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Human growth and development > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Weight and height increase by

A

16 pounds and a foot

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2
Q

Average BMI

A

Lower than at any other time of life

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3
Q

Children become slimmer as

A

The body lengthens

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4
Q

______________ is more frequent than malnutrition

A

obesity

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5
Q

___________ is when parents tend to guard against undernutrition and rely on fast foods, so their children are especially vulnerable to obesity

A

low income family cultures

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6
Q

____________ is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity, such as heart disease and diabetes

A

overfeeding

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7
Q

Children who eat more vegetables and fewer fried foods_____________

A

tend to gain more muscle mass then fat

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8
Q

How many children have a food allergy, usually to a healthy, common food

A

8%

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9
Q

Young children are impulsive about what

A

dailey routine

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10
Q

____________ correlates with obesity

A

tooth decay

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11
Q

What affects teeth?

A

diet/illness

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12
Q

Infected teeth can affect what

A

the rest of the childs body

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13
Q

The brain weights 75% of what it will in adulthood by what age

A

2

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14
Q

Brain reaches 90% of adult weight by what age

A

6

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15
Q

Sleep more regular, emotions more nuanced and responsive, temper tantrums decrease/subside, uncontrollable laughter and tears less common are benefits from____________

A

Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex from age 2-6

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16
Q

Communication/autism/adhd happens in what part of the brain

A

corpus callosum

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17
Q

“Sidedness” (left brain controls right side)

A

lateralization

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18
Q

Left-handedness is _________

A

discourage

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19
Q

What is myelination?

A

whitematter

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20
Q

Impulse control is _________

A

postpone

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21
Q

Preservation means ___________

A

stick too

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22
Q

Left-right brain distinction is

A

exaggerated

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23
Q

Exclusively left- or right-brained is ___________

A

Not possible

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24
Q

The __________ is parts of the brain that are crucial in the expression and regulation of emotions

A

limbic system

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25
Q

___________ is neural, centers in the limbic system, and linked to emotion

A

amygdala

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26
Q

a structure in the limbic system linked to memory

A

hippocampus

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27
Q

controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and rewards

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

________ created proportional thought

A

Piaget

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29
Q

___________ is before logical operations

A

preoporational

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30
Q

Child’s verbal ability permits is __________

A

symbolic thinking

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31
Q

_____________ Frees the child from the limits of sensorimotor experience

A

language

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32
Q

When you think something nonliving is living (dolls)

A

animinsm

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33
Q 
• centration
• egocentrism
• focus on appearance
• static reasoning
• irreversibility 
• conservation
are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

obstacles to logic

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34
Q

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

A

centration

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35
Q

Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about other people and their own experiences as if everything revolves around them

A

ego centrism

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36
Q

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child assumes that the visible appearance of someone or something is also their essence

A

focus on appearance

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37
Q

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

A

static reasoning

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38
Q

In preoperational thought, the idea that change is permanent, that nothing can be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

A

irreversibility

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39
Q

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.

A

conservation

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40
Q

Counterpoint of Piaget. Social learning

A

vygotsky

41
Q

Every aspect of children’s cognitive development is

A

Embedded in the social context

42
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory is

A
  • apprentices in thinking
  • guided participation
  • zone of proximal development (ZPD)
  • scaffolding
43
Q

Vygotsky’s term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society

A

apprentice in thinking

44
Q

the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

A

guided participation

45
Q

In Vygotsky’s theory, the range between children’s present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction

A

zone of proximal development

46
Q

the help offered by mentors in Vygotsky’s theory

A

scaffolding

47
Q

children theories

A

theory-theory

theory of mind

48
Q

the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

A

theory - theory

49
Q

an awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own

A

theory of mind

50
Q

The average child knows about 500 words at age 2 and more than 10,000 at age 6

A

vocabulary explosion

51
Q

a language skill used by young children; the meaning of a new word is acquired by comparing it with one that is familiar

A

fast mapping

52
Q

after learning a word, children use it to describe other objects in the same category (vision)

A

logical extention

53
Q

Structures, techniques, and rules that communicate meaning

Word order and word repetition, prefixes and suffixes, intonation and emphasis

A

Grammar of language

54
Q

applying rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is

A

overregulization

55
Q

the practical use of language, adjusting communication according to audience and context

A

pragmatics

56
Q
  • the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

* preeminent psychological task b/w 2 and 6 years of age

A

emotional regulation

57
Q
  • Erickson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis
  • children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they don’t succeed
  • shame
A

initiative vs guilt

58
Q
  • myelination of limbic system
  • growth of prefrontal cortex at about age 4 or 5
  • longer attention span
  • unproved capacity for self control
  • maturation, learning and culture… matters
A

neurological advantages

59
Q

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, personally fulfilling, rewarding for you

A

intrinsic motivation

60
Q

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, what you get in return

A

extrinsic motivation

61
Q

Connected to intrinsic motivation

A

imagery friends

62
Q

The most productive and enjoyable activity that children undertake

A

play

63
Q
  • every part of the world
  • over thousands of years
  • pretend play
  • social play
A

play is timeless and universal

64
Q
  • solitary
  • onlooker
  • parallel
  • associative
  • cooperative
A

5 stages of social play

65
Q

By yourself

A

solitary play

66
Q

a child watches other children play

A

overlooker play

67
Q

activity in which children play side by side without interacting

A

parallel play

68
Q

children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior

A

associative play

69
Q

activity in which children actually play with one another

A

cooperative play

70
Q

Mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intention to harm

A

rough and tumble play

71
Q

allows children to act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

A

sociodramatic play

72
Q

Sociodramatic play enables children to

A
  • explore and rehearse social roles
  • learn to explain ideas and persuade others
  • practice emotional regulation ya pretending to be afraid, angry, brave, etc.
  • develop a self-concept
73
Q

Parents differ on four important dimensions

A
  1. expressions of warmth
  2. strategies for discipline
  3. communication
  4. expectations for maturity
74
Q

3 parenting styles

A
  1. Authoritarian
  2. Permissive
  3. Authoritative
75
Q

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

A

authoritarian parenting

76
Q

style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child’s behavior

A

permissive parenting

77
Q

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

A

authoritative parenting

78
Q

neglectful/uninvolved parenting

A

Sternburg’s 4th style of parenting

79
Q

biologically based differences

A

sex differences

80
Q

differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females

A

gender differences

81
Q

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

A

Androgyny

82
Q
  • phallic stage

* oedipus complex

A

Psychoanalytic theory

83
Q

Freud’s third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

A

Phallic stage

84
Q

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

A

Oedipus complex

85
Q

• gender differences
• gender appropriate
• social learning theory
are all ______________

A

behaviorism

86
Q

Product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment

A

gender differences

87
Q

Rewarded more frequently than “gender-inappropriate” behavior

A

gender appropriate

88
Q

Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe

A

social learning theory

89
Q

Gender schema is

A

cognitive theory

90
Q
  • based on his or her observations and experiences

* young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female and think and behave accordingly

A

gender schema

91
Q

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

A

empathy

92
Q

strong dislike

A

antipathy

93
Q

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

A

prosocial behavior

94
Q

negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior

A

antisocial behavior

95
Q 
• instrumental
• reactive
• relational
• bullying
are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

types of aggression

96
Q

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

A

instrumental aggression

97
Q

an impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical

A

reactive aggression

98
Q

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

A

relational aggression

99
Q

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

A

bullying

Human growth and development (4 decks)

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