test 2 Flashcards
what causes type 1 diabetes
pancreas doesnt release insulin, beta cell destruction
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
what are some health benefits reported with a 10% decrease in weight
decline of BP, decline in insulin sensitivity, decline in total increase HDL
gestational
body cant produce enough insulin; due to weight gain, race or ethnicity
hormones of interest in diabetes and their functions?
insulin: regulate blood sugar levels by moving glucose from the blood into cells through the body
glucagon: stimulates liver to produce glucose
causes and treatments of hyperglycemia?
body has too little insulin or insulin resistance
insulin therapy or glucose-lowering medication
causes and treatments of hypoglycemia
too much insulin, diet, genetics
glucagon and 15-15 rule
what is A1c protein
protein in red blood cell that is coated in glucose
what the hormones of interest that cause these symptoms?
too much insulin causes hypoglycemia
too much glucagon would cause hyperglycemia
how is obesity determined
BMI > 30
what are some diagnostic measurements used for diabetes?
raised A1c levels, high density cholesterol and triglyceride levels
subcutaneous fat
fat under the skin- important for energy storage
what is visceral fat
fat cushioning around organs-important to protect vital organs
why does hypertension occur as one gets older?
because arteries & veins become more rigid and cant retract as efficiently anymore
how does ghrelin and leptin have on weight gain and loss
over or underexpression of the hormones affects hunger levels
roles of leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y
leptin- makes body feel full
ghrelin- makes body feel hungry
what is the set point theory and how does it affect obesity
body has set range of weight it wants to be at metabolism and hormones effect it
what are the side effects of obesity
hypertension, dyslipidemia, breathlessness, sleep apnea
what are the risks and dangers of surgical therapies for obesity?
risk of death, infection (both pretty low)
surgery is reserved for ppl w/ BMI >40
what role does behavioral therapy play in weight loss? why is it important
how to utilize their state of mind to help them make changes and address emotional issues
drugs prescribed to overweight individuals? how do they work?
diety therapy (calorie restriction), phentermine (appetite suppressant)
Qsymia (appetite suppressant)
belviq (satiety enhancer)
orlistat (intestinal lipase inhibitor)
idiopathic hypertension
cause unknown
essential hypertenison
genetically based
secondary hypertension
usually renal or endocrine causes
different stages of hypertension and their classifications?
normal: 120/80
prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
stage 1: 140-159/90-99
stage 2: >= 160/>=100
how is blood pressure determined?
BP= CO x PR
which populations are at greater risk for hypertension
elderly, obese, high cholesterol
why does hypertension cause endothelium damage
high volume of blood causes imperfections in the wall and leads to atherosclerosis b/c plaque has places to catch on
signs and symptoms of hypertension
headache, dizziness, easily fatigued, palpitations
what are some lab tests for hypertension besides blood pressure?
urinalysis, blood chemistry, ECG, hematocrit
what are some drugs that are used to treat hypertension and how do they work
ACE inhibitors: block aldosterone for excess sodium uptake
Ca+ channel blockers: block cardiac muscle contraction
beta blockers: block norepinephrine and epinephrine uptake
how does untreated hypertension lead to death? physiological causes?
damage to endothelium which predisposes individual to atherosclerosis which could lead to heart attack or stroke
What are some anticipated responses and abnormal blood pressure responses during exercise
blood pressure spikes during exercise but then comes back down
what is postprandial lipemia
fat levels post eating (high concentration immediately after)
what are normal cholesterol and HDL & LDL levels
total cholesterol: 200 mg/dL
HDL: 40-60 mg/dL
LDL: > 160 mg/dL
are there any different exercise responses in individuals with dyslipidemia
no. emphasize improvements with exercise
what are lipoproteins and apolipoproteins
apolipoproteins: proteins that carry cholesterol; named based off how much cholesterol they hold
lipoproteins: also proteins that carry cholesterol (HDL & LDL)
different stages of renal disease
stage 1: GFR: <= 90 & kidney deterioration: 50-60%
stage 2: GFR: 60-88, kidney deterioration: 60-70%
stage 3: GF: 30-59, kidney deterioration: 70-77.5%
stage 4: GFR: 15-29, kidney deterioration: 77.5-85%
stage 5: GFR: less than 15, kidney deterioration: 85% +
what are the functions of LIP and HL?
LIP: lipoproteins lipase
HL: hepatic lipase
both enzymes responsible for fat breakdown
what is normal weight obesity
high body mass or weight circumference, excellent cardiovascular health, metabolically healthy obese, increased risk for people w/ osteoporosis and sarcopenia
lipid lowering meds and their functions
statins: reduce lipid synthesis in the liver
fibric acid: decrease FA in size, increases LDL
nicotinic acids: increase HDL, decrease LDL
what are renal disease treatments:
hemodialysis: mechanical blood filtration
peritoneal dialysis: fluid into peritoneal cavity, fluid absorbs waste products from blood
transplant: preferred treatment
how much exercise is needed to show changes in HDL levels
a single exercise session
side effects of hemodialysis
muscle cramps, low bp, itchy skin, sleep problems
what are potential complications to transplants
rejection of new kidney, low availability, cost of anti-rejection meds
diagnostic/lab test to determine stages of renal disease
elevated serum creatine, blood urea nitrogen, reduced GFR, blood test, urinalysis, CAT scan
