Test 1 Flashcards
blade
big fat leafy part (flat)
petiole
leaf stalk
–has give and catches sunlight
sessile
No petiole– attached right to twig
stipule
leaf like growth near the base of a petiole
simple leaf
one leaf on one petiole
compound leaf
many leaflets on one leaf petiole ==petiole, rachis, petiolule, leaflets
doubly compound leaf
multiple leaves on each projection on one leaf
leaflet
compound leaf==each individual leaf
rachis
main vein of a compound leaf
pinnately compound
leaves arranges oppositely with multiple petiolules wiht leaflets attached along the rachis (main vein)
palmately compound
compound leaf where each leaflet is attached to a central point at the top of the petiole
pinnately veined
one central vein and all other veins oppositely arranged connecting to the central vein
palmately veined
all veins connect at a central point
arcuately veined
curved veins curving up from an attached point along the central vein (like pinnate only curved)
parallel veined
grass= straight veins running along the length of the blade
opposite
MAD CAP HORSE
Maple Ash Dogwood=Trees/shrubs=Horse chestnut/buckeyes
alternate
not opposite
whorled
attached to same point (base) like grass or dandelion weeds
serrate
fine sharp teeth
pubescent
hariy
glabrous
smooth (no hair)
node
where leaves were attached (bump)
meet twig
internode
space between nodes
axil
notch where petiole and twig meet
terminal/apical bud
largest bud at the very end
lateral/axillary bud
buds along the sides of the twig
bud scale scar
growth rings
mark end of last years growth
leaf scar
below the bud
when leaf fell off
bundle scar
tiny dots inside leaf scar
ends of veins that transported food and water between leaf and twig
may form a pattern
pith
continuous or chambered
in the middle of the twig
lenticel
raised dots along the twig
irregular flowers
bilaterally symmetrical, zygomorphic
regular flowers
radially symmetrical, actinomorphic
leaves divided
compound leaves
syncarpic pistil
all carpals and 1 pistil
apocarpic
separate carpals
staminal tube
fusion of the stamens
corolla tube
fusion of the petals
carpals
parts of the ovary
parts of pistil
stigma, style, ovary (female)
parts of stamen
anther, filament (male parts)
parts of flower
pistil, stamen, petal, sepals, receptacle, peduncle
sepals
protect flower, leaf like structure
ovary
contains ovule
develops into fruit
fruit protects seed and promote dispersal
anthers
pollen produciton
where must pollen land in order to produce a seed
stigma
ovule
pollen tube grows to here
where sperm is released from pollen tube
develops into seed
corolla
all petals combined
calyx
all sepals combined
perianth
both corolla and calyx
tepals
when sepals are the same shape, size, and color as the petals
function of petals and tepals
attract pollinators and protection
perfect flower
has both male and female parts
both pistil and stamen
complete flower
has all 4 whorls
corolla, calyx, androecium, and gynoecium
androecium
male parts
gynoecium
female parts
parts of composite flower
disk flower, ray floret, bracts, receptacle
bracts
individual bract=phyllary
together=involucre
bracts=modified leaves
imperfect flower
unisexual, missing either male or female parts
epigynous
inferior ovary
hypogynous
superior ovary
where are least mature disk flowers located
in the middle
fillament
support anther
stigma
captures pollen
style
pathway for the pollen tube extends stigma (gets it above flower)
differences between disc flowers and ray flowers
ray flowers: ovary is fertile, no stamen, no corrola (flat blade), no anthers, zygomorphic
Disc flowers: ovary is infertile, had stamen, had corrola, (round circular blade), actinomorphic
annual
grows for one year and dies
biennial
plant takes two years to complete its biological life cycle
perennial
surface plant dies but comes back the next year
peanut
legume
pecan
true nut
walnut
drupacious nut
apple
pome
maple/ash
samara
pineapple
multiple fruit
iris
capsule
corn
grain/caryopis
sunflower
acene
coconut
drupe
almond
drupe
acorn
nut
tomato
true berry
milkweed
follicle
black locust
legume
testa
seed coat
hilum
scar where seed was attached to placenta
micropyle
small hole in which the pollen tube entered the seed
cotyledons
takes place of the endosperm
seed leaves
become first leaves
endosperm
food storage for the embryo
provides energy
hypocotyl
large conical structure
upper part forms lower stem
radicle
tip of hypocotyl
embryonic root
develops root
plumule
small folded leaves
embryonic shoot
develops into shoot/uperstem
raphe
line extending up one side of the seed
formed from fusion of ovule stalk to developing seed coat
castor bean cotyledon and endosperm
endosperm=super thin
cotyledon=thicker
castor bean embryo
embryo is less developed and will take longer to germinate
endosperm still present
fruit
a ripened or matured ovary with any other associated floral parts that may be fused to it
regions of the fruit
pericarp== all three together
exocarp=outer
mesocarp=middle
endocarp=inner
berry
simple fruits- derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits fleshy at maturity
fruit wall inside the epidermis entirely fleshy, usually more than one seed
pome
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits fleshy at maturity
fruit wall inside the epidermis not entirely fleshy
endocarp membranous, most of the fruit composed of a fleshy receptacle
Ex. apple, pear
Drupe
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits fleshy at maturity
fruit wall inside the epidermis not entirely fleshy
endocarp hard and stony, making up the pit, usually only one seed, not an accessory fruit
ex. peach
accessory fruit
fruit derived from the receptacle
samara
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)
pericarp with winglike extensions
nut
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)
pericarp lacking wings
pericarp very hard and stony, one seed not fused to the pericarp
grain/caryopsis
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)
pericarp lacking wings
pericarp never stony, may be hard or papery
seed fused to pericarp
corn kernal
Achene
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)
pericarp lacking wings
pericarp never stony, may be hard or papery
seed not fused to pericarp (may be attached at one point)
sunflower seed
follicle
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)
composed of one carpal
opening along one suture, or seam
ex. milkweed
legume
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)
composed of one carpal
opening along two suture, or seam
ex peanut
silique (slender)
silicle (oval)
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)
composed of more than one carpal, fused together
composed of two carpals, persistent membrane separating the carpals
(peals apart on both sides)
Capsule
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower
fruits dry at maturity
fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)
composed of more than one carpal, fused together
composed of two or more carpals, no membrane present
ex. iris
compound fruits
derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers
multiple fruit
compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers
fruit derived from several ovaries of several flowers, fused together
ex. raspberry
aggregate accessory fruit
compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers
fruit derived from several ovaries of a single flower
fruit with prominent fleshy receptacle
ex. strawberry
aggregate fruit
compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers
fruit derived from several ovaries of a single flower
fruit lacking a fleshy receptacle
ex
hesperidium
berry
citrus fruits
pepo
berry squash family lots of seeds firm rind cucumber melons
single seeded berry
avocado
false berries
bananas blueberries cranberries epigynous flowers receptacle becomes part of fruit
seed pericarp
thin transparent and fused with seed coat
outermost layer
scutellum
cotyledon in corn kernel
highest concentration of starch
in the endosperm
monocot
one coyledon
parts of 3
dicot
two cotyledons
parts of 5
coleoptile
modified leaf
protects the plumule
coloerhiza
surrounds and protects radicle
tomato ovary
hypogynous
superior
true berry
locule
space between seed (placenta) and endocarp
apple
pome
inferior ovary
hypanthium makes up edible part of fruit
hypanthium
receptacle surround ovary and fuse with gynoecium (pistil)
best developed embryo
soy bean seed
cell wall
structure/protection cellulose hemicellulose pectin glycoproteins
central vacuoles
clear areas in cell fluid filled cavities filled with cell sap salt, sugars, organic acids. waste product crystals, water soluble pigments helps maintain pressure aids in recycling
Methods of seed dispersal
Air Water Gravity animals Mechanical
Gravity
Large round heavy fruits drop to the ground Rolling or bursting may occur Passionfruit Apples Coconuts Pears
Animal seed dispersal
Surround seed it brightly covered and sweet tasting pulp
Animals eat fruit ad then disperse seeds in tier droppings squirrels nuts and foxes raspberries
Same even put seeds in ground and forget about them and they germinate
Mechanical/force
Eject seed from pod by using the evaluation of water from the seed pod
Geraniums
Broom
Viola
Wind
Dandelions have almost weightless fluff that allows them to drift in even the slightest breeze
Milkweed
sycamore (winged seeds)
Water
Willow or water Lilly
Coconut
Mangrove
Produce seeds that float and are then transported downstream ad wash up on shore
to germinate
seed must be viable
may need a period of dormancy before germination
how dormancy is broken
mechanical or physiological circumstances
temperature/combo of different temps and weather
favorable environmental factors=oxygen, water, light
scarification
stratification
after-ripening
stratification
placing moistened seeds in a refridgerator
scarification
nicking or slightly cracking the seed coats or dipping the seeds in a concentrated acid for a few seconds to a few minutes
after ripening
seeds wont germinate after the fruit has dropped until the embryo has fully developed with aid of food materials stored in its endosperm
cellulose
layers of fibrils
hemicellulose
hold fibrils together
like glue
pectin
jelly like substance
middle lamella
layer of pectin between cell walls of adjacent cells
primary cell wall is laid down on either side of it
cell wall thickening with age
secondary wall forms from thickening of primary wall and inclusion of lignin
plasmodesmata
tiny strands of cytoplasm that connect adjacent cells
allows more rapid transfer of sugars, AAs, ions, etc between cells
inside the cell
cytoplasm nucleus(chromatin, nucleolus) cytoskeleton(mircrotubles, microfilaments) mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes dictyosomes(Golgi bodies)
Plastids
chloroplast-chlorophyll=green
chromoplasts-cartenoid pigments=yellow,orange,red
leucoplasts-lipids or starches=colorless (amyloplasts in potato cells)
chloroplast
thylakoid-individual granum-stack of thylakoid outer mem inner mem intermem space
anthocyanins
purple, blue, or red water-soluble pigments
cytokinesis
division of the remainder of the cell
only occurs in meristem tissue
no centrioles in plants
cell plate forms during telophase
phragmoplast
key shaped fibrils composed of micro tubules that developes into the region equator between the daughter nuclei
cyclosis
cytoplasmic streaming- cytoplasm moving and the chloroplasts seem to be moving around the periphery of the cell
crystals
insolubel waste product to prevent toxicity
Oxalic acid=calcium oxalate
raphides
druses
pigment location
cytoplasm, central vacuole, or chromoplasts
meristems
apical and lateral meristems
embryonic tissue responsible for growth
apical meristem
tips of roots and stem
increase length of plant
primary tissue/growth
lateral meristems
periphery of stems and roots
increase in diameter
secondary growth/tissue
permanent tissues
dermal/surface tissues
simple fundamental tissue (ground tissue)
conducting tissue(vascular tissue)
dermal/surface tissue
epidermis
periderm (cork)
simple fundamental tissues (one cell type)
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
endodermis
conducting tissue (complex=more than one cell type)
xylem
phloem
epidermis (pavement cells)
most inmportant surface tissue in plants that lack lateral meristems sinlge layer thick (mostly) protection keep water in keep bacteria out complex tissue
stoma (stomata)
space between guard cells
gas exchange that facilitates photosythesis
guard cells
two cells coming together
gas exchange
let gas and water in and out of the cell
subsidiary cells (surround guard cells)= formed as part of mitosis that produces guard cell=no chloroplasts
periderm/cork
replaces epidermis on those plants that have active lateral meristems several/many layers thick dead fit together snugly outer bark-primarily cork cells waterproof protects phloem
collenchyma
simple tissue living elongated cells with tapered ends irregularly thickened cells in cross section (extra primary walls in cell corners) flexible support for the cell often just below the epidermis
parenchyma
most common simple tissue thin cell walls isodiametric in shape lots of intracellular space large vacuoles water and food storage cell multiplication during damage living
two types of parenchyma
chlorenchyma== chloroplasts, function in photosynthesis
arenchyma=extensive connected air space,typically aquatic plants
sclerenchyma
thick secondary wall= normally impregnated with lignin
dead at maturity
evenly thickened walls
support
two types of sclerenchyma
sclerids= stone cells, grainy, cells as long as wide
thick cell walls
lumen
pit canals=lines in the lumen
fibers= longer than wide
thick cell walls
small lumens
cork cambium
produces outer bark in woody plants
outside of vascular cambium
produces secondary tissues
vascular cambium
produces secondary tissues=lateral growth
support and conduction
between phloem and xylem and adds to both
intercalary meristem
in grass
in nodes and can reproduce as long as not cut too short
apical meristem
xylem
chief conducting tissue for water and minerals includes: parenchyma fibers vessels trachieds ray
vessels
in xylem tubelike-long-open dead at maturity thick secondary walls many have spiral thickening on cell walls
trachids
tapered ends with pairs of pits to allow water to pass tube like but thinner pits=areas without secondary wall dead at maturity thick secondary walls
rays
function in lateral conduction and food storage composed of long lived parenchyma cells
phloem
conducts dissolved food nutrients (sugars) produced by photosythesis includes: sieve tube members companion cells parenchyma
sieve tube members
no secondary wall or nuclei
lay end to end=makes tube
walls have sieve plates with small pores extending form cytoplasm to cytoplasm
callose=forms callus plug during injury
companion cells
aid in conduction of food
