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Botany > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Shared features between plants and algae

A

Cellulose in cell walls
Chlorophylls A and B
starch is the major food source

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2
Q

differences between plants and algae

A

more complex-more specialized tissues
zygote developes into a multicellular embryo within parent plant tissue
Multicellular gametangia and sporangia

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3
Q

characteristics of plants

A

adaptations for dryer environments- seeds
cuticle- except mosses( byrophytes)
stomata-except liverworts
reproduction-most sexual= alternation of generations

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4
Q

byrophytes

A 
mosses, liverworts, adn hornworts
no vascular tissue
no cuticle
no seeds-- wet areas
unit of dispersal is spores
small and low to the ground
need H2O to reproduce (sperm swim to egg)
gametophyte dominant life cycle
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5
Q

spore

A

unit of dispersal for mosses and liverworts that are capable of growing into a new plant by themselves

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6
Q

Bryophyta

A

mosses

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7
Q

Hepaticophyta

A

Liverworts
flattened, lobed, leaflike bodies= thallus
less complex than mosses

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8
Q

Anthocerophyta

A

hornworts

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9
Q

mosses

A

bryophyta

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10
Q

liverworts

A

hepaticophyta

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11
Q

hornworts

A

anthocerophyta
asexy- fragmentation
sexy= gametophyte thallus-foot, basal meristem, sporangium sticking up with spores

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12
Q

Marchantia

A

thalliod liverwort
diamond shaped segments on upper surface of thallus
small pore on each diamond
rhizoids

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13
Q

Marchantia repo

A

seperate male and female gametophytes
gametophores- slender stalks on the thallus
archegoniophore–> archegonia –> egg
antheridiophore –> antheridia –> sperm (flagella)
zygote –> embryo (foot, seta, capsule with spores/elaters)
asexy= gemmae cups with gemmae
dispersed by rain
sterile jacket cells

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14
Q

Mosses repo

A

monecious= gametangia on same plant
archegonia= venter, neck, egg, paryphyses
antheridia= parypheses, sperm
zygote–> embryo
sporophyte= calyptra, capsule, seta, operculum, peristome (opens and closes), dehiscent cells, columella,

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15
Q

Sphagnum (peat moss)

A

antiseptic
specialized water absorbing leaves= packign material
absorb water-55 lbs of water when dry
soil conditioner and potting mixtures
shipping live shellfish
acidity inhibits bacertial adn fungal growth
poltice for wounds

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16
Q

ecologocal importance of mosses

A 
pioneers on bare rock
accumulate mineral adn organic matter
retain moisture and release back into soil
reduce flooding and erosion
packing
Indians used for diapers
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17
Q

Cryptogams

A 
seedless vascular plants
sporophyte dominant
usually perenial
xylem and phloem
roots, no seeds!
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18
Q

four phyla of seedless vascular plants

A

psilotophyta- whisk ferns
lycophyta- club mosses/ quillworts/ spike mosses
equisetophyta- horsetails/ scouring rushes
polypodiophyta- ferns

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19
Q

whisk ferns

A 
psilophyta
no true leaves or roots
dicotymously branching
rhizomes
synangium- three fused spores
homosporous
protostele
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20
Q

lycophyta

A

ground pines/ spike mosses/ quilworts

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21
Q

club moss

A 
lycopodium
strobilus
leaves= microphylls
no true roots or leaves
dicotomously branching and homosporous
sprorphylls- leaves with spoangia
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22
Q

selaginella

A 
spike mosses
ligule
heterosporous- mirco and mega sporangium
micro-male
mega= female
dicotymous branching
23
Q

isoetes

A 
quilworts
leaves- microphylls
vascular cambium
no strobili
homosporous - microsporangium
habitat- half submerged in H2O
24
Q

equisetophyta

A

horsetails (branches) and scouring rushes (no branch)
excelent scouring material due to silica in inner walls
sterile and fertile stages
nodes/joints/scale leaves/ internode/ strobilus
scale liek leaves= microphylls
rhizomes
hexagonal shaped sporangiophore
elators (4 arms to one spore)
sterile shoot = brown =no photosythesis

25
Q

polypodiophyta

A 
ferns
megapylls=leaves
frond-petiole-rachis-blade-pinna
rhizome and true roots
indusium
annulus cells/lip cells
prothallus= heart shaped
dioecious
archegonia- neck, venter, egg
fiddlehead
sori- clusters of sporangia
26
Q

monoeceous

A

one house

both male and female gamete producing structures on same plant

27
Q

dioecious

A

2 houses

male and female gametangia on different plants

28
Q

ferns= good house plants

other uses

A

remove toxins from the air
low maintenance
astetically pleasing
fern trees in hawaii shade adn environment for flowers to bloom
hairs from unrolled fiddle heads= pillows, uphoulstry, adn matress stuffing

29
Q

gymnosperms

A 
seed bearing plants with no ovaries and fruits= naked seeds
conifers
gnetophytes
cycads
ginkgos
slow to reproduce
slow growing- inefficeint water conduction
no vessel elements in xylem
tracheids less efficeint
tracheids less prone to freezing
30
Q

angiosperm

A 
vessel seed
carpal/ovary
male gemtopyte= pollen grain
female gametophyte= 1 cell with 8 nuclei
heterosporous
31
Q

Reproduction of gymnosperms

A 
gametophytes greatly reduced 
" developes within sporophyte structure
heterosporous
naked seed attatched to sporophyll of a cone (strobilus)
no H2O required for sperm movement
pollenated by wind mostly
pollen= male gametophyte
32
Q

seed in gymnosperm

A 
mature ovule- megapsorangium
contains female gametophyte and embryo
ovuliferous scale-integument-megsporangium(nucellus)- megaspore(female gametophyte)-archegonium-egg
micropyle
pollen chamber
33
Q

pollen cones

A 
small papery or membranous scales
in clusters at tips of lower branches
2 microsporangia at base of each scale
pollen grain= tube cell adn generative gell and wings
two sperm nuclei
one tube nucleus
34
Q

pollination

A

pollen grains land on openig of base of ovule
pollentube
fertilize-zygote-embryo-mature sporophyte

35
Q

seed cones

A

female
large woody scales on upper branches
2 seasons to mature
2 ovules at base of each scale

36
Q

pinophyta

A

pines
leaves form a cluster/fasicle
hypodermis in leaves
sunken stomata

37
Q

ginkgophyta

A

ginkgos notched, broad, fan-shaped leaves
leaves in spiral on short, slow growing spurs
native to northern hemisphere
dichotomously veined
dioecious
deciduous

38
Q

cycadophyta

A 
cross btwn fern and palm
tropics and sub tropics
large pinnatly divided leaves
pollinated by beetles
distinct branched trunk
39
Q

gnetophyta

A 
gnetophytes
vessels in xylem
3 genera
gnetum-vien like with broad leaves
welwitschia- survives in low water
ephedra- shrubby
tiny leaves in 2-3s at a node
stems whorled
40
Q

conifers

A

pinaceae- hemlocks, spruce, cedar, true firs
taxaceae- yews,
cupressaceae- juniper,

41
Q

how plants attract pollinators

A

bees- brightly colored (blue adn yellow), lines or disticntive markings, sweet, fragrence,
beetles- strong, yeasty, spicy, or fruity odors, white dull color, flower produces alternate food for them
moth- sweet frangrences, white yellow flowers,
butterflies- sweet fragrent, red flowers, bright orange or yellow,
birds- bright reds and yellows, large flowers, part of large sturdy infloresence
bat- tropics, open only at night, dull color, large,

42
Q

heterosporous

A

produciton of both mircospores and megaspores

43
Q

homosporous

A

produciton of only microspores

44
Q

strobilus

A

as aggregation of sporophylls on a common axis; it usually resembles a cone or is somewhat conelike in appearance

45
Q

sporophyll

A

a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or a sporangia

46
Q

mircophyll

A

a leaf having a single unbranched vein not associated with a leaf gap

47
Q

microspore

A

a spore that develops into a male gametophyte

48
Q

megaspore

A

a spore that developes into a a female gametophyte

49
Q

monoecious

A

having unisexual male flowers or cones and unisexual female flowers or cones or both on the same plant

50
Q

sorus

A

a cluster of sporangia; a term most frequently applied to clusters of fern sporangia

51
Q

indusium

A

the small membranous sometimes umbrella like covering of a developing fern sorus

52
Q

sporangium

A

a structure in which spores are produced; it may either be unicellular or multicellular

53
Q

dioecious

A

having unisexual flowers or cones with male flowers or cones confined ot sertain plants and the female flowers or cones of the same species confined to different plants

Botany (4 decks)

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