test 3 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Weight and height increase by
A
16 pounds and a foot
2
Q
Average BMI
A
Lower than at any other time of life
3
Q
Children become slimmer as
A
The body lengthens
4
Q
______________ is more frequent than malnutrition
A
obesity
5
Q
___________ is when parents tend to guard against undernutrition and rely on fast foods, so their children are especially vulnerable to obesity
A
low income family cultures
6
Q
____________ is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity, such as heart disease and diabetes
A
overfeeding
7
Q
Children who eat more vegetables and fewer fried foods_____________
A
tend to gain more muscle mass then fat
8
Q
How many children have a food allergy, usually to a healthy, common food
A
8%
9
Q
Young children are impulsive about what
A
dailey routine
10
Q
____________ correlates with obesity
A
tooth decay
11
Q
What affects teeth?
A
diet/illness
12
Q
Infected teeth can affect what
A
the rest of the childs body
13
Q
The brain weights 75% of what it will in adulthood by what age
A
2
14
Q
Brain reaches 90% of adult weight by what age
A
6
15
Q
Sleep more regular, emotions more nuanced and responsive, temper tantrums decrease/subside, uncontrollable laughter and tears less common are benefits from____________
A
Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex from age 2-6
16
Q
Communication/autism/adhd happens in what part of the brain
A
corpus callosum
17
Q
“Sidedness” (left brain controls right side)
A
lateralization
18
Q
Left-handedness is _________
A
discourage
19
Q
What is myelination?
A
whitematter
20
Q
Impulse control is _________
A
postpone
21
Q
Preservation means ___________
A
stick too
22
Q
Left-right brain distinction is
A
exaggerated
23
Q
Exclusively left- or right-brained is ___________
A
Not possible
24
Q
The __________ is parts of the brain that are crucial in the expression and regulation of emotions
A
limbic system
25
___________ is neural, centers in the limbic system, and linked to emotion
amygdala
26
a structure in the limbic system linked to memory
hippocampus
27
controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and rewards
hypothalamus
28
________ created proportional thought
Piaget
29
___________ is before logical operations
preoporational
30
Child's verbal ability permits is __________
symbolic thinking
31
_____________ Frees the child from the limits of sensorimotor experience
language
32
When you think something nonliving is living (dolls)
animinsm
33
```
• centration
• egocentrism
• focus on appearance
• static reasoning
• irreversibility
• conservation
are all __________
```
obstacles to logic
34
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.
centration
35
Piaget's term for young children's tendency to think about other people and their own experiences as if everything revolves around them
ego centrism
36
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child assumes that the visible appearance of someone or something is also their essence
focus on appearance
37
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
static reasoning
38
In preoperational thought, the idea that change is permanent, that nothing can be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
irreversibility
39
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.
conservation
40
Counterpoint of Piaget. Social learning
vygotsky
41
Every aspect of children's cognitive development is
Embedded in the social context
42
Vygotsky's Theory is
* apprentices in thinking
* guided participation
* zone of proximal development (ZPD)
* scaffolding
43
Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society
apprentice in thinking
44
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
guided participation
45
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction
zone of proximal development
46
the help offered by mentors in Vygotsky's theory
scaffolding
47
children theories
theory-theory
| theory of mind
48
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
theory - theory
49
an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own
theory of mind
50
The average child knows about 500 words at age 2 and more than 10,000 at age 6
vocabulary explosion
51
a language skill used by young children; the meaning of a new word is acquired by comparing it with one that is familiar
fast mapping
52
after learning a word, children use it to describe other objects in the same category (vision)
logical extention
53
Structures, techniques, and rules that communicate meaning
| Word order and word repetition, prefixes and suffixes, intonation and emphasis
Grammar of language
54
applying rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is
overregulization
55
the practical use of language, adjusting communication according to audience and context
pragmatics
56
* the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
| * preeminent psychological task b/w 2 and 6 years of age
emotional regulation
57
* Erickson's 3rd psychosocial crisis
* children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they don't succeed
* shame
initiative vs guilt
58
* myelination of limbic system
* growth of prefrontal cortex at about age 4 or 5
* longer attention span
* unproved capacity for self control
* maturation, learning and culture... matters
neurological advantages
59
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, personally fulfilling, rewarding for you
intrinsic motivation
60
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, what you get in return
extrinsic motivation
61
Connected to intrinsic motivation
imagery friends
62
The most productive and enjoyable activity that children undertake
play
63
* every part of the world
* over thousands of years
* pretend play
* social play
play is timeless and universal
64
* solitary
* onlooker
* parallel
* associative
* cooperative
5 stages of social play
65
By yourself
solitary play
66
a child watches other children play
overlooker play
67
activity in which children play side by side without interacting
parallel play
68
children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
associative play
69
activity in which children actually play with one another
cooperative play
70
Mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intention to harm
rough and tumble play
71
allows children to act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
sociodramatic play
72
Sociodramatic play enables children to
* explore and rehearse social roles
* learn to explain ideas and persuade others
* practice emotional regulation ya pretending to be afraid, angry, brave, etc.
* develop a self-concept
73
Parents differ on four important dimensions
1. expressions of warmth
2. strategies for discipline
3. communication
4. expectations for maturity
74
3 parenting styles
1. Authoritarian
2. Permissive
3. Authoritative
75
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
authoritarian parenting
76
style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior
permissive parenting
77
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
authoritative parenting
78
neglectful/uninvolved parenting
Sternburg's 4th style of parenting
79
biologically based differences
sex differences
80
differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females
gender differences
81
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
Androgyny
82
* phallic stage
| * oedipus complex
Psychoanalytic theory
83
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
Phallic stage
84
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus complex
85
• gender differences
• gender appropriate
• social learning theory
are all ______________
behaviorism
86
Product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment
gender differences
87
Rewarded more frequently than "gender-inappropriate" behavior
gender appropriate
88
Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe
social learning theory
89
Gender schema is
cognitive theory
90
* based on his or her observations and experiences
| * young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female and think and behave accordingly
gender schema
91
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
empathy
92
strong dislike
antipathy
93
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
prosocial behavior
94
negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior
antisocial behavior
95
```
• instrumental
• reactive
• relational
• bullying
are ___________
```
types of aggression
96
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
instrumental aggression
97
an impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical
reactive aggression
98
an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing
relational aggression
99
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.
bullying
