Test #5 - Temperature Flashcards
What are some basics about temperature needs?
- Temp regulation is necessary to survival
- Differences between newborn, child and adult
- Everyone has a neutral thermal environment (NTE)
What are the different types of immunity?
-Natural Passive
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in mothers milk
-Natural Active
Antigens enter the body naturally; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
-Acquired Passive
Preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced into the body by injection
-Acquired Active
Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
What happens to the respiratory system during infection?
Tachypnea
Retractions, nasal flaring
What happens to the cardiac system during infections?
Decreased cardiac output
Tachycardia
Hypotensive
Decreased profusion
What happens to CNS during infection?
Decreased activity and tone irritability
Lethargy
Temperature instability
What happens to the integumentary system during infection?
Jaundice
Pallor
Petechiae
Mottling
What happens to the GI system during infections?
Abdominal distention
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
What are some assessments of EARLY onset of infection?
Manifests in 24-48 hours
Progresses RAPIDLY
Mortality as high as 15%
Microorganisms of the normal flora of vaginal tract
What happens during the LATE onset of infections?
Commonly seen after two weeks of age
Slower progression
Bacterial transmission is varied
May be viral
Fungal
What does TORCH stand for pertaining to infections?
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other – HPV, HBV, HIV, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Varicella
- Rubella
- Cytomegalovirus – CMV
- Herpes Simplex – HSV
What are some interventions to prevent sepsis?
HANDWASHING
Fingernails – Short, clean, no polish, no artificial
Standard Precautions
Infectious personnel should not work in newborn nursery
Prophylactic antibiotic administration
Clean stethoscope between infants
Keep infants clean
Monitor
TEACH
What do we need to know about communicable diseases in children?
Symptoms
How transmitted
Proper isolation precautions
Incubation
Period of communicability
Treatment
Prevention
Immunizations
Nursing Responsibility in administering vaccines chart
Barriers to Immunization Chart
Common misconceptions about administration and safety of vaccines chart
Special Considerations related to immunizations chart
Immunization schedule chart
What is diphtheria?
- Acute BACTERIAL Disease
- Affects tonsils, throat, nose and/or skin
- If untreated can cause serious complications and/or death
What are some assessments for diphtheria?
Low grade fever
Anorexia
Rhinorrhea with foul odor
Cough
Hoarseness
Nasal manifestations initially resemble the common cold, then gradually begin to include discharge of foul-smelling muco-purulent material
HALLMARK SIGN: Thin, gray membrane on the tonsils and pharynx, causing bull neck, or neck edema
Respiratory compromise due to a narrowing of the upper airway
How is Diphtheria transmitted?
Direct contact, droplet
CDC PRECAUTIONS: Airborne
What is the incubation for diphtheria?
2-5 days
How long is the communicability of diphtheria?
2-4 weeks
OR: until negative cultures have been obtained
What is the treatment for diphtheria?
Antitoxin
Antibiotic
Bed Rest
Tracheostomy if airway issue
When do children get the diphtheria vaccine?
Vaccinations under 7
2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years
Vaccinations over 7
11-12 years
What is tetanus?
- Affects the nervous system
- Does not affect mental status
- High mortality
What are some assessments for tetanus?
Headache
Stiffness of the neck and jaw
Painful facial spasms
Difficulty chewing and swallowing
Laryngospasm
Severe Pain
Respiratory arrest
How is tetanus transmitted?
Tetanus bacillus (anaerobic) from soil
Intestines of human or animal
No direct person to person transmission
What is the incubation period for tetanus?
Average 8 days
Can be 3-21 days
Recovery takes 1-2 months
What is the treatment for tetanus?
ICU
Tetanus IG Large doses for 7-14 days
Metronidazole Large does for 7-14 days
Sedatives
Muscle relaxers
What are the ages for tetanus vaccines?
Vaccinations under 7
2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years
Vaccinations over 7
11-12 years
What is pertussis?
- Also known as whooping cough
- Highly contagious bacterial Infection
What are the assessments for Pertussis?
Distinctive “whoop” cough
Often occurs at night
Thick mucous that may form a plug and dislodge when coughing
Episodes may end in vomiting
How is pertussis transmitted?
Direct contact; droplet
CDC – AIRBORNE
What is the incubation period for pertussis?
6-20 Days
What is the communicability of pertussis?
1-2 weeks and until the 4th week
MOST contagious before the paroxysmal cough stage
Not contagious if treated with mycin antibiotics (erythro, clarithro and azithro)
What is the treatment for pertussis?
Macrolide (Mycin) antibiotics and corticosteroids
Cortico: Used to open airways
What ages are the pertussis vaccines given?
Vaccinations under 7
2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years
Vaccinations over 7
11-12 years
What is poliomyelitis?
- Also known as Polio
- Infectious viral disease
- Invades nervous system
What are the assessments for poliomyelitis?
Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Sore Throat
Progressive Weakness (THIS IS HOW YOU ARE GOING TO KNOW IT’S POLIO)
How is poliomyelitis transmitted?
Direct Contact
(Fecal-oral, oral-oral respiratory)
What is the incubation period of polio?
Average of 7-10 days
May range from 5-35 days
What is the communicabiility of polio?
Greatest shortly before and with onset of clinical symptoms when the virus is in the throat
Excreted in the feces for several weeks
What is the treatment of polio?
Complete bed rest
Resp ventilation possible
Physical therapy
What age is the polio vaccines given?
Vaccination
2 months
4 months
6-18 months
4-6 years
What are other preventions besides vaccines for polio?
Isolation of infected individual
Treatment and monitoring of household members
Will be quarantined at home or hospital depending on severity
What is Infectious Parotitis (Mumps)?
- Also known as mumps
- Acute viral disease
What are some assessments for Mumps?
Fever
Malaise and Anorexia
Followed by ear ache that is aggravated by chewing
Swelling of one or more parotid glands
What are some interventions for mumps?
Examine ears and throat
Perform neurologic assessment
Intermittent application of ice packs
Teach meticulous hand hygiene to child
How is mumps transmitted?
Airborne/Droplet
Direct contact with saliva of an infected person
Possibly urine
What is the incubation period for mumps?
16-25 days
What is the communicability time for mumps?
7 days before parotid swelling until 9 days after swelling subsides
What are the treatments for mumps?
Symptomatic care
Respiratory isolation from onset
Analgesics
Antipyretics
IVF’s
Bed rest until swelling subsides
Soft bland food that isn’t difficult to chew
Supportive therapy based on Signs and Symptoms
What are the ages for vaccines of mumps?
12-15 months
4-6 years
What is another prevention if someone has been exposed to mumps?
Quarantine those who may have been exposed if necessary
WHOLE HOUSE QUARANTINED
What is Rubeola (measles)?
- Also known as measles
- Acute highly communicable viral disease
- More severe in infants and adults than in children
- Many complications can occur
What are some assessments for measles?
Prodromal (Lasts 1-4 days)
Fever
Coriz (Runny nose)
Cough
Conjunctivitis
Koplick Spots (Appears 2 days before rash)
Small, blue-white spots with a red base that cluster near the molars on the buccal mucosa
Rash
2-4 days after onset of prodromal state
Red and blotchy
Begins around face
Spreads downward
Becomes darker red
Lightens up 3-4 days after appearance
Assumes a brownish appearance
How are measles transmitted?
Direct contact with droplets of infected person
Airborne (Less frequent)
What is the Incubation period for measles?
8-12 days
What is the communicability time for measles?
3-5 days prior to rash
4 days after rash appearance
What is the treatment for measles?
Respiratory/droplet isolation through 4th day of rash
No real treatment
Vitamin A replacement
Bed Rest
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Tepid Baths
What are the ages for vaccines of measles?
12-15 months
4-6 years
What are preventions for measles?
Vaccination
Eduation
Vaccinations for those in contact with Patient
What is Rubella?
- Also Known as German Measles
- Mild febrile viral disease
- Encephalitis may develop
What are some assessments for Rubella?
Prodromal symptoms
Absent in children
Present with adolescents and adults
Lymphadenopathy
Precedes rash by 3-5 days
May develop leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
How is Rubella Transmitted?
Airborne
Direct Contact
What is the incubation for Rubella?
14-21 Days
What is the communicability time for Rubella?
7 days before onset of rash
14 days after onset of rash
Highly communicable
What is the treaments for Rubella?
Analgesics
Antipyretics
Bed Rest