Test 3 Flashcards
Envelope, capsid, and nuclear core are 3 basic components of what?
Virus
Louis Pastuer disproved
spontaneous generation
Which one of the following protein protects bacteria from host phagocytotic cells
capsule
Which feature differentiates prokaryotes from other microrganisms
lack of cell organelles
Which of the following is not a component of a virus
mitochondria
who discovered the vaccine
Louise Pasteur
infections can be carried from one host to another was discovered by who
Robert Koch
what is most common feature about prokaryotes
no true nucleus, no membrane, unique cell wall
what is most common feature of eukaryotes
true membrane, contains organelles
what is either a prokaryote or eukaryote, can contain either DNA or RNA
Viruses
what species lacks chlorophyll and is usually non motile
Fungi
what is unique about fungal membrane
contains ergosterol, which is similar to cholesterol
reproduce by spores, asexual or sexual, they are dimorphic can live in both spore and filamentous form
fungi
oral yeast like fungus, found in elderly people
Candida albicans
what does candida albicans cause in the oral cavity
denture induced stomatitis
what kind of bacteria has a thick proteoglycan layer
gram positive
what kind of bacteria has a thin layer proteoglycan but has a large lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)
gram negative
LPS plays a major role in
periodontal ligament, periodontitis, produces cytokines, which cause cell destruction
bacteria that can withstand cold temperatures
psychrophiles
bacteria that can withstand hot temps
thermophiles
mesophiles
live in moderate temp found in human body
generation time is
the time for bacteria to become double the amount of the original
consists of streptococcus, actinmyces – mostly gram positive
plaque
periodontitis is mostly caused by what bacteria
gram negative
term to indicate a relative degree of pathogenicity, ability of a microorganism to cause infection
virulence
lysozyme , lactoperoxidase
-Properdin, cytokines, defersins
-WBC’s (neutrophils, monocyte, macrophage)
are examples of what
non specific defense
antibodies, and T cells are what
specific agents of defense
living organisms arise from preexisting living cells is called
biogenesis
multicellular form of fungi or mold is called
mycelium
what do fungi produce to decompose organic material
exo enzymes
fungi store their food as
glycogen
what usually contains Sarcodina (pseudopods, Mastigophora (flagellate) Cilliate (cilia) Sporozoa
Protozoans
what are some characteristics and examples of protozoan diseases
found in tropical areas, can cause dihorrea, absesses, amebiasis and malaria
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetymuramic acid (NAM), Unique to bacteria, containing Sugars, hard to break down, what kind of bacteria
gram positive
More complex, both structurally and chemically is what type of bacteria
gram negative
These organisms do not stain with Gram stain. Outer cell wall layers of these bacteria contains
unusual glycolipids besides peptidoglycan layer
Acid fast bacteria
consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane is called what in bacteria
cell envelope
use carbon dioxide as a sole source of carbon for growth
Autotroph
obtain their carbon and energy for growth from organic compounds in nature
heterotroph
organisms which grow either in the presence or absence of O2 are called
facilitated anaerobes
those which are inhibited or killed by O2, and whichgrow only in its absence, are called
obligate anaerobes
Organisms that require O2 for growth are called
aerobes
Bacterial growth shows what four phases
lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and phase of decline
what means an association between two organisms that live together
symbiosis
A mutually-beneficial association between two organisms (both organisms benefit from each others association).
mutualism
An association between two organisms wherein one organism may benefit but neither is harmed.
commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism lives at the expense of the other and may cause damage or harm to it.
parasitism
Intact lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative can mediate what in order to evade host defenses
mediate lysosome activity
what is another source of protection for bacteria that allows them to even be protected by phagocytosis
Capsule or encapsulated
what is usually spread via insects or the water supply, disease from what microbe?
protozoans
who was the first person to use a microscope to look at microorganisms and describe their morphology
antonie van leeuwenhoek
what are the three shapes to bacteria?
rods, spheres, spirals
what is it called when Living organisms can arise from non-living matter.
spontaneous generation
who was the first to disprove spontaneous generation, who was the second
francisco redi, Louise pasteur
what is the biggest thing Pasteur proved
germ theory of disease
germ theory of disease means
most infectious diseases are caused by germs(viruses, bacteria)
what is the term used to describe fungi living in a filamentous and yeast/spore form
dimorphic
the term what refers to fungi that feed on dead plant or animal tissue for a source of nutrition and metabolic energy
saprophyte
malaria is what type of species
protozoan
what are three bacterial structural components
appendages (cillia/flagella), cell envelope(capsule, membrane), cytoplasmic region (contain DNA)
which of the following are not host cell receptor sites for bacteria Carbohydrates, Glycoproteins Protein molecules
they all are host cell receptors
which of the following is not a way which bacterial pathogens overcome host immunity, tolerance, molecular mimicry, antigenic disguise or immunosurprssion
they all are ways to overcome host immunity
what is the most chronic childhood disease
dental caries
Which teeth are not included in DMF? what numbers are they
3rd Molars, 1,16,17,32
which of the following tests are not well correlated to caries activity A. Laser Test B. saliva acid-buffering capacity test C. snyder test D. Salivary flow test
B
which of the following statements is not true concerning caries activity tests
A. all caries activity tests have limitations
B. can aid the clinician in making decisions concerning the need for control measures
C. in the salivary viscosity test, increased viscosity makes one less succeptable to caries
D. the dental plaque test is not well correlated with caries activity
C
All of the following test are commonly used/and or was once commonly used to determine caries activity except? A. Lactobacillus Count B. Synder Test C. Salivary flow test D. Saliva acid buffering capacity test
A
An infectious disease resulting in destruction of tooth structure by acid forming bacteria found in dental plaque in the presence of sugar is what
dental caries
The infection results in loss of tooth minerals that begins on the outer surface of the tooth and can progress through the dentin to the pulp True or false of dental caries
True
Theavailabilityofsimplecarbohydrates,suchas sucrose, greatly stimulates
plaque metabolism
what are the four primary factors of caries
Host, microbial flora, substrate and time
what is an example of host factors
teeth
what is an example of microbial flora factors
lactobacillus and strep mutans
what is an example of substrate factors
diet, carbohydrates, sucrose
if pH rises the pH becomes more what? if the pH lowers the pH becomes what?
basic, acidic
Remineralization of the damaged tooth occurs as the local pH rises above
5.5
what is nature’s primary defense system for the oral environment,
saliva
the body’s external protection for enamel comes from
saliva
The pH of saliva from a healthy human is between
6.5-7.4
All of the following are ?
• Neutralizing acid challenges
• Flushing food and bacteria from the oral cavity
• Acting as a lubricant
• Forming pellicle on the tooth surface
• Delivering calcium, phosphate and fluoride to the tooth surface
how saliva protects teeth
All of the following are • Reduced clearance of bacteria and food from the mouth • Reduced buffering of acid challenges • Diminished remineralizing potential • The oral cavity becomes more acidic
what happens when saliva stops protecting teeth
DMF (uppercase) applies to? dmf (lower case) applies to
permanent dentition, primary dentition
what surfaces have highest prevalence of dental caries
pit and fissure
what is the lease prevalent surface for dental caries
root caries
what surface has a moderate level of dental caries
smooth surface, interproximal
root caries are predominately seen in what population
elderly people
what is the main bacterial component for root surface caries
actinomyces
Have less well-defined margins, tend to be U- shaped in cross-section, and progress more rapidly because of lack of protection from an enamel covering is what type of caries
root caries
Red zone bacteria are what gram family? and what disease do they cause?
negative, periodontal disease
Currently no single caries activity test can predict caries with a high degree of confidence True or false
True
caries activity test have limitations True or false
True
caries activity tests are useful…
adjuncts to clinical examination and X-rays
which activities test is least used
lactose bacillus count
which activity test was once the most used, deals with color change and measures bacteria’s acid production
snyder test
a complete color change from green to yellow in the snyder test refers to what
high succeptiblity to dental caries
no color change in the snyder test refers to what
little or no succeptibility to dental caries
what is a commonly used activity test that deals with the decrease of salvitory flow leading to dental caries
salvitory flow test
what is the premise to the viscosity activity test
an increase in viscosity make someone more susceptible to caries
Sticky frothy saliva residues, Frothy bubbly saliva has what type of viscosity
increases viscosity
normal viscosity has what type of saliva
watery clear saliva
Commonly used test but it is not well correlated to caries activity, the pH of the saliva is measured in what acitivity test
saliva acid-buffering capacity
what is the premise of saliva-buffering capacity
more acidic saliva increases succeptibility to caries
Proven to be over 90% accurate
Laser detection of caries
Lasers can identify what predominant caries
pit and fissure
Premise– Carbohydrates produce a lower pH and produce it longer in caries-susceptible individuals.
Not well correlated to caries activity
Dental plaque test
adequate saliva is necessary for what
remineralization
What happens when saliva stops protecting your teeth in regards to mineralization
diminished remineralization potential
acidic environment in oral cavity causes what to the teeth
demineralization
