test 5 Flashcards
What populations is rheumatoid arthritis most affecting?
women
What is the general description of arthritis?
What are the signs and symptoms of arthritis?
What are some common negative features that are affected by arthritis? Why does that occur?
What is crepitus, effusion, and bone spurs?
How does RA occur?
chronic autoimmune disorder, systemic inflammation, affects synovial joints
What are the three levels of arthritis? What are their symptoms/descriptions?
acute: reversible signs and symptoms
chronic: stable but irreversible structural damage brought on by disease process
chronic w/ acute exacerbation of joint symptoms: increased pain and decreased ROM
What are the general exercise goals for those with arthritis?
workloads need to be small increments, cycle ergometry is preferred
What are some site-specific recommendations in terms of exercise for those with arthritis?
fibromyalgia:
chronic pain syndrome. not a form of arthritis, tenderness at 11 or more of the 18 specific tender point sites
What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteopenia?
osteopenia is a less severe form of osteoporosis in which the
What is meant by trabecular, cortical, and peak bone mass/density?
cortical bone: “bone covering” trabecular bone: bone tissue, spongy part of bone
How are osteoblasts/osteoclasts related?
clasts are breakdown (PTH), blasts building (calcitonin)
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? Why do they contribute to them?
caucasian or asian, female, height <67in, weight <127lb, early menopause, estrogen deficiency, amenorrhea, inactivity
How is bone mineral content determined?
DXA scans, bone mineral content per unit area
What are the nonpharmacological and pharmacological ways to slow the loss of bone mass?
calcium supplementation, vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing activities
What are some hormonal therapies that alter osteoporosis?
calcitonin, PTH, SERMs, estrogen therapy
What is the prevalence of NSLBP
annual rates between 14 and 93%, peak NSLBP occur between 45 and 60 years old
LBP has no identifiable cause in what percentage of the cases?
Why is that?
its not a disease state, its a symptom, possibly nerve root compression
What are some of the top methods to help determine what is causing NSLBP?
MRI, xrays
What are the treatment plans for NSLBP?
medication, exercise, passive modalities, facet joint injections, surgery: spinal discectomy, spinal decompression, and spinal fusion
What is SCI?
spinal cord injury- affects conduction of neural signals across the site of the injury or lesion
What is meant by tetraplegia vs. quadriplegia?
tetraplegia- dysfunction of the arms
How is it different than paraplegia?
Why are men a higher risk factor?
poor decision making
What is meant by incomplete vs. complete paraplegia?
complete- w/o sensory function in the lowest sacral segment. -incomplete-partial preservation of sensory or motor function below the neurological level
What are the different segments of the spinal cord? How does it relate to SCI?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
An injury to XX section in spine will result in what effect?
C4: quadriplegia, complete paralysis below the neck
Why is orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysreflexia important concepts relating to SCI?
autonomic dysreflexia: when sensory input is cut the body cannot send an appropriate signal. parasympathetic up top, sympathetic at the bottom. triggered by sustained stimuli at T6 or below
Why is pulmonary ventilation, bowels, hyperreflexia, endocrine, and osteopenia all impaired in SCI individuals?
autonomic nervous system is disrupted
Comorbid diseases are common in SCI patients, why? Which ones are they? Why do they occur or why are they at higher risk?
decreased endocrine response, osteopenia (decreased workload), respiratory problems, coronary artery disease, PAD, type 2 diabetes
How might FES help with exercise
Why is temperature regulation important in exercise with those who have SCI/tetraplegia?
