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clinical phys > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes

A

pancreas doesnt release insulin, beta cell destruction

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2
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance

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3
Q

what are some health benefits reported with a 10% decrease in weight

A

decline of BP, decline in insulin sensitivity, decline in total increase HDL

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3
Q

gestational

A

body cant produce enough insulin; due to weight gain, race or ethnicity

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3
Q

hormones of interest in diabetes and their functions?

A

insulin: regulate blood sugar levels by moving glucose from the blood into cells through the body
glucagon: stimulates liver to produce glucose

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3
Q

causes and treatments of hyperglycemia?

A

body has too little insulin or insulin resistance
insulin therapy or glucose-lowering medication

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4
Q

causes and treatments of hypoglycemia

A

too much insulin, diet, genetics
glucagon and 15-15 rule

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5
Q

what is A1c protein

A

protein in red blood cell that is coated in glucose

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5
Q

what the hormones of interest that cause these symptoms?

A

too much insulin causes hypoglycemia
too much glucagon would cause hyperglycemia

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5
Q

how is obesity determined

A

BMI > 30

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6
Q

what are some diagnostic measurements used for diabetes?

A

raised A1c levels, high density cholesterol and triglyceride levels

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7
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

fat under the skin- important for energy storage

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7
Q

what is visceral fat

A

fat cushioning around organs-important to protect vital organs

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8
Q

why does hypertension occur as one gets older?

A

because arteries & veins become more rigid and cant retract as efficiently anymore

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8
Q

how does ghrelin and leptin have on weight gain and loss

A

over or underexpression of the hormones affects hunger levels

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8
Q

roles of leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y

A

leptin- makes body feel full
ghrelin- makes body feel hungry

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9
Q

what is the set point theory and how does it affect obesity

A

body has set range of weight it wants to be at metabolism and hormones effect it

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9
Q

what are the side effects of obesity

A

hypertension, dyslipidemia, breathlessness, sleep apnea

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10
Q

what are the risks and dangers of surgical therapies for obesity?

A

risk of death, infection (both pretty low)
surgery is reserved for ppl w/ BMI >40

10
Q

what role does behavioral therapy play in weight loss? why is it important

A

how to utilize their state of mind to help them make changes and address emotional issues

10
Q

drugs prescribed to overweight individuals? how do they work?

A

diety therapy (calorie restriction), phentermine (appetite suppressant)
Qsymia (appetite suppressant)
belviq (satiety enhancer)
orlistat (intestinal lipase inhibitor)

11
Q

idiopathic hypertension

A

cause unknown

11
Q

essential hypertenison

A

genetically based

12
Q

secondary hypertension

A

usually renal or endocrine causes

13
Q

different stages of hypertension and their classifications?

A

normal: 120/80
prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
stage 1: 140-159/90-99
stage 2: >= 160/>=100

13
Q

how is blood pressure determined?

A

BP= CO x PR

14
Q

which populations are at greater risk for hypertension

A

elderly, obese, high cholesterol

15
Q

why does hypertension cause endothelium damage

A

high volume of blood causes imperfections in the wall and leads to atherosclerosis b/c plaque has places to catch on

16
Q

signs and symptoms of hypertension

A

headache, dizziness, easily fatigued, palpitations

16
Q

what are some lab tests for hypertension besides blood pressure?

A

urinalysis, blood chemistry, ECG, hematocrit

16
Q

what are some drugs that are used to treat hypertension and how do they work

A

ACE inhibitors: block aldosterone for excess sodium uptake
Ca+ channel blockers: block cardiac muscle contraction
beta blockers: block norepinephrine and epinephrine uptake

16
Q

how does untreated hypertension lead to death? physiological causes?

A

damage to endothelium which predisposes individual to atherosclerosis which could lead to heart attack or stroke

16
Q

What are some anticipated responses and abnormal blood pressure responses during exercise

A

blood pressure spikes during exercise but then comes back down

17
Q

what is postprandial lipemia

A

fat levels post eating (high concentration immediately after)

17
Q

what are normal cholesterol and HDL & LDL levels

A

total cholesterol: 200 mg/dL
HDL: 40-60 mg/dL
LDL: > 160 mg/dL

17
Q

are there any different exercise responses in individuals with dyslipidemia

A

no. emphasize improvements with exercise

17
Q

what are lipoproteins and apolipoproteins

A

apolipoproteins: proteins that carry cholesterol; named based off how much cholesterol they hold
lipoproteins: also proteins that carry cholesterol (HDL & LDL)

17
Q

different stages of renal disease

A

stage 1: GFR: <= 90 & kidney deterioration: 50-60%
stage 2: GFR: 60-88, kidney deterioration: 60-70%
stage 3: GF: 30-59, kidney deterioration: 70-77.5%
stage 4: GFR: 15-29, kidney deterioration: 77.5-85%
stage 5: GFR: less than 15, kidney deterioration: 85% +

17
Q

what are the functions of LIP and HL?

A

LIP: lipoproteins lipase
HL: hepatic lipase
both enzymes responsible for fat breakdown

17
Q

what is normal weight obesity

A

high body mass or weight circumference, excellent cardiovascular health, metabolically healthy obese, increased risk for people w/ osteoporosis and sarcopenia

17
Q

lipid lowering meds and their functions

A

statins: reduce lipid synthesis in the liver
fibric acid: decrease FA in size, increases LDL
nicotinic acids: increase HDL, decrease LDL

17
Q

what are renal disease treatments:

A

hemodialysis: mechanical blood filtration
peritoneal dialysis: fluid into peritoneal cavity, fluid absorbs waste products from blood
transplant: preferred treatment

18
Q

how much exercise is needed to show changes in HDL levels

A

a single exercise session

18
Q

side effects of hemodialysis

A

muscle cramps, low bp, itchy skin, sleep problems

18
Q

what are potential complications to transplants

A

rejection of new kidney, low availability, cost of anti-rejection meds

18
Q

diagnostic/lab test to determine stages of renal disease

A

elevated serum creatine, blood urea nitrogen, reduced GFR, blood test, urinalysis, CAT scan

clinical phys (6 decks)

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