Test 4 Flashcards
The period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11.
middle childhood
-immunizations, less lethal accidents and fatal illnesses are related too?
lower death rates
-better diagnostic and preventive medical care, less secondhand smoke, better health habits, specialized programs, improved oral health are examples of?
fewer chronic conditions
-average child gains about 2 inches and 5 pounds per year
-benefits of physical activity can last a lifetime
These are examples of what?
slow and steady growth
-Advances in physical, emotional, and mental health
-Academic achievement improvement
-Better cerebral blood flow and more neurotransmitters
-Better mood and energy
-Embodied cognition aided
These are examples of what?
the benefits of physical activity can last a lifetime
-sports not always beneficial
-traumatic brain injury
These are the concerns of _____________?
physical activity
Where can children benefit from exercise?
neighborhoods, schools, and sport leagues
-finding play places may be difficult
-modern life challenges neighborhood play
-economic barriers limit league and club participation
-time for school PE and recess is reduced in many schools
This is a problem with?
difficulties with exercise
many 6-11 year olds eat______, exercise ________, and become ______ or obese as a result
too much, too little, overweight
childhood obesity is ___________ worldwide, having more than ________ since 1980 in all 3 North American nations
increasing, doubled
excessive weight contributes to ___________, self-esteem _______, and loneliness
future health risk increases, decreases, failures
a measure of body weight relative to height
Body Mass Index (BMI)
in a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile
childhood overweight
in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile
childhood obesity
-genetic influences
-parenting practices
These factors contribute what?
obesity
dozen of genes affect weight by influencing activity level, hunger, food preference, body type, and metabolism
genetic influences of obesity
-infants: no breast feeding and solid foods before 4 months
-preschoolers: bedroom TV watching and soda consumption
-school age: insufficient sleep, extensive screen time, little active play
These are all?
parenting practices
mothers try to keep newborns so clean that immune system doesn’t develop like it should
hygiene hypothesis
-drive for independence from parents expands the social world
-self-concept
This is all_____________
nature of the child
ideas about self that include intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background
self-concept
The tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers.
social comparison and self-esteem
- children value the abilities they have and become more realistic
- self-esteem typically decreases in school children
- some current research links low self-esteem with increased aggression, other findings link inflated self-esteem with male bullying and aggression
social comparison and self-esteem
- 4th stage in Erikson’s 8 psychosocial crises
- characterized by tension between productivity and imcompetence
Industry v. Inferiority
attempt to master culturally valued skills and develop a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
children
-concrete operational thought
-classification
-seriation
-transitice inference
-information processing perspective
This is related to what?
cognition
Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
concrete operational thought
The process of grouping things based on their similarities
classification
understanding order / arrangement
seriation
understand implied information
transitice inference
the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information
information processing perspective
based on senses, can remember a lot for a small time
sensory memory
visual, lightning
iconic sensory memory
auditory, processing words later
echoic sensory memory
process what’s happening, reading test questions
working memory
unlimited capactiy
long-term memory
particular topic you know about
knowledge base
any major cogniticve ability
control processes
thinking about thinking
metacognition
block out specific stimuli
selective attention
how quickly you can respond
reaction time
can do something without conscious thought
automatization
allow us to be more skilled in information processing
corpus callosum, myelination, prefrontal cortex
- ability to use words and devices to communicate in various contexts
- allow kids to change formal and informal codes to fit audience
pragmatics
- ELL’s (English Language Learners)
- Immersion
- Bilingual Ed.
- ESL’s (English as a Second Language)
bilingual education
no viable way to teach language so immersed into class / culture
immersion
part of day taught in native language and part in english
bilingual eduction
- international schooling
- At About This Time (math and reading)
- hidden curriculum
- international testing
- gender differences
- tables 7.2 and 7.3
- choices and complications
learning in school
what percent of americans age 5-11 have been diagnosed with asthma
15%
____________ % US people rank in math
11
___________% US people rank in reading
6
- abnormality is normal
- disability changes year by year
- life may get better/worse
- diagnosis and treatment reflect the social text
developmental psychopathology
- Aptitude
- Achievement tests
- Multiple intelligences (Gardner)
- IQ tests
- Flynn effect
measuring the mind
Capacity for learning; natural ability
aptitude
tests designed to assess what a person has learned.
achievement tests
The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.
multiple intelligences
tests designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school (potential)
IQ tests
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
Flynn effect
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADHD
conditions and disorders come in 2’s
comorbidity
-misdiagnosis
-drug abuse
-normal behavior considered pathological
All of this causes?
increasing incidence concerns
- children responsibly perform specific chores
- children make decisions about a weekly allowance
- children can tell time, and they adhere to set times for various activities
- children have homework, including some assignments over several days
- children are less often punished than when they were younger
- children try to conform to peers in clothes, language and so on
- children express preferences about their after-school care, lessons and activities
- children are responsible for younger children, pets, and in some places, work
- children strive for independence from parents
signs of psychosocial maturation between 6-11
- capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
- dynamic
- positive adaptation to stress
- adversity must be significant
resilience
- circle of friend and activities
- child’s interpretation of events
- support of family and community
- personal strengths such as creativity and intelligence
- avoidance of parentification
factors contributing to resilience
when child takes on parental role
parentification
environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
shared environment
those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household
nonshared environment
-influence of shared environment _________ with age
shrinks
effect of nonshared environment _______ with age
increases
children raised in the same households by the same parents do not necessarily share the same ____________-
home environment
changes in the family affect every family member differently, depending on ___ and ______
age, gender
most parents respond to each of their children
differently
function is more __________ than structure but harder to _______
important, measure
low income and high conflict _________ with family function in every nation
interfere
-two-parent families
-single-parent families
-more than 2 adults
These are examples of ____________
diverse family structures
What is the percentage of two parent families
69%
What is the percentage of single-parent families?
31%
What is percentage of more than 2 adults
10%
- nuclear family
- stepparent family
- adoptive family
- grandparents alone
- two same-sex parents
two-parent families
- Single mother (never married)
- Single mother (divorced, separated, or widowed)
- single father
- Grandparent alone
single-parent families
- extended family
- polygamous family
more than two adult families
percentage of nuclear families
55%
percentage of stepparent families
10%
percentage of adopted families
2%
percentage of grandparents alone families
1%
percentage of two same-sex parent families
1%
percentage of single mother never married families
14%
percentage of single mother (divorced, separated, widowed) families
12%
percentage of single father families
4%
percentage of single grandparent alone families
1%
percentage of extended families
10%
percentage of polygamous families
0%
2 factors that increase likelihood of dysfunction in every structure, ethnic group, and nation
low income/poverty, high conflict
- any risk factor damages a family only if it increases the stress on that family
- adults’ stressful reaction to poverty is crucial in determining the effect on the children
family stress model
the particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society (fashion, language, peer culture)
culture of children
- school age children value personal friendship more than peer acceptance
- both boys and girls want to have best friends
- social cognition
- gender differences
- older children
friendship
- girls talk more and share secrets
- boys play more active games
gender differences
- Demand more of their friends
- Change friends less often
- Become more upset when a friendship ends
- Find it harder to make new friends
- Seek friends who share their interests and values
older children
- neglected
- aggressive-rejected
- withdrawn-rejected
unpopular children
ignored; not taken care of
neglected
in your face, seeking attention
aggressive rejected
easiest to bully
withdrawn-rejected
- physical
- verbal
- relational
- cyberbullying
types of bullying
hitting, punching, kicking
physical bullying
teasing, taunting, name-calling
verbal bullying
destroying peer acceptance and friendship
relational bullying
using electronic means to harm another
cyber bullying
