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Human growth and development > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

______________ began at age 15 and lasted a few months

A

adolescence 100 years ago

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2
Q

____________ now lasts a decade or more

A

adolescence

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3
Q

______________ is when separate period of development has now been identified

A

emerging adulthood

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4
Q

What is the age of puberty?

A

8-14

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5
Q

How long does puberty typically last?

A

3-5 years

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6
Q

after puberty, many more years are required to achieve this

A

psychosocial maturity

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7
Q

__________ is when puberty begins before age 8 and happens between 1 and 5000 people

A

precocoius puberty

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8
Q

signaling that ovulation has begun

A

menarche

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9
Q

pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for how long?

A

4 years after menarche

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10
Q

what is the average age of menarche for normal-weight girls

A

12.5 years

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11
Q

____________ is boys first ejaculation

A

spermarche

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12
Q

How early can erection occur?

A

infancy

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13
Q

____________ signals sperm production

A

ejaculation

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14
Q

What is the average age for spermarche?

A

just under 13

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15
Q

_______________ is the paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males).

A

gonads

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16
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

hormones and gametes

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17
Q

________ is a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen.

A

estradiol

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18
Q

____________ is a sex hormone, best known of the androgens

A

testosterone

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19
Q

__________ is when a day-night cycle of biological activity occurs approximately every 24 hours

A

circadian rhythem

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20
Q

__________ cause a phase delay in sleep-wake cycles

A

hormones

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21
Q

what work together to make teens increasingly sleep-deprived with each year of high school

A

biology (circadian rhythms) and culture (parties and technology)

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22
Q

What are the reason for variation?

A
  • genes
  • gender
  • secular trend
  • fat
  • stress
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23
Q

_____________ account for about 2/3 of variation in age of puberty

A

genes

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24
Q

what have a marked effect on age of puberty onset

A

genes on the sex chromosome

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25
Q

when to girls generally develop in relation to boys?

A

ahead

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26
Q

Children who have a relatively large proportion of what experience puberty sooner than do their thin contemporaries?

A

body fat

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27
Q

____________ is adolescents in 21st century begin puberty earlier

A

secular trend

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28
Q

_____________ is likely to begin puberty earlier if more what in life

A

stress

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29
Q

____________Tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, poorer body image than later maturing girls.

A

early maturing girls

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30
Q

______________ is more aggressive, law breaking, and alcohol abusing than later-maturing boys

A

early maturing boys

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31
Q

______________ tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex

A

slow develop boys

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32
Q
  • relatively sudden and rapid
  • each body part increases in size and on a schedule
  • height spurt follows increase in body fat, then muscle spurt occurs
  • lungs triple in weight = slower and deeper breathing
  • heart doubles in size and heartbeat slows, decrease pulse rate, increase blood pressure
  • only lymphoid system (tonsils and adenoids) decreases in size- teens less susceptible to respiratory ailments
A

growth spurt

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33
Q

____________ is a school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8.

A

middle school

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34
Q

____________ is the idea that intellectual ability is innate, a fixed quantity present at birth. Those who hold this view underrate the role of effort on achievement.

A

entity theory of intelligence

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35
Q

___________ is the idea that intelligence can be increased by effort, with attention and practice, as in class participation and homework

A

incremental theory of intelligence

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36
Q
  • skin becomes oilier
  • hair on head and limbs becomes coarser and darker
  • new hair under arms, on faces, over external sex organs
A

skin and hair

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37
Q

___________ is more than a growth characteristic, display of sexuality

A

hair

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38
Q

___________ is associated with reproduction (gonads, vagina, penis)

A

primary sex characteristics

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39
Q

_______________ is a physical change not directly associated with reproduction (body fat, hair)

A

secondary sex characteristics

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40
Q

___________ percentage of HS seniors who eat recommended vegetable servings, creates a deficiency in intake of necessary vitamins/minerals

A

16%

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41
Q

menstruation and intensive physical labor/ sports participation may deplete what

A

iron

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42
Q

deficiency of iron can cause ____________

A

iron deficiency anemia

43
Q

___________ is a person’s idea of how his or her body looks, especially related to size and shape

A

body image

44
Q

why do girls diet?

A

guys prefer to date thin girls

45
Q

why boys want to look taller and stronger

A

girls value well-developed muscles

46
Q

________ is refrain from eating

A

anorexia

47
Q

____________ is eat and purge

A

bulimia nervosa

48
Q

__________ eating a lot in a short time

A

binge eating disorder

49
Q
  • Fourth and final stage of cognitive development

- Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

A

formal operational thought (piaget)

50
Q
  • assumptions that have no necessary relation to reality
  • adolescent egocentrism
  • personal fable
  • invincibility fable
  • imaginary audience
A

thinking about oneself

51
Q

think about yourself

A

adolescent egocentrism

52
Q

__________ is when nobody understands your experiences

A

personal fable

53
Q

__________ is when we can do whatever we want without consequences

A

invincible fable

54
Q

always think other are watching us

A

imaginary audience

55
Q
  • deductive reasoning
  • inductive reasoning
  • hypothetical thought
A

cognitive development

56
Q

__________ is from a general to a specific, top-down reasoning

A

deductive reasoning

57
Q

__________ is specific to general, bottom-up

A

inductive reasoning

58
Q

_____________ includes possibilities that may not reflect reality

A

hypothetical thought

59
Q

_________ is the idea that 2 modes of thinking exist within the human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytic reasoning

A

dual-process model

60
Q

_________ is the Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.

A

analitcal thought

61
Q

__________ the Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.

A

intuitive thought

62
Q
  • digital natives
  • cyberbullying
  • sexting
A

technology and cognition

63
Q

____________ is Consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations

A

identity

64
Q

Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

A

identity v. role confusion

65
Q

The point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans

A

identity achievement

66
Q

aka identity diffusion; adolescent doesn’t know/ doesn’t care what his/her identity is

A

role confusion

67
Q

____________ is a premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’/ society’s roles and values wholesale w/o questioning/analysis

A

forclosure

68
Q

____________ is adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions

A

moratorium

69
Q
  1. Religious identity
  2. political identity
  3. vocational identity
  4. sexual identity/ gender identity/ gender dysphoria
A

four areas of identity formation (Erikson 1968-1994)

70
Q

___________ is when Parent-adolescent conflict typically peaks in early adolescence and is more a sign of attachment than of distance

A

conflict with parents

71
Q

____________ involves petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing

A

bickering

72
Q

although teenagers may act as if they no longer need their parents, neglect can be very destructive

A

neglect

73
Q

communication, support, connectedness, control

A

closeness of the family

74
Q

do parents and teens talk openly with one another?

A

communication

75
Q

do parents and teens rely on one another?

A

support

76
Q

how emotionally close are teens and parents?

A

connectedness

77
Q

do parents encourage/ limit adolescent autonomy?

A

control

78
Q

positive, negative, worst

A

parental monitoring

79
Q

part of a warm, supportive relationship

A

positive parental monitoring

80
Q

overly restrictive and controlling

A

negative parental monitoring

81
Q

Psychological when parents make a child feel guilty and impose gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support

A

worst parental monitoring

82
Q
  • peer pressure
  • technology
  • cliques and crowds
  • deviancy training (sneaking out, lying)
  • selection (choosing friends)
  • facilitation (outings with friends)
A

relationships with peers and peer supports

83
Q
  • groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other
  • loose association of girls and boys w/ public interactions w/in a crowd
  • small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
  • formation of couples, with private intimacies
A

sequence of developing male-female relationships

84
Q

strong sexual urges but minimal logic about pregnancy and disease (sources- media, internet, music, magazines)

A

sexual orientation

85
Q

infections spread from person to person through sexual contact

A

sexual transmitted infection

86
Q

when parents are silent, forbidding, or vague, adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by peers

A

learning from parents

87
Q
  • competence and self esteem
  • rumination
  • familism
  • clinical depression
  • gender differences
A

sadness and anger

88
Q
  • these decrease

- tends to be higher in boys than girls

A

competence and self esteem

89
Q

idea that the family’s well-being takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members

A

familism

90
Q

females twice as likely to have ___________

A

clinical depression

91
Q

think of something obsessively

A

rumination

92
Q

Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.

A

gender diferences

93
Q

thoughts of killing oneself

A

suicide idealation

94
Q

attempted or failed suicide

A

parasuicide

95
Q

a series of suicides that occur within a short period of time in the same peer group or community

A

cluster suicides

96
Q

males 4 times higher than females (teens)

A

gender differences in suicides

97
Q
  • availability of lethal means

- male culture that shames those who attempt but fail

A

reason for gender difference in suicide

98
Q
  • males tend to shoot themselves; females swallow pills/ hang themselves
  • girls tend to let their friends and families know they are depressed but boys do not
  • white males most likely
  • black females least likely
A

methods of suicide

99
Q
  • adolescence-limited offender
  • life-course-persistent offender
  • stubbornness
  • shoplifting
  • bullying
A

pathways of deliquency

100
Q

can lead to defiance, which can lead to running away

A

stubborness

101
Q

can lead to arson and burglary

A

shoplifting

102
Q

can lead to assault, rape and murder

A

bullying

103
Q

most common drugs

A

alcohol and tobbacco

104
Q

the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned

A

generational forgotten

Human growth and development (4 decks)

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