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Psychology 101 > Test 5 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 5 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a systematic relatively permanent change that occurs through experience?

A

Learning

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2
Q

What is the theory of learning that occurs through experience?

A

Behaviorism

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3
Q

What type of learning occurs when an organism makes a connection or association between two events?

A

Associative learning

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4
Q

What is operational conditioning?

A

When a organism learns an association between a behavior and a concequence, such as a reward

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5
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli

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6
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that takes place when a person observes and intimates another’s behavior

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7
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Automatic stimulus response connection

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8
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus?

A

Stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

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9
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

Unlearned reaction that is automatic by the unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

Previous neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

When does the conditioned response occur?

A

After the CS-US pairing

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12
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

Stimulus with no significance

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13
Q

What is the initial learning of the connection between the US and CS when the two are paired?

A

Acquisition

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14
Q

What is generalization?

A

Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

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15
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Process of learning to respond to some things and not to others

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16
Q

What is extinction?

A

Weakening of a conditioned response after the stimulus has been absent

17
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Process in a classical response when response can occur after a time delay with no further conditioning

18
Q

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner did what?

A

Performed classical conditioning experiments on an infant that would violate ethical guidelines today

19
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning procedure that changes the relationship between conditioned stimulus and response

20
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

Form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with very unpleasant stimulus

21
Q

What is the form of associative learning in which the concequences of a behavior change the probablity of the behavior occuring

A

Operant conditioning

22
Q

Who coined the term operant to describe the behavior of an organism?

A

BF Skinner

23
Q

Who developed the ‘law of effect’?

What does this law state?

A

E.L Thorndike
The law states that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakend

24
Q

What is shaping?

A

Refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

25
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Process which a stimulus or event following a behavior increases the probablity of that behavior occuring again

26
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Frequency of a behavior increases following a desirable stimulus

27
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

28
Q

What type of learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be all together unavoided

A

Avoidance learning

29
Q

What is learned helplesseness?

A

Organism learns it has no control over negative outcome

30
Q

What is a primary enforcer?

A

A reinforcer that does not take any learning to make it pleasurable

31
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that gains its positive value through an organisms experience

32
Q

What is punishment?

A

Concequence which will decrease the likelyhood a behavior will occur

33
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Behavior decreases when followed by the presentation of a stimulus

34
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Behavior will decrease when a stimulus is removed

35
Q

Who conducted the study on observational learning with the boba doll?

A

Albert Bandura

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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