Test 5 Flashcards
______________ began at age 15 and lasted a few months
adolescence 100 years ago
____________ now lasts a decade or more
adolescence
______________ is when separate period of development has now been identified
emerging adulthood
What is the age of puberty?
8-14
How long does puberty typically last?
3-5 years
after puberty, many more years are required to achieve this
psychosocial maturity
__________ is when puberty begins before age 8 and happens between 1 and 5000 people
precocoius puberty
signaling that ovulation has begun
menarche
pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for how long?
4 years after menarche
what is the average age of menarche for normal-weight girls
12.5 years
____________ is boys first ejaculation
spermarche
How early can erection occur?
infancy
____________ signals sperm production
ejaculation
What is the average age for spermarche?
just under 13
_______________ is the paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males).
gonads
What do gonads produce?
hormones and gametes
________ is a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen.
estradiol
____________ is a sex hormone, best known of the androgens
testosterone
__________ is when a day-night cycle of biological activity occurs approximately every 24 hours
circadian rhythem
__________ cause a phase delay in sleep-wake cycles
hormones
what work together to make teens increasingly sleep-deprived with each year of high school
biology (circadian rhythms) and culture (parties and technology)
What are the reason for variation?
- genes
- gender
- secular trend
- fat
- stress
_____________ account for about 2/3 of variation in age of puberty
genes
what have a marked effect on age of puberty onset
genes on the sex chromosome
when to girls generally develop in relation to boys?
ahead
Children who have a relatively large proportion of what experience puberty sooner than do their thin contemporaries?
body fat
____________ is adolescents in 21st century begin puberty earlier
secular trend
_____________ is likely to begin puberty earlier if more what in life
stress
____________Tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, poorer body image than later maturing girls.
early maturing girls
______________ is more aggressive, law breaking, and alcohol abusing than later-maturing boys
early maturing boys
______________ tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex
slow develop boys
- relatively sudden and rapid
- each body part increases in size and on a schedule
- height spurt follows increase in body fat, then muscle spurt occurs
- lungs triple in weight = slower and deeper breathing
- heart doubles in size and heartbeat slows, decrease pulse rate, increase blood pressure
- only lymphoid system (tonsils and adenoids) decreases in size- teens less susceptible to respiratory ailments
growth spurt
____________ is a school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8.
middle school
____________ is the idea that intellectual ability is innate, a fixed quantity present at birth. Those who hold this view underrate the role of effort on achievement.
entity theory of intelligence
___________ is the idea that intelligence can be increased by effort, with attention and practice, as in class participation and homework
incremental theory of intelligence
- skin becomes oilier
- hair on head and limbs becomes coarser and darker
- new hair under arms, on faces, over external sex organs
skin and hair
___________ is more than a growth characteristic, display of sexuality
hair
___________ is associated with reproduction (gonads, vagina, penis)
primary sex characteristics
_______________ is a physical change not directly associated with reproduction (body fat, hair)
secondary sex characteristics
___________ percentage of HS seniors who eat recommended vegetable servings, creates a deficiency in intake of necessary vitamins/minerals
16%
menstruation and intensive physical labor/ sports participation may deplete what
iron
deficiency of iron can cause ____________
iron deficiency anemia
___________ is a person’s idea of how his or her body looks, especially related to size and shape
body image
why do girls diet?
guys prefer to date thin girls
why boys want to look taller and stronger
girls value well-developed muscles
________ is refrain from eating
anorexia
____________ is eat and purge
bulimia nervosa
__________ eating a lot in a short time
binge eating disorder
- Fourth and final stage of cognitive development
- Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
formal operational thought (piaget)
- assumptions that have no necessary relation to reality
- adolescent egocentrism
- personal fable
- invincibility fable
- imaginary audience
thinking about oneself
think about yourself
adolescent egocentrism
__________ is when nobody understands your experiences
personal fable
__________ is when we can do whatever we want without consequences
invincible fable
always think other are watching us
imaginary audience
- deductive reasoning
- inductive reasoning
- hypothetical thought
cognitive development
__________ is from a general to a specific, top-down reasoning
deductive reasoning
__________ is specific to general, bottom-up
inductive reasoning
_____________ includes possibilities that may not reflect reality
hypothetical thought
_________ is the idea that 2 modes of thinking exist within the human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytic reasoning
dual-process model
_________ is the Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.
analitcal thought
__________ the Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.
intuitive thought
- digital natives
- cyberbullying
- sexting
technology and cognition
____________ is Consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations
identity
Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
identity v. role confusion
The point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
identity achievement
aka identity diffusion; adolescent doesn’t know/ doesn’t care what his/her identity is
role confusion
____________ is a premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’/ society’s roles and values wholesale w/o questioning/analysis
forclosure
____________ is adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
moratorium
- Religious identity
- political identity
- vocational identity
- sexual identity/ gender identity/ gender dysphoria
four areas of identity formation (Erikson 1968-1994)
___________ is when Parent-adolescent conflict typically peaks in early adolescence and is more a sign of attachment than of distance
conflict with parents
____________ involves petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing
bickering
although teenagers may act as if they no longer need their parents, neglect can be very destructive
neglect
communication, support, connectedness, control
closeness of the family
do parents and teens talk openly with one another?
communication
do parents and teens rely on one another?
support
how emotionally close are teens and parents?
connectedness
do parents encourage/ limit adolescent autonomy?
control
positive, negative, worst
parental monitoring
part of a warm, supportive relationship
positive parental monitoring
overly restrictive and controlling
negative parental monitoring
Psychological when parents make a child feel guilty and impose gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support
worst parental monitoring
- peer pressure
- technology
- cliques and crowds
- deviancy training (sneaking out, lying)
- selection (choosing friends)
- facilitation (outings with friends)
relationships with peers and peer supports
- groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other
- loose association of girls and boys w/ public interactions w/in a crowd
- small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
- formation of couples, with private intimacies
sequence of developing male-female relationships
strong sexual urges but minimal logic about pregnancy and disease (sources- media, internet, music, magazines)
sexual orientation
infections spread from person to person through sexual contact
sexual transmitted infection
when parents are silent, forbidding, or vague, adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by peers
learning from parents
- competence and self esteem
- rumination
- familism
- clinical depression
- gender differences
sadness and anger
- these decrease
- tends to be higher in boys than girls
competence and self esteem
idea that the family’s well-being takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members
familism
females twice as likely to have ___________
clinical depression
think of something obsessively
rumination
Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.
gender diferences
thoughts of killing oneself
suicide idealation
attempted or failed suicide
parasuicide
a series of suicides that occur within a short period of time in the same peer group or community
cluster suicides
males 4 times higher than females (teens)
gender differences in suicides
- availability of lethal means
- male culture that shames those who attempt but fail
reason for gender difference in suicide
- males tend to shoot themselves; females swallow pills/ hang themselves
- girls tend to let their friends and families know they are depressed but boys do not
- white males most likely
- black females least likely
methods of suicide
- adolescence-limited offender
- life-course-persistent offender
- stubbornness
- shoplifting
- bullying
pathways of deliquency
can lead to defiance, which can lead to running away
stubborness
can lead to arson and burglary
shoplifting
can lead to assault, rape and murder
bullying
most common drugs
alcohol and tobbacco
the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned
generational forgotten
