Test 5 Flashcards
The first line of defense against invading microorganisms is composed of a variety of cells, bodily fluids, functions that are collectively known as
innate immunity
what does PMN stand for?
Polymorphonuclearlymphocyte
what are the most numerous and most important cellular component in the innate immune response.
neutrophils
Neutrophils respond to chemotactic factors and migrate through the endothelium and epithelium of the gingival crevice., True or False
True
what are antigen processing cells that also releases cytokines
monocytes
what cells function is Central to activating the adaptive immune response, and are important in wound healing.
monocytes
what receptors are found in gingival tissue in severe periodontitis and participate in innate immune responses to bacteria in periodontal tissues and in the dentin/pulp complex.
TLR (toll like receptors)
what is an important physiological response and without it we could not resist infection or heal from injury.
inflammation
if what is successful, microbes can be eliminated and replication of tissue cells/repair can occur.
inflammation
Calor, Tumor, Rubor, and Dolor stand for what
Heat, Swelling, Redness, Pain
what are small cell-signaling protein molecules secreted by numerous kinds of cells, that enhances inflammation
cytokines
Vasodilation = increased blood flow
Vascular permeability = blood cells and plasma enter tissues
Recruitment and activation of white blood cells
Secretion of inflammatory mediators
Removal of debris/microorganisms by phagocytic cells
All the following are examples of what
role of inflammation
what cells Increase vascular permeability, activate and attract more PMNs and lymphocytes
cytokines
what plays a role in elevating temperatures that harms bacteria and enhances immunity
cytokines
what cells Induce acute phase proteins in the liver, including CRP, which mimics antibodies and can opsonize bacteria and activate C’
cytokines
if inflammation becomes chronic what can it cause
tissue damage
what is a major inflammatory disease of the oral cavity
periodontitis
what can act as accessory immune cells and promote inflammation.
gingival and PDL fibroblasts
What binds to TRLs and activates them to produce pro- inflammatory molecules that contribute to periodontal inflammation and breakdown.
LPS
neutrophil dysfunction can lead to what
aggressive periodontitis
periodontal inflammation leads stimulates what
osteoclastogenesis
inflammatory promoters may interfere with what
bone formation
Under inflammatory conditions, growth and differentiation factors which stimulate osteoblasts, produced during bone resorption are not what
present is sufficient amounts
Corticosteroids like hydrocortisone or dexamethasone can do what
suppress inflammation
cytokines can contribute to diabetes. IL- 1  has _______ effects on pancreatic  cells
cytotoxic
Clearing of inflammatory factors is an __________rather than a passive one that simply occurs over time.
active process
what is derived from arachidonic acid have anti-inflammatory effects: i.e. inhibit PMN chemotaxis and inflammatory gene expression.
lipoxins
What inhibits the migration of inflammatory cells and also inhibit the activation of a transcription factor important in the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules.
resolvins
What molecules form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection.
IL-1
the combination of what three things demonstrated successful reduction of gingival inflammation, reduction of pocket depth and attachment level gain, accompanied by reduction of IL-1
aspirin, omega 3 and resolvins
what permits the aggressive acute inflammation stage to occur
resolvins
chlorohexidine and triclosan are exmples of what in regards to inflammation
anti inflammatory
what are rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs) which have
anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, and anti-adhesive activities.
cranberries
Majority reside in tissues, rather than in circulation, and is Important in fighting parasitic infections is what type of cell
eosinophil
what Produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators and has receptors for IgE
eosinophils
what become mast cells in mucosal and epithelial tissues, have Receptors for IgE, Release histamine from granules, and play a major Role in allergies
basophils
Increased number of mast cells in periodontal and gingival lesions and in patients with what
aggessive periodontitis
what Differentiate into plasma cells that make
immunoglobulins
B lymphocytes
what antibodies are secreted in saliva
IgA, IgM
what antibodies are traditionally made by hybrid cells produced by fusing tumor cells with spleen (antibody-producing) cells from an immunized animal.
Monoclonal antibodies
Non-B, non-T lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells or virus-infected cells by various means including antibody-coated cells via antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity are called
natural killer cells
most important humoral response is
neutrophils
what cells participate in the immune response to periodontopathogens and in pulpitis/periapical inflammation
Th1, Th2 (T helper cells)
what can suppress immune responses via TGF  and may be involved in the regulation of immune response in periodontitis.
Th3 or CD4+
what cells are heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells
Natural killer T cells
what cells Become cytotoxic effector cells and induce the death of infected cells,or tumor cells.
Cytotoxic T cells, (CD8+)
Disturbances of the ratio of helper cells and negative regulatory cells may be involved in periodontitis and pulpitis. True or false
TRUE
which Th is involved in cell mediated immunity, which Th is involved in hummoral immunity
Th1 , Th2
Series of processes initiated by antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, which play the main role, and also characterized by an inflammatory reaction rich in highly activated macrophages and natural killer cells is called
cell mediated immunity
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for many human ______ disease
cancerous
what synthesize pro-inflammatory
prostaglandins that are also active under inflammatory conditions.
COX 1 , COX 2
What is important in normal tissue development and regeneration.
HGF/SF
Certain bacteria possesses the ability to store polysaccharide and continue to secrete acid long after the food has been swallowed is an example of what bacteria
strep mutans
what protects the teeth in many ways but mainly by neutralizing acid and affecting mineral dissociation equilibrium by means of its calcium phosphate content.
saliva
what is a critical first step in pathogenesis.
adherence
what extends the depth and duration of dental plaque acidification
catabolism of fructans
Fluoride ion is a potent inhibitor of what bacterial enzyme that produces PEP, which metabolizes to Lactate.
enolase
what is the region called that is located from the base of the sulcus near the alveolar bone to the alveolar crest called
biological width
what is the measurement of the biological width
2 mm
the biological width functions to do what
innate host defense or barrier region
what is the measurement of the CT attachment and epithelial attachment that make up the biological width? what is the measurement of the sulcus
CT attachment 1.07 mm
Epithelial attachment 0.97 mm
Sulcus 0.69 mm
Junctional epithelium is firmly attached to what
root surface
what cleans the sulcus, has antimicrobial ability and increases during inflammation
Gingival cervical fluid (GCF)
what is the measurement of the width of the PDL
0.2-0.3 mm
what is a soft casing for vessels and nerves, attaches teeth to bone, transmits occlusal force to bone and function in shock absorbtion
PDL
what is a type of mineralized connective tissue found around tooth
cementum
What is most similar to bone, but doesnt have as much inorganic material and is avascular
cementum
why can enamel not overlap cementum
because it is laid down first
What percentage does cementum overlap enamel
What percentage does cementum meet enamel
What percentage does cementum have a gap between enamel
60-65%
30%
5-10%
the cortical plate is made up of what
compact bone (haversion systems)
What is the isolated portion of tooth that is not covered by bone called? the margin is covered though, where is it found
fenestration, facially
Dehiscence is described as what
where tooth is not covered by bone anywhere, not even at marginal area
Maturation of plaque biofilm is signaled by
bacterial co aggregation
During what time period after cleaning does clinical development of plaque increase most rapidly
1-4 days
what is the proteinaccous secretory product of the REE
cuticle
what is the quick forming material composed of peptidoglycan and proteins
pellicle
general gingivitis is most representative of what theory
non specific plaque theory
Gram negative anaerobes predominate periodontitis but are rarely found in gingivitis T/F
first true second false
increase RBC count is not apart of what immunity
adaptive immune response
what are the three developmental dental deposits
primary dental cuticle, secondary cellular cuticle and coronal cementum
what are a few of the acquired dental deposits
plaque, pellicle, calculus, materia alba
what is the base of adhesion for dental plaque
pellicle
what is the two major similarity between dental plaque and materia alba
relatively soft TAM, populated mostly by microorganisms
what are two major differences between materia alba and dental plaque
greatly differ in physical properties and pathogenic potential
what is the white material found in the mouth that can easily be removed with a mouth rinse, AND is not well organized
materia alba
what is highly organized material that attaches to the tooth and has to be removed manually
dental plaque
what protects bacteria from host defenses
biofilm
what are the primary biofilm colonizers
streptococci and actinomycetes, gram positive facilitated anaerobes
what are the secondary biofilm colonizers
P intermedia, P gingivalis and fusobacterium, gram negative anaerobes
what is the transition called from primary to secondary colonizers
microbial succesion
which is reversible or irreversible initial adhesion or attachment
attachment is irreversible and initial adhesion is reversible
when is clinical plaque development at its minimum after prophylaxis
0-24 hours
The growth of plaque slows and a shift occurs because bacteria have maxed out nutrients what time period after cleaning
4+ days
Describe where plaque growth is most rapid (several areas)
interproximally, under contact point, thicker on rough surfaces, faster on mandible and buccal regions
what is not associated with faster plaque formation, where as inflammation is
age
what is plaque that has mineralized with in 24 hours called
calculus
what is most detremental to gingival tissue and why
un-attached plaque because it is closest to the junctional gingiva
what is the least detremental to gingival tissue
calculus
