Test 5 Study Guide

Question 1

What is a systematic relatively permanent change that occurs through experience?

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What is the theory of learning that occurs through experience?

Answer 2

Behaviorism

Question 3

What type of learning occurs when an organism makes a connection or association between two events?

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

What is operational conditioning?

Answer 4

When a organism learns an association between a behavior and a concequence, such as a reward

Question 5

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli

Question 6

What is observational learning?

Answer 6

Learning that takes place when a person observes and intimates another’s behavior

Question 7

What is a reflex?

Answer 7

Automatic stimulus response connection

Question 8

What is a unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 8

Stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Question 9

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 9

Unlearned reaction that is automatic by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 10

Previous neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

When does the conditioned response occur?

Answer 11

After the CS-US pairing

Question 12

What is a neutral stimulus?

Answer 12

Stimulus with no significance

Question 13

What is the initial learning of the connection between the US and CS when the two are paired?

Answer 13

Acquisition

Question 14

What is generalization?

Answer 14

Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Question 15

What is discrimination?

Answer 15

Process of learning to respond to some things and not to others

Question 16

What is extinction?

Answer 16

Weakening of a conditioned response after the stimulus has been absent

Question 17

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 17

Process in a classical response when response can occur after a time delay with no further conditioning

Question 18

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner did what?

Answer 18

Performed classical conditioning experiments on an infant that would violate ethical guidelines today

Question 19

What is counter conditioning?

Answer 19

Classical conditioning procedure that changes the relationship between conditioned stimulus and response

Question 20

What is aversive conditioning?

Answer 20

Form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with very unpleasant stimulus

Question 21

What is the form of associative learning in which the concequences of a behavior change the probablity of the behavior occuring

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Question 22

Who coined the term operant to describe the behavior of an organism?

Answer 22

BF Skinner

Question 23

Who developed the ‘law of effect’?

What does this law state?

Answer 23

E.L Thorndike
The law states that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakend

Question 24

What is shaping?

Answer 24

Refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 25

What is reinforcement?

Answer 25

Process which a stimulus or event following a behavior increases the probablity of that behavior occuring again

Question 26

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 26

Frequency of a behavior increases following a desirable stimulus

Question 27

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 27

Frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

Question 28

What type of learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be all together unavoided

Answer 28

Avoidance learning

Question 29

What is learned helplesseness?

Answer 29

Organism learns it has no control over negative outcome

Question 30

What is a primary enforcer?

Answer 30

A reinforcer that does not take any learning to make it pleasurable

Question 31

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 31

A reinforcer that gains its positive value through an organisms experience

Question 32

What is punishment?

Answer 32

Concequence which will decrease the likelyhood a behavior will occur

Question 33

What is positive punishment?

Answer 33

Behavior decreases when followed by the presentation of a stimulus

Question 34

What is negative punishment?

Answer 34

Behavior will decrease when a stimulus is removed

Question 35

Who conducted the study on observational learning with the boba doll?

Answer 35

Albert Bandura