Test 1 Flashcards
_____________ is the science of human development seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.
Development
What are the 5 basic steps of the scientific method?
- curiosity
- hypothesis
- test hypothesis
- draw conclusions
- report results
_____________ is the influence of genes we inherit.
Nature
__________ is the environmental influences that affect development.
Nurture
What are the domains of human development?
- Biological development
- Cognitive development
- psychosocial domain
What is the age range of Infancy?
0-2 years old
What is the age range for early childhood?
2-6 years old
What is the age range for middle childhood?
6-11 years old
What is the age range for adolescences?
11-18 years old
What is the age range for emerging adulthood?
18-25 years old
What is the age range for Adulthood?
25-65 years old
What is the age range for late adulthood?
65 years of older
_____________ is multi directional
developmental
Over time ___________ change in direction
human characteristics
What are the 2 different periods?
Critical period
Sensitive period
Development is ____________.
plastic
What facts does development incorporate?
- Human traits can be molded
-
The _____________ theory is irrational, unconscious, drives motives often originating in childhood, underlie and human behavior.
psychoanalytic
___________ ( 1856-1939) developed the 5 psychosexual stages during which sensual satisfaction is linked to developmental needs and conflicts.
Freud
______________ ( 1902-1994) developed the 8 developmental stages that was characterized by challenging developmental crisis.
Eric Erikson
_____________ ( 1878-1958) developed the learning theory and conditioned response ( also means learning).
John Watson
____________ ( 1904-1990) developed operant conditioning.
B.F. Skinner
______________ ( still alive) developed the social learning theory.
Albert Bandura
_____________ are thoughts and expectations profoundly affect actions, attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions.
Cognitive theory
______________ requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively.
Scientific observation
______________ establishes causal relationships among variables.
experiments
What are the 2 variables called?
Independent variable
dependent variable
What are the 2 groups called?
experimental group
comparison group
_____________ includes information collected from a large number of people through interview, questionnaire, or some other means.
Survey
What are the 3 basic research designs?
cross sectional research
longitudinal research
cross sequential research
_____________ exists between 2 variables if one variable is more or less likely occur when the other does.
correlation
What are the 3 different correlations?
positive correlation
negative correlation
zero correlation
____________ is the molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.
DNA
____________ is the molecules of DNA.
chromosomes
How many chromosomes are from each parent?
23 pairs of chromosomes
____________ is a small section of a chromosome
gene
_____________ is when the egg and sperm meet?
zygote
__________ is the reproductive cell ( sperm, egg)
gamete
_____________ is and organisms genetic make inheritance or genetic potential.
genotype
____________ is the observable characteristics of an organism, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits.
Phenotype
For a genome what is the similarity rate between 2 people.
99.5%
For a genome what is the similarity rate between humans and chimpanzees?
98%
For a genome what is the similarity rate between humans and every other mammal?
90%
The ____________ is found only about 20,000-23,000 genes in humans.
Human genome project
Females are:
XX
Males are:
XY
__________ are identical twins
Monozygotic twins
____________ originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development.
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic twins have the same genotype but slight variations in ___________ are possible due to environmental influences.
phenotype
____________ are fraternal twins
Dizygotic twins
____________ results from fertilization of 2 separate ova by two separate sperm.
Dizygotic twins
____________ twins have half their genes in common and occur twice as often as monozygotic twins.
Dizygotic
Incidence is genetic and varies by __________ and ________.
ethnicity and age
What are the 3 main periods of prenatal development
- germinal period ( first 2 weeks)
- Embryonic period ( 3-8 weeks)
- Fetal period ( 9th week till birth)
What is the average duration for first born babies?
12 hours
Is it slower or quicker for later born babies?
quicker
_____________ is a quick assessment of newborns heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes.
Apgar scale
How many times is the Apgar scale completed?
twice
When is the Apgar scale completed?
1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
On the Apgar scale there is a score of ____, ______ or ______ in each category.
0,1,2
What is the desired score on the Apgar scale?
7 or above
What is a Cesarean section?
C section
