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Botany > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

blade

A

big fat leafy part (flat)

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2
Q

petiole

A

leaf stalk

–has give and catches sunlight

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3
Q

sessile

A

No petiole– attached right to twig

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4
Q

stipule

A

leaf like growth near the base of a petiole

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5
Q

simple leaf

A

one leaf on one petiole

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6
Q

compound leaf

A

many leaflets on one leaf petiole ==petiole, rachis, petiolule, leaflets

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7
Q

doubly compound leaf

A

multiple leaves on each projection on one leaf

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8
Q

leaflet

A

compound leaf==each individual leaf

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9
Q

rachis

A

main vein of a compound leaf

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10
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaves arranges oppositely with multiple petiolules wiht leaflets attached along the rachis (main vein)

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11
Q

palmately compound

A

compound leaf where each leaflet is attached to a central point at the top of the petiole

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12
Q

pinnately veined

A

one central vein and all other veins oppositely arranged connecting to the central vein

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13
Q

palmately veined

A

all veins connect at a central point

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14
Q

arcuately veined

A

curved veins curving up from an attached point along the central vein (like pinnate only curved)

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15
Q

parallel veined

A

grass= straight veins running along the length of the blade

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16
Q

opposite

A

MAD CAP HORSE

Maple Ash Dogwood=Trees/shrubs=Horse chestnut/buckeyes

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17
Q

alternate

A

not opposite

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18
Q

whorled

A

attached to same point (base) like grass or dandelion weeds

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19
Q

serrate

A

fine sharp teeth

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20
Q

pubescent

A

hariy

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21
Q

glabrous

A

smooth (no hair)

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22
Q

node

A

where leaves were attached (bump)

meet twig

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23
Q

internode

A

space between nodes

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24
Q

axil

A

notch where petiole and twig meet

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25
Q

terminal/apical bud

A

largest bud at the very end

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26
Q

lateral/axillary bud

A

buds along the sides of the twig

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27
Q

bud scale scar

A

growth rings

mark end of last years growth

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28
Q

leaf scar

A

below the bud

when leaf fell off

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29
Q

bundle scar

A

tiny dots inside leaf scar
ends of veins that transported food and water between leaf and twig
may form a pattern

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30
Q

pith

A

continuous or chambered

in the middle of the twig

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31
Q

lenticel

A

raised dots along the twig

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32
Q

irregular flowers

A

bilaterally symmetrical, zygomorphic

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33
Q

regular flowers

A

radially symmetrical, actinomorphic

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34
Q

leaves divided

A

compound leaves

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35
Q

syncarpic pistil

A

all carpals and 1 pistil

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36
Q

apocarpic

A

separate carpals

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37
Q

staminal tube

A

fusion of the stamens

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38
Q

corolla tube

A

fusion of the petals

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39
Q

carpals

A

parts of the ovary

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40
Q

parts of pistil

A

stigma, style, ovary (female)

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41
Q

parts of stamen

A

anther, filament (male parts)

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42
Q

parts of flower

A

pistil, stamen, petal, sepals, receptacle, peduncle

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43
Q

sepals

A

protect flower, leaf like structure

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44
Q

ovary

A

contains ovule
develops into fruit
fruit protects seed and promote dispersal

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45
Q

anthers

A

pollen produciton

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46
Q

where must pollen land in order to produce a seed

A

stigma

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47
Q

ovule

A

pollen tube grows to here
where sperm is released from pollen tube
develops into seed

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48
Q

corolla

A

all petals combined

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49
Q

calyx

A

all sepals combined

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50
Q

perianth

A

both corolla and calyx

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51
Q

tepals

A

when sepals are the same shape, size, and color as the petals

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52
Q

function of petals and tepals

A

attract pollinators and protection

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53
Q

perfect flower

A

has both male and female parts

both pistil and stamen

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54
Q

complete flower

A

has all 4 whorls

corolla, calyx, androecium, and gynoecium

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55
Q

androecium

A

male parts

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56
Q

gynoecium

A

female parts

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57
Q

parts of composite flower

A

disk flower, ray floret, bracts, receptacle

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58
Q

bracts

A

individual bract=phyllary
together=involucre
bracts=modified leaves

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59
Q

imperfect flower

A

unisexual, missing either male or female parts

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60
Q

epigynous

A

inferior ovary

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61
Q

hypogynous

A

superior ovary

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62
Q

where are least mature disk flowers located

A

in the middle

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63
Q

fillament

A

support anther

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64
Q

stigma

A

captures pollen

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65
Q

style

A 
pathway for the pollen tube
extends stigma (gets it above flower)
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66
Q

differences between disc flowers and ray flowers

A

ray flowers: ovary is fertile, no stamen, no corrola (flat blade), no anthers, zygomorphic
Disc flowers: ovary is infertile, had stamen, had corrola, (round circular blade), actinomorphic

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67
Q

annual

A

grows for one year and dies

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68
Q

biennial

A

plant takes two years to complete its biological life cycle

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69
Q

perennial

A

surface plant dies but comes back the next year

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70
Q

peanut

A

legume

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71
Q

pecan

A

true nut

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72
Q

walnut

A

drupacious nut

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73
Q

apple

A

pome

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74
Q

maple/ash

A

samara

75
Q

pineapple

A

multiple fruit

76
Q

iris

A

capsule

77
Q

corn

A

grain/caryopis

78
Q

sunflower

A

acene

79
Q

coconut

A

drupe

80
Q

almond

A

drupe

81
Q

acorn

A

nut

82
Q

tomato

A

true berry

83
Q

milkweed

A

follicle

84
Q

black locust

A

legume

85
Q

testa

A

seed coat

86
Q

hilum

A

scar where seed was attached to placenta

87
Q

micropyle

A

small hole in which the pollen tube entered the seed

88
Q

cotyledons

A

takes place of the endosperm
seed leaves
become first leaves

89
Q

endosperm

A

food storage for the embryo

provides energy

90
Q

hypocotyl

A

large conical structure

upper part forms lower stem

91
Q

radicle

A

tip of hypocotyl
embryonic root
develops root

92
Q

plumule

A

small folded leaves
embryonic shoot
develops into shoot/uperstem

93
Q

raphe

A

line extending up one side of the seed

formed from fusion of ovule stalk to developing seed coat

94
Q

castor bean cotyledon and endosperm

A

endosperm=super thin

cotyledon=thicker

95
Q

castor bean embryo

A

embryo is less developed and will take longer to germinate

endosperm still present

96
Q

fruit

A

a ripened or matured ovary with any other associated floral parts that may be fused to it

97
Q

regions of the fruit

A

pericarp== all three together

exocarp=outer
mesocarp=middle
endocarp=inner

98
Q

berry

A

simple fruits- derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits fleshy at maturity

fruit wall inside the epidermis entirely fleshy, usually more than one seed

99
Q

pome

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits fleshy at maturity

fruit wall inside the epidermis not entirely fleshy

endocarp membranous, most of the fruit composed of a fleshy receptacle

Ex. apple, pear

100
Q

Drupe

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits fleshy at maturity

fruit wall inside the epidermis not entirely fleshy

endocarp hard and stony, making up the pit, usually only one seed, not an accessory fruit

ex. peach

101
Q

accessory fruit

A

fruit derived from the receptacle

102
Q

samara

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)

pericarp with winglike extensions

103
Q

nut

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)

pericarp lacking wings

pericarp very hard and stony, one seed not fused to the pericarp

104
Q

grain/caryopsis

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)

pericarp lacking wings

pericarp never stony, may be hard or papery

seed fused to pericarp

corn kernal

105
Q

Achene

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity)

pericarp lacking wings

pericarp never stony, may be hard or papery

seed not fused to pericarp (may be attached at one point)

sunflower seed

106
Q

follicle

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)

composed of one carpal

opening along one suture, or seam

ex. milkweed

107
Q

legume

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)

composed of one carpal

opening along two suture, or seam

ex peanut

108
Q

silique (slender)

silicle (oval)

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)

composed of more than one carpal, fused together

composed of two carpals, persistent membrane separating the carpals

(peals apart on both sides)

109
Q

Capsule

A

simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower

fruits dry at maturity

fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity)

composed of more than one carpal, fused together

composed of two or more carpals, no membrane present

ex. iris

110
Q

compound fruits

A

derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers

111
Q

multiple fruit

A

compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers

fruit derived from several ovaries of several flowers, fused together

ex. raspberry

112
Q

aggregate accessory fruit

A

compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers

fruit derived from several ovaries of a single flower

fruit with prominent fleshy receptacle

ex. strawberry

113
Q

aggregate fruit

A

compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers

fruit derived from several ovaries of a single flower

fruit lacking a fleshy receptacle

ex

114
Q

hesperidium

A

berry

citrus fruits

115
Q

pepo

A 
berry
squash family
lots of seeds
firm rind
cucumber 
melons
116
Q

single seeded berry

A

avocado

117
Q

false berries

A 
bananas
blueberries
cranberries
epigynous flowers
receptacle becomes part of fruit
118
Q

seed pericarp

A

thin transparent and fused with seed coat

outermost layer

119
Q

scutellum

A

cotyledon in corn kernel

120
Q

highest concentration of starch

A

in the endosperm

121
Q

monocot

A

one coyledon

parts of 3

122
Q

dicot

A

two cotyledons

parts of 5

123
Q

coleoptile

A

modified leaf

protects the plumule

124
Q

coloerhiza

A

surrounds and protects radicle

125
Q

tomato ovary

A

hypogynous
superior
true berry

126
Q

locule

A

space between seed (placenta) and endocarp

127
Q

apple

A

pome
inferior ovary
hypanthium makes up edible part of fruit

128
Q

hypanthium

A

receptacle surround ovary and fuse with gynoecium (pistil)

129
Q

best developed embryo

A

soy bean seed

130
Q

cell wall

A 
structure/protection
cellulose
hemicellulose
pectin
glycoproteins
131
Q

central vacuoles

A 
clear areas in cell 
fluid filled cavities 
filled with cell sap
salt, sugars, organic acids. waste product crystals, water soluble pigments
helps maintain pressure
aids in recycling
132
Q

Methods of seed dispersal

A 
Air
Water
Gravity
animals
Mechanical
133
Q

Gravity

A 
Large round heavy fruits drop to the ground
Rolling or bursting may occur
Passionfruit
Apples 
Coconuts
Pears
134
Q

Animal seed dispersal

A

Surround seed it brightly covered and sweet tasting pulp
Animals eat fruit ad then disperse seeds in tier droppings squirrels nuts and foxes raspberries
Same even put seeds in ground and forget about them and they germinate

135
Q

Mechanical/force

A

Eject seed from pod by using the evaluation of water from the seed pod
Geraniums
Broom
Viola

136
Q

Wind

A

Dandelions have almost weightless fluff that allows them to drift in even the slightest breeze
Milkweed
sycamore (winged seeds)

137
Q

Water

A

Willow or water Lilly
Coconut
Mangrove
Produce seeds that float and are then transported downstream ad wash up on shore

138
Q

to germinate

A

seed must be viable

may need a period of dormancy before germination

139
Q

how dormancy is broken

A

mechanical or physiological circumstances
temperature/combo of different temps and weather
favorable environmental factors=oxygen, water, light
scarification
stratification
after-ripening

140
Q

stratification

A

placing moistened seeds in a refridgerator

141
Q

scarification

A

nicking or slightly cracking the seed coats or dipping the seeds in a concentrated acid for a few seconds to a few minutes

142
Q

after ripening

A

seeds wont germinate after the fruit has dropped until the embryo has fully developed with aid of food materials stored in its endosperm

143
Q

cellulose

A

layers of fibrils

144
Q

hemicellulose

A

hold fibrils together

like glue

145
Q

pectin

A

jelly like substance

146
Q

middle lamella

A

layer of pectin between cell walls of adjacent cells

primary cell wall is laid down on either side of it

147
Q

cell wall thickening with age

A

secondary wall forms from thickening of primary wall and inclusion of lignin

148
Q

plasmodesmata

A

tiny strands of cytoplasm that connect adjacent cells

allows more rapid transfer of sugars, AAs, ions, etc between cells

149
Q

inside the cell

A 
cytoplasm
nucleus(chromatin, nucleolus)
cytoskeleton(mircrotubles, microfilaments)
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
dictyosomes(Golgi bodies)
150
Q

Plastids

A

chloroplast-chlorophyll=green
chromoplasts-cartenoid pigments=yellow,orange,red
leucoplasts-lipids or starches=colorless (amyloplasts in potato cells)

151
Q

chloroplast

A 
thylakoid-individual
granum-stack of thylakoid
outer mem
inner mem
intermem space
152
Q

anthocyanins

A

purple, blue, or red water-soluble pigments

153
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the remainder of the cell
only occurs in meristem tissue
no centrioles in plants
cell plate forms during telophase

154
Q

phragmoplast

A

key shaped fibrils composed of micro tubules that developes into the region equator between the daughter nuclei

155
Q

cyclosis

A

cytoplasmic streaming- cytoplasm moving and the chloroplasts seem to be moving around the periphery of the cell

156
Q

crystals

A

insolubel waste product to prevent toxicity
Oxalic acid=calcium oxalate
raphides
druses

157
Q

pigment location

A

cytoplasm, central vacuole, or chromoplasts

158
Q

meristems

A

apical and lateral meristems

embryonic tissue responsible for growth

159
Q

apical meristem

A

tips of roots and stem
increase length of plant
primary tissue/growth

160
Q

lateral meristems

A

periphery of stems and roots
increase in diameter
secondary growth/tissue

161
Q

permanent tissues

A

dermal/surface tissues
simple fundamental tissue (ground tissue)
conducting tissue(vascular tissue)

162
Q

dermal/surface tissue

A

epidermis

periderm (cork)

163
Q

simple fundamental tissues (one cell type)

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
endodermis

164
Q

conducting tissue (complex=more than one cell type)

A

xylem

phloem

165
Q

epidermis (pavement cells)

A 
most inmportant surface tissue in plants that lack lateral meristems 
sinlge layer thick (mostly)
protection
keep water in
keep bacteria out
complex tissue
166
Q

stoma (stomata)

A

space between guard cells

gas exchange that facilitates photosythesis

167
Q

guard cells

A

two cells coming together
gas exchange
let gas and water in and out of the cell
subsidiary cells (surround guard cells)= formed as part of mitosis that produces guard cell=no chloroplasts

168
Q

periderm/cork

A 
replaces epidermis on those plants that have active lateral meristems 
several/many layers thick
dead
fit together snugly
outer bark-primarily cork cells 
waterproof protects phloem
169
Q

collenchyma

A 
simple tissue
living 
elongated cells with tapered ends
irregularly thickened cells in cross section (extra primary walls in cell corners)
flexible support for the cell
often just below the epidermis
170
Q

parenchyma

A 
most common 
simple tissue 
thin cell walls
isodiametric in shape 
lots of intracellular space
large vacuoles
water and food storage
cell multiplication during damage
living
171
Q

two types of parenchyma

A

chlorenchyma== chloroplasts, function in photosynthesis

arenchyma=extensive connected air space,typically aquatic plants

172
Q

sclerenchyma

A

thick secondary wall= normally impregnated with lignin
dead at maturity
evenly thickened walls
support

173
Q

two types of sclerenchyma

A

sclerids= stone cells, grainy, cells as long as wide
thick cell walls
lumen
pit canals=lines in the lumen

fibers= longer than wide
thick cell walls
small lumens

174
Q

cork cambium

A

produces outer bark in woody plants
outside of vascular cambium
produces secondary tissues

175
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces secondary tissues=lateral growth
support and conduction
between phloem and xylem and adds to both

176
Q

intercalary meristem

A

in grass
in nodes and can reproduce as long as not cut too short
apical meristem

177
Q

xylem

A 
chief conducting tissue for water and minerals
includes:
parenchyma
fibers
vessels
trachieds
ray
178
Q

vessels

A 
in xylem
tubelike-long-open
dead at maturity
thick secondary walls
many have spiral thickening on cell walls
179
Q

trachids

A 
tapered ends with pairs of pits to allow water to pass 
tube like but thinner
pits=areas without secondary wall
dead at maturity
thick secondary walls
180
Q

rays

A 
function in lateral conduction and food storage 
composed of long lived parenchyma cells
181
Q

phloem

A 
conducts dissolved food nutrients (sugars) produced by photosythesis
includes:
sieve tube members
companion cells
parenchyma
182
Q

sieve tube members

A

no secondary wall or nuclei
lay end to end=makes tube
walls have sieve plates with small pores extending form cytoplasm to cytoplasm
callose=forms callus plug during injury

183
Q

companion cells

A

aid in conduction of food

Botany (4 decks)

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