test 3 Flashcards
Weight and height increase by
16 pounds and a foot
Average BMI
Lower than at any other time of life
Children become slimmer as
The body lengthens
______________ is more frequent than malnutrition
obesity
___________ is when parents tend to guard against undernutrition and rely on fast foods, so their children are especially vulnerable to obesity
low income family cultures
____________ is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity, such as heart disease and diabetes
overfeeding
Children who eat more vegetables and fewer fried foods_____________
tend to gain more muscle mass then fat
How many children have a food allergy, usually to a healthy, common food
8%
Young children are impulsive about what
dailey routine
____________ correlates with obesity
tooth decay
What affects teeth?
diet/illness
Infected teeth can affect what
the rest of the childs body
The brain weights 75% of what it will in adulthood by what age
2
Brain reaches 90% of adult weight by what age
6
Sleep more regular, emotions more nuanced and responsive, temper tantrums decrease/subside, uncontrollable laughter and tears less common are benefits from____________
Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex from age 2-6
Communication/autism/adhd happens in what part of the brain
corpus callosum
“Sidedness” (left brain controls right side)
lateralization
Left-handedness is _________
discourage
What is myelination?
whitematter
Impulse control is _________
postpone
Preservation means ___________
stick too
Left-right brain distinction is
exaggerated
Exclusively left- or right-brained is ___________
Not possible
The __________ is parts of the brain that are crucial in the expression and regulation of emotions
limbic system
___________ is neural, centers in the limbic system, and linked to emotion
amygdala
a structure in the limbic system linked to memory
hippocampus
controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and rewards
hypothalamus
________ created proportional thought
Piaget
___________ is before logical operations
preoporational
Child’s verbal ability permits is __________
symbolic thinking
_____________ Frees the child from the limits of sensorimotor experience
language
When you think something nonliving is living (dolls)
animinsm
• centration • egocentrism • focus on appearance • static reasoning • irreversibility • conservation are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
obstacles to logic
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.
centration
Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about other people and their own experiences as if everything revolves around them
ego centrism
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child assumes that the visible appearance of someone or something is also their essence
focus on appearance
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
static reasoning
In preoperational thought, the idea that change is permanent, that nothing can be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
irreversibility
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.
conservation
Counterpoint of Piaget. Social learning
vygotsky
Every aspect of children’s cognitive development is
Embedded in the social context
Vygotsky’s Theory is
- apprentices in thinking
- guided participation
- zone of proximal development (ZPD)
- scaffolding
Vygotsky’s term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society
apprentice in thinking
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
guided participation
In Vygotsky’s theory, the range between children’s present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction
zone of proximal development
the help offered by mentors in Vygotsky’s theory
scaffolding
children theories
theory-theory
theory of mind
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
theory - theory
an awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own
theory of mind
The average child knows about 500 words at age 2 and more than 10,000 at age 6
vocabulary explosion
a language skill used by young children; the meaning of a new word is acquired by comparing it with one that is familiar
fast mapping
after learning a word, children use it to describe other objects in the same category (vision)
logical extention
Structures, techniques, and rules that communicate meaning
Word order and word repetition, prefixes and suffixes, intonation and emphasis
Grammar of language
applying rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is
overregulization
the practical use of language, adjusting communication according to audience and context
pragmatics
- the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
* preeminent psychological task b/w 2 and 6 years of age
emotional regulation
- Erickson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis
- children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they don’t succeed
- shame
initiative vs guilt
- myelination of limbic system
- growth of prefrontal cortex at about age 4 or 5
- longer attention span
- unproved capacity for self control
- maturation, learning and culture… matters
neurological advantages
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, personally fulfilling, rewarding for you
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, what you get in return
extrinsic motivation
Connected to intrinsic motivation
imagery friends
The most productive and enjoyable activity that children undertake
play
- every part of the world
- over thousands of years
- pretend play
- social play
play is timeless and universal
- solitary
- onlooker
- parallel
- associative
- cooperative
5 stages of social play
By yourself
solitary play
a child watches other children play
overlooker play
activity in which children play side by side without interacting
parallel play
children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior
associative play
activity in which children actually play with one another
cooperative play
Mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intention to harm
rough and tumble play
allows children to act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
sociodramatic play
Sociodramatic play enables children to
- explore and rehearse social roles
- learn to explain ideas and persuade others
- practice emotional regulation ya pretending to be afraid, angry, brave, etc.
- develop a self-concept
Parents differ on four important dimensions
- expressions of warmth
- strategies for discipline
- communication
- expectations for maturity
3 parenting styles
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Authoritative
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child’s behavior
permissive parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
authoritative parenting
neglectful/uninvolved parenting
Sternburg’s 4th style of parenting
biologically based differences
sex differences
differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females
gender differences
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
Androgyny
- phallic stage
* oedipus complex
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud’s third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
Phallic stage
according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus complex
• gender differences
• gender appropriate
• social learning theory
are all ______________
behaviorism
Product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment
gender differences
Rewarded more frequently than “gender-inappropriate” behavior
gender appropriate
Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe
social learning theory
Gender schema is
cognitive theory
- based on his or her observations and experiences
* young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female and think and behave accordingly
gender schema
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
empathy
strong dislike
antipathy
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
prosocial behavior
negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior
antisocial behavior
• instrumental • reactive • relational • bullying are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
types of aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
instrumental aggression
an impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical
reactive aggression
an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing
relational aggression
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.
bullying
