema infectiosum?

A

None
May need comfort measures for joint pain

162
Q

What are some preventions for erythema infectiosum?

A

Avoid contact with infected person
Exposed pregnant woman should promptly seek care

163
Q

What is laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

-Croup

Term is applied to several viral and bacterial syndromes
Most often refers to LTB

-Viral invasion of the upper airway,

Extends to larynx, trachea and bronchi

  • Most common in children 3 months-3 years
  • Peaks age 2-3 years
  • Potential of airway obstruction
164
Q

What are the assessments for Croup?

A

Ill
Upper respiratory symptoms
Cough – Seal like
Hoarseness
May or may not have fever

165
Q

Comparison of types of croup chart

166
Q

What is the treatment for Croup?

A

Depends on severity
Humidity
May require intubation and ICU
Most respond positively to medication and O2 therapy
Discharged within 48-72 hours

167
Q

What is RSV?

A
  • RSV
  • Most common cause of bronchiolitis
  • Nearly all children have been infected with RSV by age 2
  • Annual epidemics from October to March
168
Q

What is the assessmens to RSV?

A

Upper respiratory symptoms – Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Wheezing, Crackles or rhonchi
Intercostal/subcostal retractions

With or without nasal flaring

Cyanosis
Increase in severity at night
Chest and rib soreness

169
Q

How is RSV transmitted?

A

Direct contact with respiratory secretions
Indirectly through contaminated surfaces

170
Q

What is the treatment for croup?

A

Humidified O2
Symptoms
Antipyretics
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics if bacteria present

171
Q

What is the prevention for RSV?

A

Education
Prophylaxis available for high risk

Synagis

Children have increased incidence of reactive airway disease and asthma later in childhood

Soph - Semester 1 (12 decks)

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