Test 5 Flashcards
Shared features between plants and algae
Cellulose in cell walls
Chlorophylls A and B
starch is the major food source
differences between plants and algae
more complex-more specialized tissues
zygote developes into a multicellular embryo within parent plant tissue
Multicellular gametangia and sporangia
characteristics of plants
adaptations for dryer environments- seeds
cuticle- except mosses( byrophytes)
stomata-except liverworts
reproduction-most sexual= alternation of generations
byrophytes
mosses, liverworts, adn hornworts no vascular tissue no cuticle no seeds-- wet areas unit of dispersal is spores small and low to the ground need H2O to reproduce (sperm swim to egg) gametophyte dominant life cycle
spore
unit of dispersal for mosses and liverworts that are capable of growing into a new plant by themselves
Bryophyta
mosses
Hepaticophyta
Liverworts
flattened, lobed, leaflike bodies= thallus
less complex than mosses
Anthocerophyta
hornworts
mosses
bryophyta
liverworts
hepaticophyta
hornworts
anthocerophyta
asexy- fragmentation
sexy= gametophyte thallus-foot, basal meristem, sporangium sticking up with spores
Marchantia
thalliod liverwort
diamond shaped segments on upper surface of thallus
small pore on each diamond
rhizoids
Marchantia repo
seperate male and female gametophytes
gametophores- slender stalks on the thallus
archegoniophore–> archegonia –> egg
antheridiophore –> antheridia –> sperm (flagella)
zygote –> embryo (foot, seta, capsule with spores/elaters)
asexy= gemmae cups with gemmae
dispersed by rain
sterile jacket cells
Mosses repo
monecious= gametangia on same plant
archegonia= venter, neck, egg, paryphyses
antheridia= parypheses, sperm
zygote–> embryo
sporophyte= calyptra, capsule, seta, operculum, peristome (opens and closes), dehiscent cells, columella,
Sphagnum (peat moss)
antiseptic
specialized water absorbing leaves= packign material
absorb water-55 lbs of water when dry
soil conditioner and potting mixtures
shipping live shellfish
acidity inhibits bacertial adn fungal growth
poltice for wounds
ecologocal importance of mosses
pioneers on bare rock accumulate mineral adn organic matter retain moisture and release back into soil reduce flooding and erosion packing Indians used for diapers
Cryptogams
seedless vascular plants sporophyte dominant usually perenial xylem and phloem roots, no seeds!
four phyla of seedless vascular plants
psilotophyta- whisk ferns
lycophyta- club mosses/ quillworts/ spike mosses
equisetophyta- horsetails/ scouring rushes
polypodiophyta- ferns
whisk ferns
psilophyta no true leaves or roots dicotymously branching rhizomes synangium- three fused spores homosporous protostele
lycophyta
ground pines/ spike mosses/ quilworts
club moss
lycopodium strobilus leaves= microphylls no true roots or leaves dicotomously branching and homosporous sprorphylls- leaves with spoangia
selaginella
spike mosses ligule heterosporous- mirco and mega sporangium micro-male mega= female dicotymous branching
isoetes
quilworts leaves- microphylls vascular cambium no strobili homosporous - microsporangium habitat- half submerged in H2O
equisetophyta
horsetails (branches) and scouring rushes (no branch)
excelent scouring material due to silica in inner walls
sterile and fertile stages
nodes/joints/scale leaves/ internode/ strobilus
scale liek leaves= microphylls
rhizomes
hexagonal shaped sporangiophore
elators (4 arms to one spore)
sterile shoot = brown =no photosythesis
polypodiophyta
ferns megapylls=leaves frond-petiole-rachis-blade-pinna rhizome and true roots indusium annulus cells/lip cells prothallus= heart shaped dioecious archegonia- neck, venter, egg fiddlehead sori- clusters of sporangia
monoeceous
one house
both male and female gamete producing structures on same plant
dioecious
2 houses
male and female gametangia on different plants
ferns= good house plants
other uses
remove toxins from the air
low maintenance
astetically pleasing
fern trees in hawaii shade adn environment for flowers to bloom
hairs from unrolled fiddle heads= pillows, uphoulstry, adn matress stuffing
gymnosperms
seed bearing plants with no ovaries and fruits= naked seeds conifers gnetophytes cycads ginkgos slow to reproduce slow growing- inefficeint water conduction no vessel elements in xylem tracheids less efficeint tracheids less prone to freezing
angiosperm
vessel seed carpal/ovary male gemtopyte= pollen grain female gametophyte= 1 cell with 8 nuclei heterosporous
Reproduction of gymnosperms
gametophytes greatly reduced " developes within sporophyte structure heterosporous naked seed attatched to sporophyll of a cone (strobilus) no H2O required for sperm movement pollenated by wind mostly pollen= male gametophyte
seed in gymnosperm
mature ovule- megapsorangium contains female gametophyte and embryo ovuliferous scale-integument-megsporangium(nucellus)- megaspore(female gametophyte)-archegonium-egg micropyle pollen chamber
pollen cones
small papery or membranous scales in clusters at tips of lower branches 2 microsporangia at base of each scale pollen grain= tube cell adn generative gell and wings two sperm nuclei one tube nucleus
pollination
pollen grains land on openig of base of ovule
pollentube
fertilize-zygote-embryo-mature sporophyte
seed cones
female
large woody scales on upper branches
2 seasons to mature
2 ovules at base of each scale
pinophyta
pines
leaves form a cluster/fasicle
hypodermis in leaves
sunken stomata
ginkgophyta
ginkgos notched, broad, fan-shaped leaves
leaves in spiral on short, slow growing spurs
native to northern hemisphere
dichotomously veined
dioecious
deciduous
cycadophyta
cross btwn fern and palm tropics and sub tropics large pinnatly divided leaves pollinated by beetles distinct branched trunk
gnetophyta
gnetophytes vessels in xylem 3 genera gnetum-vien like with broad leaves welwitschia- survives in low water ephedra- shrubby tiny leaves in 2-3s at a node stems whorled
conifers
pinaceae- hemlocks, spruce, cedar, true firs
taxaceae- yews,
cupressaceae- juniper,
how plants attract pollinators
bees- brightly colored (blue adn yellow), lines or disticntive markings, sweet, fragrence,
beetles- strong, yeasty, spicy, or fruity odors, white dull color, flower produces alternate food for them
moth- sweet frangrences, white yellow flowers,
butterflies- sweet fragrent, red flowers, bright orange or yellow,
birds- bright reds and yellows, large flowers, part of large sturdy infloresence
bat- tropics, open only at night, dull color, large,
heterosporous
produciton of both mircospores and megaspores
homosporous
produciton of only microspores
strobilus
as aggregation of sporophylls on a common axis; it usually resembles a cone or is somewhat conelike in appearance
sporophyll
a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or a sporangia
mircophyll
a leaf having a single unbranched vein not associated with a leaf gap
microspore
a spore that develops into a male gametophyte
megaspore
a spore that developes into a a female gametophyte
monoecious
having unisexual male flowers or cones and unisexual female flowers or cones or both on the same plant
sorus
a cluster of sporangia; a term most frequently applied to clusters of fern sporangia
indusium
the small membranous sometimes umbrella like covering of a developing fern sorus
sporangium
a structure in which spores are produced; it may either be unicellular or multicellular
dioecious
having unisexual flowers or cones with male flowers or cones confined ot sertain plants and the female flowers or cones of the same species confined to different plants
