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Psychology 101 > TEST 4-Memory and Thinking > Flashcards

TEST 4-Memory and Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the retention of information or experience over time?

A

Memory

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2
Q

What are the three memory phases?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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3
Q

What are the two types of memory encoding?

A

Automatic and Effort

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4
Q

What is the type of memory encoding that involves paying attention, processing deeply, and using mental imagery?

A

Effortfull

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5
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Focusing on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring other stimuli

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6
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Concentrating on more than one activity at a time

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7
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

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8
Q

What is sustained attention also called?

A

vigilance

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9
Q

What are the three levels of processing?

A

Shallow, Intermediate and deep

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10
Q

What is the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding?

A

Elaboration

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11
Q

Who developed the dual code for mental and verbal code?

A

Paivo

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12
Q

What is the Atkinson-shiffen theory?

A

Involves 3 seperate systems-
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

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13
Q

What are the subsections of Sensory Memory?

A

Echoic memory-Auditory

Iconic memory-Visual

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14
Q

What is the formula for short term memory?

A

7 +- 2

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15
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping or packing info that exceeds the 7 +-2 into higher order units that can be remembered as single units

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16
Q

What is the concious repition of information?

A

rehersal

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17
Q

What type of memory is the combination of components that include short term memory and attention that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks?

A

Working memory

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18
Q

What is the formula for working memory?

A

4 +- 2

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19
Q

What is Boddley’s Model?

A

Phonological loop
Visuo-spacial sketchpad
Central excecutive

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20
Q

What are the two subsets of Long term memory?

A

Explicit memory and Implicit memory

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21
Q

What are the two subsets of Explicit memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

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22
Q

What are the 3 subsets of Implicit memory?

A

procedural
Classical conditioning
Priming

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23
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Rentention of information about where, what, when of life’s happenings
-includes autobiographical memory

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24
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Pertains to a person’s knowledge about the world

individual of a person’s identity

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25
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory for skills

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26
Q

What is priming?

A

activation of information in storage that helps them to remember new information faster and better

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27
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Information that was retained comes out of storage

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28
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

tendancy to recall items at begining and end of a list

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29
Q

What are the two subcategories of the serial position effect?

A

Primacy-begining of list

Recency-end of list

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30
Q

Where do retrival cues take place?

A

In working memory

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31
Q

What is the memory task which allows us to to retrieve previously learned information?

A

Recall

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32
Q

What is the memory task which allows us to only identify learned items from options?

A

Recognition

33
Q

What is context dependant memory?

A

When we have better recall when we attempt to recall information the same way we learned it

34
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Memories of emotional significance which are recalled with accuracy and vivid imagery

35
Q

What is repression?

A

A defense mechanism in which a person is so traumatized they forget and forget the act of forgetting

36
Q

What is motivated forgetting?

A

when the pain or anxiety is so intolerable that they forcefully forget

37
Q

What is it called when information never enters long term memory?

A

encoding failure

38
Q

What are retrival failures?

A

Interference theory and decay theory

39
Q

What are the two subcategories of Interference theory?

A

Proactive interference-Material learned earlier disrupts material learned later

Retroactive interference-When material learned later affects material learned earlier

40
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia?

A

Memory disorder which affects retention of new info and events

41
Q

What is Retrograde amnesia?

A

Memory disorder which affects past events

42
Q

What is the cognitive store?

A

Emergency stash of mental capacity that allows individuals to avoid negative effects of harm to the brain

43
Q

What is the way information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing?

A

Cognition

44
Q

What is the study of conciousness as well as cognitive neuroscience?

A

Cognitive psychology

45
Q

What is the manipulation of information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions and reflecting in a critical or creative manner?

A

thinking

46
Q

What are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and help us to make sense of information?

A

Concepts

47
Q

What is a prototype model?

A

When people use characteristic properties to create a representation of the average or ideal member

48
Q

What are the 4 steps of problem solving?

A

Find and Frame
Develop good problem solving skills
Evaluate solutions
Rethink & Redefine problems

49
Q

What are subgoals?

A

Intermedite goals which are devised to put us in a better postion to reach our final goal

50
Q

What are algorithms?

A

Strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem

51
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Shortcuts or guidelines that suggest a solution but do not guarantee a solution

52
Q

What are the 3 obstacles in problem solving?

A

Fixation
Functional Fixation
Cognitive flexiblity

53
Q

What is fixation?

A

Using previous strategies and failing to look at problem from a new perspective

54
Q

What is Functional Fixation?

A

When individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on things normal functions

55
Q

What is cognitive flexiblity?

A

Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation

56
Q

What is the mental activity of transforming information to reach a conclusion?

A

Reasoning

57
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Reasoning from a specific observations to make generalizations

58
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Reasoning from a generalized principle that we know to be true to a specific instance

59
Q

What involves evaluating alternatives and choosing among them?

A

Decision making

60
Q

What are the two systems of Reasoning?

A

Automatic and Controlled

61
Q

What is the automatic system of reasoning?

A

Rapid, neuristic, associatative and intuitive

-involves following ones hunches

62
Q

What is the controlled system of reasoning?

A

Slower, effortful, and analytical

-involves concious reflection

63
Q

What is a confirmation bias?

A

tendancy to search for and use information which supports our ideas rather than refutes them

64
Q

What is a hindsight bias?

A

tendency to report false after the fact

“I knew all along” effect

65
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Prediction of the probability of an event based off ease of recalling or imagining similar events

66
Q

What is base rate neglect?

A

Tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information

67
Q

What is the representivness heuristic?

A

Tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical apperance

68
Q

What is bias blind spot?

A

when deep thinkers don’t recognize their own vunerablity to bias

69
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence

70
Q

What is mindfulness?

A

Being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities

71
Q

What is open mindedness?

A

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things

72
Q

What is creativity?

A

Ability to think about something in a novel and unusual way to devise unconventional solutions to problems

73
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

Produces many solutions to a problem

74
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

Produces single best solution to problem

75
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

Person’s interpretation of a situation

76
Q

What is Primary appraisal?

A

Individuals interpretation of whether an even involves harm, a threat or challenge to be overcome

77
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

Individuals evaluate resources to determine how effectively they can be used to cope with an event

78
Q

What is cognitive reappraisal?

A

Involves regulating our feelings about an experience by looking at it from a different angle

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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