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Botany > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Arid (name)

A

Xerophytes

dry climate

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2
Q

Wet environment (name)

A

Hydrophytes

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3
Q

Aquatic leaves

A

submerged in water
deeply lobed- effeciently take in CO2 and H2O
less xylem- dont need to transport water
large air spaces in mesophyll

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4
Q

Xerophytes

A 
Smaller leaves= surfaces area to volume ratio or reduced to spines or no leaves
thicker leaves
thicker cuticle
fewer stomata
lots of hairs-pubescent
parallel to suns rays

all help to reduce water loss

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5
Q

Hydrophytes

A 
deeply lobed
larger leaves
thin leaves
thinner cuticle
more stomata=even on upper surface
air spaces (for flotation)
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6
Q

root function

A

anchor plants
absorb water and minerals
store water and food
other specialized funciton

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7
Q

four regions of the root

A

region of maturation
region of elongation
apical meristem (region of cell division)
root cap

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8
Q

types of roots

A

tap root
branch root
adventitious roots

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9
Q

Dicot Root

A 
Steele is 1/8 size (small)
primary xylem in cross or star shape
endodermis
pericycle
passage cells
no pith
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10
Q

Monocot root

A 
Steele is 1/2 size (big)
primary xylem in ring around steele
epidermis= U shaped cells
pith
pericycle
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11
Q

soil composition

A

organic matter
minerals
living organisms

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12
Q

soil texture

A

sand to silt to clay

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13
Q

soil structure

A

clumps and pores

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14
Q

water in soils

A

hygroscopic
gravitational
capillary

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15
Q

hygroscopic

A

chemically bound to soil particles

unavailable to plants

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16
Q

gravitational

A

drains out of pore spaces

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17
Q

capillary water

A

held in by pore adhesion (against gravity)
available to plants
influenced by soil structure and organic content

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18
Q

pH in soil

A

alkalinity- Cu, Fe, Mg less available
acidity- inhibits growth of nitrogen fixing bacteria
high precipitation or over-irrigation can cause bases to leech from soil
soil organisms influence pH

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19
Q

aerial roots

A

corn, coleus

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20
Q

tap root

A

one primary root
with secondary roots develop off of
develops from radicle
usually dicots

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21
Q

Carnivorous plants (conditions)

A

low nitrogen environments
need nutrients through lure and catch prey
digest them to get amino acids and proteins

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22
Q

Carnivorous plants types

A

passive pitfall
active flypaper
active steel trap
active mouse trap

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23
Q

passive pitfall

A 
PITCHER PLANTS
insect lands on lip and falls into plant
hair points down into plant and insect cannot get back out
nectar rim and water attract insects
waxy surface 
enzymes in water break down insects
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24
Q

Active flypaper

A 
SUNDEW and BUTTERWORT
hairs exude nectar and attract insects
plant responds to touch of hairs
leaf curls around insect
can distinguish between protein and no protein-- insect and other plant
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25
Q

Active steel trap

A

VENUS FLYTRAP
two sides with hinge and forms a cage
snaps shut
hairs inside lips snap shut– very quick response

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26
Q

triggers in changes in leaves

A

decrease in day length
decrease in light intensity– hormonal changes
decrease in temperature
decrease in water

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27
Q

Specialized roots

A 
food storage
water storage
propagative 
pneumatophores
aerial
contractile
buttress
parasitic
Flying Walruses Pet Pandas And Carry Blue Paint
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28
Q

Food storage roots

A

enlarged to store starch and other carbohydrates
extra cambial cells in xylem of roots that produce lots of parenchyma cells and cause organ to swell
sweet potatoes, yams, carrots, radishes

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29
Q

water storage roots

A

some in pumpkin family and especially in plants that live in arid environments
water in roots used when supply in soil is inadequate

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30
Q

propagative roots

A

adventitious buds along roots near surface of ground
buds in aerial stems=suckers
suckers can be separtaed form plant and grown independently
reproduciton of plant and continuation of survival
cherries, apples, pears,

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31
Q

pneumatophores roots

A

specially spongy roots that extend above waters surface and enhance gas exchange between atmosphere and the subsurface roots
swamp plants

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32
Q

aerial roots

A 
root formed above the ground
prop roots of corn-support
adventitious roots of ivies
photosynthetic roots of orchids
mangroves= collect debris to create more soil
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33
Q

contractile roots

A

roots that pull plant deeper into the soil

bulbs=lily, dandelion(leave coming out of the ground

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34
Q

buttress roots

A

roots in shallow soil that produce huge roots toward base of trunk
great stability
look like part of the trunk

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35
Q

parasitic roots

A

no cholorphyll and dependent on chlorophyll-bearing plants
parasitize their host plants vias peglike projections called haustoria
they develope along stem in contact with host
dodders, broomrapes, pinedrops

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36
Q

fibrous roots system

A

large numbers of fine roots of similar diameter
then develops from adventitious roots
monocots

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37
Q

adventitious roots

A

those that do not develop from another root but develop instead from a stem or leaf

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38
Q

root cap

A 
parenchyma
protection
perception of gravity
amyloplasts= gravity sensors
in dicots- slimy substance/ lubricant= bacterial growth (nitrogen)
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39
Q

Region of cell division

A 
apical meristem
1. protoderm
2.ground meristem-cortex
3. procambuim= primary xylem and phloem
pith in stems but not dicot roots
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40
Q

Region of Elongation

A

large vacuoles
cells get longer and wider
add girth through secondary tissues via the cambium
last layer of cell growth/size/shape change

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41
Q

region of maturation

A

cell maturation/differentiation

root-hair zone

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42
Q

root hairs

A 
develop from epidermal cells
absorb water and minerals
adhere to soil particles 
increase surface area
hairlike/delicate
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43
Q

steele

A 
vascular cylinder
precambuim
primary xylem
primary phloem 
pith in monocots
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44
Q

casparian strips

A

suberin bands
perpendicular to roots suface
prevent water from passing through the otherwise permeable cell walls
forces water and dissolved substances going adn leaving the core to pass through the plasma membranes
regulates types of minerals absorbed and transported by root to stems and leaves
in endodermis

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45
Q

passage cells

A

thin-walled

retain casparian strips

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46
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungus roots
essential to normal growth and development
help plant absorb phosphorus
form mantle of millions of threadlike strands that facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients
plant gives fungi sugars and amino acids
forms mycorrhizal sheath- hyphae

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47
Q

root nodules

A 
legume family (fabacae)
a small swelling associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that invade roots 
produce enzymes with which they can convert nitrogen into nitrates and other nitrogenous substances readily absorbed by roots
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48
Q

living organism on soil composition

A

add to content through wastes
alter soil through activity
compact soil-loose soil
produce carbon dioxide-> combined with water-> acid-> increase rate at which minerals dissolved

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49
Q

loams

A 
best agricultural soil
mix of sand silt and organic matter
40% silt
40% sand
20% clay
light soil
granular soils with pore spaces that are 40-60% of total volume of soil
clay-spaces too small=not enough air
sand-too large water drains out=too much air=lose of nitrogen
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50
Q

green

A

chlorophyll

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51
Q

red

A

anthocyanins

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52
Q

yellow

A

carotenoids

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53
Q

orange

A

red and yellow together

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54
Q

brown

A

chlorophyll and anthocyanins

aka tannins

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55
Q

Leaf color change process

A

stop chlorophyll production
once chlorophyll decreases- reveals underlying carotenoid pigments
anthocyanin production increases

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56
Q

once chlorophyll decreases- reveals underlying carotenoid pigments

A

carotenoid always there jsut not seen

yellow remains constant from year to year

57
Q

Anthocyanins (and betacyanins) production increases in some species

A

red/purples
varies from year to year
weather dependent- warm sunny day, cool nights
lots of sun-lots of photosynthesis -> sugars into anthocyanins
Temp and weather= wet warm spring+pleasant summer=bright colors
late spring/severe summer drought= delayed colors
some trees cant produce anthocyanins

58
Q

leaf abcission- hormonal changes

A

changing daylight/water
cell differentiation-two layers
protective layer
separation layer

59
Q

protective layer

A 
protects where leaves fall 
save water
cells become coated and filled with suberin (waterproof)
barrier against bacteria and fungi
 seals off leaf scar
60
Q

separation layer

A 
cell differentiation
cells become large
cells become gelatinous
 -weakened
-less strong
-pectin break down
eventually only held on by xylem 
eventually breaks off in wind
61
Q

monocot vascular bundles

A

scattered thorughout cell
contain:
phloem= companion cells, seive tube members,
xylem=air space

62
Q

Dicot vascular bundles

A

ring around outside of cell

63
Q

cortex tissue

A

collenchyma

parenchyma

64
Q

vascular cambium tissue

A

meristemic tissue
divide and produce secondary tissues that add to girth
secondary xylem and phloem

65
Q

pith tissue

A

parenchyma

66
Q

pith rays

A

separate individual vascular bundles

extensions of the pith

67
Q

primary growth

A

apical growth

tips/adds length

68
Q

secondary growth

A

lateral growth

adds girth/width

69
Q

bundle cap tissue

A

fibers

70
Q

functions of stems

A

support= cortex, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
water/nutrient transportation and storage
protection=thorns
reproduction
anchoring

71
Q

heartwood

A 
center of tree trunk
inner wood
typically darker
resins. gums, tanins, pigments in xylem
dead and getting older
72
Q

sapwood

A

outerwood
living
functional xylem
lighter in color

73
Q

annual rings

A

alternating growth of summer and winter growth
spring and summer wood
seasonal changes

74
Q

spring wood

A

grows rapidly
larger vessel elements
more spongy
often lighter in color

75
Q

summer wood

A

water stress=grows slower
smaller vessel elements
dense appearance
darker color

76
Q

secondary xylem in wood

A

lots of cellulose
lignin
tougher and rot resistant

77
Q

pine tree age

A

count whorls

78
Q

bark

A

everything outside of the vascular cambium
includes phloem (inner bark)
cark cambium == periderm/outer bark
cork

79
Q

rhizome

A

stem

80
Q

what tissue does the lateral root develop from

A

the pericycle== still has some meristemic tissues in it

81
Q

cortex

A

mostly food storage

contains endodermis= prevents water from passing through via casparian strips

82
Q

monocots vs dicots

A

mono=pith, xylem around pith(bundles), large steele, exodermis
dicot= no pith, no exodermis, xylem forms star.cross, endodermis=casparian strip, small stele

83
Q

mesophyll

A 
dicot
parenchyma
chlroenchyma-- chloroplasts
palisade-top-greatest # of chloroplasts, protection and photosynthesis
spongy-bottom, gas exchange-- air spaces
84
Q

monocot leaf

A

corn
buliform cells-loose water=curling, in upper epidermis
mesophyll undifferentiated
bundle sheath and sheath extension

85
Q

astrosclerid

A

in mesophyll
star shaped cells
in xerophytes

86
Q

stomatal crypts

A

keep moisture from evaporating
humid antichmaber like SE
conserve h2o

87
Q

rhizome

A 
horizontal stems below ground
scalelike leaves
adventitious roots along the stem (mainly lower surface)
irises 
grasses/ferns
ginger
88
Q

runners

A

horizontal stems above ground
long internodes
strawberries
adventitous buds

89
Q

stolons

A

beneath surface like runners but grow in diff directions

90
Q

tubers

A

potatoes
at tips of stolons
swell from accumulation of food

91
Q

bulbs

A

large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves
small stem at lower end
adeventitious roots grow from bottom
onions

92
Q

corm

A

liek bulbs but almost entirely stem tissue
adventitious roots at base
gladiolus

93
Q

cladophylls

A

flattened stems
prckly pear cactus
scalelike leaves with axillary buds in center

94
Q

what makes conifers softwood

A

xylem=trachids

no fiber or vessel elements

95
Q

veins

A

xylem and phloem surrounded by thicker-walled parenchyma cells called a bundle sheath
give leaf its skeleton

96
Q

phloem function

A

transport sugars

active transport

97
Q

xylem function

A

transport water through osmosis and diffusion

98
Q

spines

A

modified leaves

cacti

99
Q

prickles

A

outgrowths from epidermis or cortex
rose
raspberry

100
Q

thorns

A

modified stems

grape

101
Q

tendrils

A

modified leaves
help plant in climbing or support
curled around other objects

102
Q

conifers

A 
thick cuticle 
sunken stomata
antifreeze in cell sap
resin in resin ducts
resin leaks out and protects wound
traps bacteria and fungi
103
Q

why water

A 
dissolved minerals and nutrients
chemical reactions
photosynthesis
mesuphyll moist to take in co2
turgor pressure=stiffness
imbibition begins germination(process of absorbing H2O)
high heat capacity-temp regulation
104
Q

forces that move water

A 
diffusion
osmosis
capillarity
hydrostatic pressure
gravity
105
Q

cappilarity

A

water attracted to water
water hanging from finger
water attracted to other molecules

106
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

water pressure

water baloon= fill with water and press against sides

107
Q

gravity

A

working against upward movement

working with sugar transport downwar

108
Q

imbibition

A

swelling of tissues due to water absorption

109
Q

turgor pressure

A

pressure with in cell resulting from water uptake
cells get stiff
opposite=flaccid
potatoes in salt water example

110
Q

opening and closing of stomata in regards to water transpiration

A

linked to osmotic pressure

a. By opening or closing the stomata
i. All linked to osmotic pressure
ii. Depends on turgor pressure in the guard cells
b. Cells are full of water = high turgor pressure
i. Pressure against cell wall
1. Cells are stiff and elongated
2. Cell walls against stoma are thicker because outer guard cell can stretch and side against stoma cant stretch
a. Like putting tapa on a balloon
3. Stretchy side will stretch and bend and grow longer instead of wider
4. Inside walls dont stretch
5. Bowed cells that form an open stoma

111
Q

water transpiration regulated by

A 
light
dark
CO2 increase
water loss
gutation of water
112
Q

light

A
  • potassium and chloride ions enter guard cells
    1. As hydrogen is pumped out
    2. Higher K and Cl concentration inside cells == lower water concentration
    a. Osmosis of water into cells
    i. Stretches cells and open stoma
    3. More light=more photosynthesis=more co2 and o2 out
113
Q

dark

A

stomata close

114
Q

Co2 increase

A

close stomata

  1. Because you lose water at same time
    a. Close when you don’t need to have them open
115
Q

loss of water

A

close stomata

  1. Transpiration rate (water loss) influenced by
    a. Humidity
    i. Evaporation happens rapidly on dry days
    b. Temperature
    i. Evap rapidly on hot day
    c. Air currents
    i. Evap rapid on windy day
116
Q

Guttation water

A
  1. Leaking of water from tips of leaves during night

2. Doesn’t evaporate

117
Q

sink

A

storage where sugar is located

roots, stem, other non-photosynthetic tissue

118
Q

mineral requirements

A

a. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
b. Macronutrients = taken up by roots
i. Nitrogen= proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll
ii. Phosphorus= respiration, cell division, ATP
iii. potassium= activates enzymes,
iv. calcium= middle lamella, moves substances across plasma membranes
v. magnesium= part of chlorophyll
vi. sulfur= part of some amino acids
c. vitamins= produced by the plant
i. most act as co-enzymes
1. many are electron receptors

119
Q

hormones

A

i. chemical signals
ii. bind to cellular receptors
1. series of reactions
2. results in
a. activation/inactivation of enzymes
b. change of function
c. gene transcription
i. protein synthesis

120
Q

auxins

A

promote growth by increasing cell length
delay fruit and root abscission
delays fruit ripening
can apply to cut stems= lateral root development, adventitious roots, uniform flowering, kill dandilions

121
Q

gibberellions

A
  1. stimulate growth of stems

2. cell division and increase cell length

122
Q

cytokinins

A
  1. promotes cell division
  2. esp. when auxins are present
  3. prolong life of cut flowers and vegetables in storage
123
Q

abscisic acid

A
  1. in fruits= prevents seeds from germinating while still on the plant
  2. inhibits other hormones
    a. inhibit growth
124
Q

ethylene gas

A
  1. promotes fruit ripening
  2. promotes leaf abscission
  3. production of ethylene influenced by
    a. bruising or cutting of fruit
    b. ethylene produces ethylene
    i. positive feedback
    c. auxins = increase ethylene
    d. stop ethylene by taking away O2
125
Q

applicaiton of ethylene gas

A

warehouses pump O2 into air to replace N2
wrap in tissue paper to hold gas close to fruit
spread bananas out to slow ripenimg

126
Q

hormonal interactions

A

apical dominance

senescence

127
Q

apical dominance

A
  1. growth at tips of plant (length) is dominant over growth of width of branch
  2. tip grows more rapidly that side branches
  3. suppression of growth of lateral buds by auxin like inhibitors produced in terminal bud
  4. at same time there tends to be a deficiency of cytokinins in lateral buds
  5. cut off apical meristems to stimuli increased development of lateral braches
128
Q

senescence

A
  1. breakdown of cell components in cell membranes
  2. cell death
  3. abscisic acid and ethylene
    a. promote senescence
  4. nitrogen deficiency or drought speeds up process
  5. auxins and gibberellins and cytokinins
    a. delay senescence
129
Q

patterns of growth

A

determinate growth

interdeterinate growth

130
Q

determinate growth

A

i. defined limits
ii. predictable pattern=then stops growing
iii. usually stops after fruiting

131
Q

indeterminate growth

A

i. no defined limits

ii. keeps growing until something in environment stops it

132
Q

graminoids

A

grasses, sages, and rushes

133
Q

tropisms

A

perminant movements toward or away from a stimulus
phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism= hitting a solid object

134
Q

turgor movements

A

changes in internal water pressures and usually iniatiated by contact with objects outside of the plant
sensitive plant
bladderwort
redwood sorrel

135
Q

taxis

A

type of movement that involves either the entire plants or its reproductive cell
not amoung flowering plants
cell propeled by flagella or cilia moves towards or away from a source of stimulus
requires mobility

136
Q

photoperiodism

A

the initiation of flowering in response to relative lengths of day and night

137
Q

dormancy

A

a period of growth inactivity even when the temperature, water, or day length would typically cause plant growth
preparing for winter– cherries, peaches= stone fruits

138
Q

quiescence

A

state in which a seed cannot germinate unless environmental conditions nrmally required for growth are present

Botany (4 decks)

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