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Psychology 101 > TEST 2- Biological Foundations of Behavior > Flashcards

TEST 2- Biological Foundations of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the body’s electrical communication circuitry?

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

What is the term which is demonstrated by the orchestration of billions of nerve cells?

A

complexity

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3
Q

What is integration?

A

Since the nervous system has so many levels and many different parts, integration is the communication across these levels through brain cells and extensive pathways

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4
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Refers to the brain’s special physical capacity for change

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5
Q

What is the process of neurons being responsible for chemical messages called?

A

Electrochemical transmission

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6
Q

What part of the nervous system does the brain and spinal cord make up?

A

Central Nervous System

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7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Network of nerves which connect the CNS to the other parts of the body

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8
Q

What part of the nervous system consists of sensory nerves which sense temperature and skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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9
Q

What part of the nervous system is responsible for all non-voluntary control?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

What are the two subsections of the automatic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What are nerve cells that handle information processing?

A

neurons

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12
Q

Why are mirror neurons important to psychology?

A

Because they activate both when we perform a task and when we watch it

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13
Q

What cells provide support and nutrition for neurons?

A

Glial cells

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14
Q

What are treelike structures that project from a neuron and receive and orient information?

A

dendrites

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15
Q

What part of the neuron contains nucleus and maufacturing apparatus?

A

Cell body

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16
Q

What is the part of the neuron that carries info away?

A

axon

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17
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

a layer of fat which encases and insulates most axons

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18
Q

What is the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon?

A

action potential

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19
Q

What is the resting potienial of an axon?

A

between -60 and -75 milli volts

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20
Q

What is threshhold?

A

The point when reached, action potenial will not reverse

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21
Q

What is a synaps?

A

Spaces between neurons

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22
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

Fibers branching off a axon, which contain neurotransmitters

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23
Q

What carry or transmit information across synaptic gap to the next neuron?

A

neurotransmitters

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24
Q

What is it called when the neurotransmitter is finished delivering it’s message, some of the transmitter is used for energy and some is reabsorbed?

A

re-uptake

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25
Q

What stimulates firing of neurons and is involved in muscle action, learning and memory?

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

What inhibits neurons from firing and low levels are linked to anxiety?
Drugs like vallium increase it

A

GABA

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27
Q

What excited neurons to fire, and is especially linked to learning and memory?

A

Glutamate

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28
Q

What inhibits the firing of neurons in CNS and excites heart muscle, intestines and urogenital tract?
Works with AcH to regulate sleep and wakefullness

A

Norepinephrine

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29
Q

What is used to recognize rewarding experiences and low levels are associated with Parkinsons and high levels with Schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

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30
Q

What when in low levels is associated with depression and helps regulate sleep and wakeful levels?
Prozac slows down the reuptake of this into terminal buttons?

A

Serotonin

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31
Q

What is a natural opiate which stimulates the firing of neruons?
Morphine mimics it

A

Endorphins

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32
Q

What is linked to love and relationships and milk production?

A

Oxytocin

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33
Q

What records the brain’s electrical activity?

A

EEG

34
Q

What produces a 3 dimensional image using xray waves?

A

CAT or CT scan

35
Q

What measures and captures metabolic changes to the brain?

What specifically does it measure?

A

PET

Glucose levels

36
Q

What creates a magnetic field around the body and uses radio waves?

A

MRI and fMRI

37
Q

What is the difference between an MRI and a fMRI?

A

fMRI measures changes in blood oxygen

38
Q

What is used to show causation using rapid fire magentic fields that create a virtual lesion?

A

Transcriptional Magnetic stimulation or TMS

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hindbrain?

A

Medulla, pons, brainstem

40
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

breathing and heart rate

41
Q

Where is the medulla located?

A

Where spinal cord meets skull

42
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

cerebellum with the brainstem

43
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Medulla, pons and hindbrain

44
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Motor coordination

45
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

relays info b/w brain, eyes, and ears

46
Q

What is a diffuse collection of neurons involved in a sterotyped patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, and turning around to a sudden noise?

A

Reticular formation

47
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

In the forebrain

48
Q

What are the two subsections of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala and the hippocampus

49
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala?

A

involved in discrimination of objects nessasary to an organisms survival and emotional awareness

50
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

special role in memory

51
Q

What is the very important relay station for the brain?

A

Thalamus

52
Q

What work with the cerebellum and the central cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements?

A

Basal Ganglia

53
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

monitors 3 rewarding activities->

Eating, drinking, and sex as well as emotion, stress, reward

54
Q

What did Olds and Milner do?

A

Discovered a pleasure center in the hypothalamus

55
Q

Where does the most complex mental function take place?

A

Cerebral cortex

56
Q

What makes up 80% of the cortex and is though to be why humans have higher level thinking?

A

Neocortex

57
Q

What are hemispheres?

A

Two halves of the brain, each set up into 4 lobes

58
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Occipital, temporal, Frontal and parital

59
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Response to visual stimuli

60
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Involved in hearing, language process, memory

61
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Involved in personality and control of voluntary muscle

62
Q

What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for?

A

Higher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and self control

63
Q

What are the parietal lobes responsibe for?

A

Registering spacial location, attention and motor control

64
Q

What is located at the front of parietal lobes and processes information about body sensations?

A

Somatosensory cortex

65
Q

What is located in the back of frontal lobe and processes info about voluntary movement?

A

Motor cortex

66
Q

What refers to the area of the brain that integrates sensory and motor information?

A

Association cortex

67
Q

What is Broca’s Area?

A

area of the left hemisphere of the brain that plays a role in speech.
Damage to this area will result in a loss of being able to speak

68
Q

What is Wernwick’s Area?

A

Another area of the left hemisphere of the brain that controls understanding of speech

69
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Large bundles of axons that connect brains two hemispheres

70
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

Much of language processing

71
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

processing of non-verbal information such as spatial perception, visual reg and emotions

72
Q

What are the 3 methods of Repair?

A

Collateral Sprouting
Substitution of function
Neurogenesis

73
Q

What is the process of axons of healthy neurons grow new branches?

A

Collateral Sprouting

74
Q

What is the process which damaged regions of the brain’s functions are taken over by other sections of the brain?

A

Substitution of function

75
Q

What is the process which new neurons are generated?

A

Neurogenesis

76
Q

What is it called when an implant of healthy tissue into damaged brains?

A

Brain Grafts

77
Q

What is stress?

A

Response of indivdual’s stressors

78
Q

What are stressors?

A

Circumstances and events that threaten them and tax coping abilities

79
Q

What is acute stress?

A

stress that occurs in response to a immediate perceived threat, than when threat receeds, so does the stress

80
Q

What is chronic stress?

A

Stress that goes on continuously and may lead to persistant automatic nervous system arousal

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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