test 3

Question 1

why is CHD most common cause of death in the US?

Answer 1

obesity

Question 2

what is atherosclerosis? what is it caused by?

Answer 2

build up of plaque in vessels, caused by obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia

Question 3

what are the risk factors for increased atherogenesis? why?

Answer 3

endothelial injury, inflammatory response, tobacco smoke, LDL, hypertension

Question 4

monocyte

Answer 4

white blood cell response

Question 5

fibromuscular plaque

Answer 5

leads to arterial remodeling, thrombus

Question 6

what occurs in a myocardial infarction

Answer 6

chest pain lasting > 30 mins, ECG shows ST segment or t-wave changes

Question 7

What are some of the pharmaceutical drugs used to treat cardiac problems?

Answer 7

supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerin, beta blocker, ACE blocker, aspirin, anticoagulant, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Question 8

What is meant by the ischemic cascade? What are the different stages and what occurs in each?

Answer 8

stiffening of left ventricle, systolic emptying of left ventricle becomes impaired, left ventricular ejection fraction decreases, ECG abnormalities may occur (ST segments), angina pectoris develops

Question 9

Does an occlusion = immediate infarction? Why or why not?

Answer 9

not necessarily because there may not be enough blockage

Question 10

What are the differences in CABS, and PTCA?

Answer 10

CABS are meant for people who have already done PTCA or are no longer candidates for angioplasty
people feel really good after angioplasty- effects retention models, post-surgery of any kind individuals are on beta blockers and it makes it difficult to use HR for intensity

Question 11

What is meant by revascularization surgery?

Answer 11

surgery to provide new or additional blood supply to body part or organ

Question 12

What is the difference between HFREF, HFPEF their causes, symptoms, physiology

Answer 12

HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (preserved flow, still volume of blood due to diastolic dysfunction)
HFREF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (reduced flow)

Question 12

What are some anticipated responses in those with HF? Why does exercise capacity decrease?

Answer 12

increased norepi and catecholamine response, decreased dilation lowering blood flow to muscles. lower power output, lower cardiac output, lower HR, lower exercise capacity, VO2 is 8-21 ml/kg/min

Question 13

What is meant by PAD?

Answer 13

blockage of the leg arteries by plaque-results in stenosis or occlusion

Question 13

What populations are at higher risk for PAD? Why?

Answer 13

obese or smokers

Question 13

What is meant by hemodynamic testing with the ABI test?

Answer 13

determine the amount of blood flow in extremities at a given time. ABI: changes in blood flow or blood pressure

Question 14

When is a cardiac transplant recommended? What complications or changes in terms of heart regulation do you see?

Answer 14

1-3 years is 85-78% survival rates, all cardiac autonomic fibers are severed (only parasympathetic fibers left) after transplant, exercise intolerance is normal, see no increase in HR at rest due to no sympathetic stim, HR increases slowly due to increased NE blood

Question 14

What other hemodynamic test can be done to determine claudication or risk for IC-

Answer 14

segmental limb pressure, transcutaneous oxygen pressure, CT, MRI

Question 15

What are the signs and symptoms of PAD

Answer 15

asymptomatic, mild claudication, moderate to severe claudication

Question 16

How are the symptoms described or scaled?

Answer 16

Fontaine and rutherford

Question 17

What is the function of cilostazol?

Answer 17

phosphodiesterase inhibitor (inhibits platelet aggregation and direct arterial vasodilator)

Question 18

What are common locations where claudication occurs?

Answer 18

legs, butt region

Question 19

What is the overall exercise recommendation for those with IC?

Answer 19

walking up to 50 minutes combining rest and exercise- avoid high intensity to avoid IC

Question 19

What is the purpose of the pacemaker and why is it needed? What are the common indications for a pacemaker?

Answer 19

maintains a normal heart rate when sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous intervention is no longer good enough. HR that is too slow due to SA node dysfunction, blood in AV node

Question 19

what are the risk factors for atherosclerosis

Answer 19

tobacco use, dyslipidemia, hypertension, sedenstary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes mellitus

Question 20

what are the 3 causes of ischemia? what do they mean ? what causes them? why do they occur

Answer 20

thrombosis, embolism, reduction in blood flow

Question 21

what is angina/unstable angina why does it happen what does it mean what causes it?

Answer 21

probably a result of transient vessel occlusion followed by spontaneous thrombolysis, and vasorelaxation

Question 21

treatment mechanisms for coronary syndrome

Answer 21

anti-ischemic therapy (nitroglycerin, beta blockers), oral and intravenous antiplatelet therapy

Question 22

what is meant by ischemic cascade. what are the causes?

Answer 22

stiffening of left ventricle, systolic emptying of left ventricle becomes impaired, left ventricular ejection fraction decreases, ECG abnormalities may occur, angina pectoris

Question 22

infarction and ischemia? stenosis and occlusion?

Answer 22

infarction is the necrosis of cardiac myocytes resulting from prolonged ischemia. ischemia. ischemia is where a body part doesn’t receive enough blood flow, and leads to tissue damage. stenosis: narrowing of a vessel. occlusion: blockage of a vessel.

Question 23

what is meant by CABS and PTCA?

Answer 23

CABS: coronary artery bypass surgery
PTCA: precutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Question 23

what are the symptoms of HF

Answer 23

shortness of breath, swelling, weight gain, fatigue, palpitations, confusion