Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Test 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys

A
  • regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance (in cooperation with the lungs)
  • removal of metabolic waste products form the blood and their excretion in the urine
  • removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  • gluconeogenesis
  • Production of hormones/enzymes: erythropoietin, renin, conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which influences calcium balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the flow of urine

A

kidneys –> ureters –> bladder –> urethra –> environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidneys (approximately 1 million per kidney)
consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

renal corpuscle

A

composed of a capillary tuft (glomerulus) and a Bowman’s capsule, which the tuft protrudes into. Inside the Bowman’s capulse is Bowman’s space, from which fluid flows into the start of the nephron tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

glomerulus

A

supplied with blood by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

Blind sack at the beginning of tubular component of kidney nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the fluid flow

A

tubule extends from Bowman’s capsule and is subdivided into the proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts. Collecting dicts join and empty into rental pelvis, from which urine flows through the ureters to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proximal tubule

A

First tubular component of nephron after Bowman’s capsule; comprises convoluted and straight segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

Portion of Henley’s loop of renal tubule leading to distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

descending loop of henle

A

Segment of renal tubule into which proximal tubule drains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

Portion of kidney tubule between loop of Henle and collecting duct system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cortical collecting duct

A

Primary site of sodium ion reabsorption at the distal end of a nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

medullary collecting duct

A

Terminal component of the nephron in which vasopressin-sensitive passive water reabsorption occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

renal pelvis

A

Cavity abuse of each kidney receives urine from collecting ducts system in empties into ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ureters

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bladder

A

Thick-walled sack composed of smooth muscle stores urine prior to urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

afferent arteriole

A

vessel in kidney that carries blood from artery to renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

efferent areteriole

A

Renal vessel that conveys blood from glomerulus to pertibular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

Capillaries closely associated with renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vasa recta

A

long capillary loop that runs next to the loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

filtration barrier in renal corpuscle

A

consists of three layers - capilllary endothelium, basement membrane, bowmans capsule epithelium (podocytes); mesagnial cells represent a third cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

juxtamedullary

A

renal corpsucle located in cortex just next to the medulla, long loops of henle dive deep into the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cortical

A

around 85% of all nephrons
short loops of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Renal structure consisting of macular densa and juxtaglomular cells; sight of renin secretion and sensors for renin secretion and control of glomerular filtration rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does urine filtration begin with

A

glomerular filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

contains all plasma substances other than proteins (and substances bound to proteins) in virtually the same concentrations as in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

net glomerular filtration pressure

A

glomerular filtration is driven by the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries and is opposed by both the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space and the osmotic force due to the proteins in the glomerular capillary plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

determined by net filtration pressure, the permeability of the corpuscular membranes, and the filtration surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

filtered load

A

GFR x plasma concentration of filtered substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

apical membrane

A

The surface of an epithelial cell that faces a lumen, such as that of the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

basolateral membrane

A

Sides of epithelial cell other than luminal surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

filtrate movement through the tubules

A

certain substances are reabsorbed either by diffusion of by mediated transport.
- substances that are permeable to tubular epithelium are reabsorbed by diffusion because water reabsorption creates tubule-interstitial-fluid-concentration gradients
- active reabsorption of a substance requires transporters in the apical membrane
-tubular reabsorption rates: high for nutrients, ions, and water; lower for waste products
- tubular secretion: movement of a substance from peritubular capillary plasma into the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

transport maximum

A

exhibited by substances moved by mediated transporters. If the filtered load of a substance exceeds to reabsorptive transport maximum, the substance will be excreted in the urine. Ex: poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

diabetes mellitus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

familial renal glucosuria

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

clearance

A

volume of the plasma completely cleared of a substance per unit time
- calculated by dividing the mass of the substance excreted per unit time by the plasma concentration of the substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

GFR measurement

A
  • inulin: infused experimentall; clearance rate equals GFR
  • creatine clearance: estimates gfr clinically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Inulin

A

small carbohydrate that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Creatine clearance

A

estimates GFR clinically becaue it is filtered, not reabsorbed, and secreted only a little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

renal plasma flow

A

estimated by the clearance of a substance that is filtered, not reabsorbed, and 100% secreted. ALl that enters the kidneys from the blood is cleared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what must be true about a substance whose excretion rate exceeds its filtered load

A

it must have been secreted in excess of its reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

spinal micturition reflex

A
  • involuntary
  • bladder distension stimulates stretch receptors that trigger spinal reflexes. These reflexes lead to contraction of the detrusor muscle
  • mediated by parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
  • mediated by relaxation of both the internal and the external urethral sphincters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

detrusor muslce

A

bladder smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

internal uretheral sphincter

A

Part of smooth muscle of urinary bladder wall that opens and closes the bladder outlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

Ring of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra at face of bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

incontinence

A

involuntary release of urine that occurs most commonly in elderly people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

water balance

A
  • gain water via ingestion and internal production
  • lose water via urine, the gi tract, evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract, and sweat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Na+ and Cl- balance

A

gains by ingestion; losses bia the skin, gi tract, and urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Homeostasis for both water and Na+

A

renal excretion is the major control point for maintaining stable balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is a common disorder in which there is excessive loss of Na+, Cl-, and water?

A

diarrhea when severe can result in losses of ions and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Renal Na+ handling

A

filtration (glomerulus) and reabsorption (primary active process dependent on Na/K ATPase pumps in the basolateral membranes of the tubular epithelium; Na+ not secreted
- Na+ entry into tubular epithelial cells
- Ascending limb of loop of henle
- Na+ reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

reabsorption of NaCl (not water) via Na-K-2Cl cotransporters (NKCC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Na+ entry into tubular epithelial cells from the tubular lumen is _____?

A

passive.
depending on the tubular segment, it is either through ion channels, or by cotransport or countertransport with other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Na+ reabsorption

A

creates an osmotic difference across the tubule (drives water reabsorption through aquaporins and where permeable, through the paracellular path)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

aquaporins

A

water channels

57
Q

vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone
does not exert major DIRECT effects before the collecting duct system

58
Q

collecting-duct system

A

vasopressin increases water permeability
- low vasopressin leads to production of larger volume of dilute urine- nonosmotic diuresis)

59
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

excess loss of dilute urine, due to low vasopressin or renal insensitivity to vasopressin

60
Q

osmotic diuresis

A

water loss in the urine due to excessive solute excretion

61
Q

countercurrent multiplier systsem

A
  • obligatory water loss
  • ascending loop of henle
  • vasopressin increases permeability of the cortical collecting ducts
  • luminal fluid enters and flows through the medullary collecting ducts
  • vasa recta
  • urea recycling
62
Q

obligatory water loss

A

minimal volume of water loss (aroundn 0.44 L/day)

63
Q

what is the role of the ascending loop of henle in the the countercurrent multiplier system

A

active transport of sodium chloride, which results in increased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla but a dilution of the luminal fluid

64
Q

what is the role of vasopressin in the countercurrent multiplier system

A

increase the permeability of of the cortical collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of AQP2 water channels interested into the apical membrane. Water is reabsorbed by this segment until the luminal fluid is isosmotic to plasma in the cortical pertibulular capillaries.

65
Q

what is the role of the medullary collecting ducts in the countercurrent multiplier system

A

luminal fluid enters and flows through the medullary collecting ducts
- the concentrated medullary collecting ducts; the concentrated medullary interstitial fluid causes water to move out of these ducts, made highly permeable to water by vasopressin. The result is concentration of the collecting-duct fluid and the urine

66
Q

vasa recta

A

hairpin-loop blood vessels that prevent the countercurrent gradient (created by long loops of henle) from being washed away

67
Q

urea recycling

A

helps establish a hypertonic medullary intersitial fluid

68
Q

Na+ excretion

A

difference between the amount of Na+ filtered and reabsorbed

69
Q

filtered load of Na+

A
70
Q

Tubular Na+ reabsorption

A
71
Q

Renin angiotensin system (RAS)

A
72
Q

what does Renin catalyze

A
73
Q

Angiostatin converting enzyme (ACE)

A
74
Q

RAS drugs

A
75
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A
76
Q

pressure natriuresis

A
77
Q

water excretion

A
78
Q

vasopressin secretion

A
79
Q

osmoreceptors

A
80
Q

extraceullular fluid volume

A
81
Q

what are other stimuli to vasopressin secretion

A

nausea, hypoxia, pain, and fear

82
Q

what can happen to plasma volume and osmolarity during severe sweating

A
83
Q

thirst

A
84
Q

salt appetite

A
85
Q

potassium balance

A
86
Q

hyperkalemia

A
87
Q

hypokalemia

A
88
Q

how is K+ filtered at the renal corpuscle

A
89
Q

increase in body K+ results in what

A
90
Q

what are the two major controllers of aldosterone secretion, and what are this hormones major actions?

A
91
Q

ionized plasma calcium and phosphate

A
92
Q

parathyroid hormone

A
93
Q

how can the PTH effects on the kidney help restore plasma calcium to normal with a low-calcium diet

A
94
Q

major function and controlling factors of glomerulus/Bowman capsule

A
95
Q

major function and controlling factors of proximal tubule

A
96
Q

major function and controlling factors of loop of henle

A
97
Q

major function and controlling factors of distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts

A
98
Q

major function and controlling factors of cortical and medullary collecting ducts

A
99
Q

what is each segment of the nephron responsible for

A
  • proximal tubules:
  • loops of henle:
  • distal tubules and collecting ducts:
100
Q

how can the kidneys function properly considering that > 80% of nephrons do not have a long loop of henle in the renal medulla?

A
101
Q

Diuretics

A
102
Q

what nephron segment do loop diuretics work on

A
103
Q

what nephron segments do potassium-sparing diuretics work on

A
104
Q

what segment of the nephron do osmotic diuretics work on

A
105
Q

why are diuretics used to treat hypertension

A

diuretics help to mitigate high blood pressure by decreasing total-body sodium and water.

106
Q

Sources of hydrogen gain

A
107
Q

sources of hydrogen loss

A
108
Q

acidosis

A
109
Q

alkalosis

A
110
Q

interrelationship between CO2 and H+

A
111
Q

total-body balance of H+

A
112
Q

considering the relationship between CO2 and H+ what are two potential causes of acidosis

A
113
Q

Buffers

A
114
Q

kidneys and the respiratory system

A
115
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A
116
Q

metabolic acidosis

A
117
Q

how do the kidneys maintain a stable plasma H+ concentration

A
118
Q

Filtered HCO3-

A
119
Q

filtered phosphate ion (or other nonbicarbonate buffers)

A
120
Q

ammonium excretion

A
121
Q

under what circumstances is ammonium excretion is important when responding to metabolic acidosis

A
122
Q

Renal response to acidosis

A
123
Q

Renal response to alkalosis

A
124
Q

acid-base disorders

A
125
Q

respiratory acid/alkalosis

A
126
Q

metabolic acid/alkalosis

A
127
Q

how can exercising at altitude lead to a metabolic acidosis

A
128
Q

blood flow to and through kidneys

A

aorta –> renal arteries –> renal circulation –> renal veins

129
Q

functional anatomy of calyx

A

calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureters

130
Q

renal pelvis

A

Cavity at base of each kidney receives urine from collecting duct system in empties it into ureter.

131
Q

What is the flow of blood in order in the kidneys

A
132
Q

what are the three layers in the bowman’s space filtration barrie

A
  1. single-celled capillary endothelium
  2. a noncellular proteinaceous layer of basement membrane between endothelium and the next layer
  3. the single-celled epithelial lining of Bowman’s capsule (podocytes)
133
Q

What is it that makes renal circulation unusual

A

It includes two sets of arterioles and two sets of capillaries

134
Q

What are starling forces

A
  • The hydrostatic pressure differences across the capillary wall that favors filtration
  • Protein concentration difference across the wall that creates an osmotic force that opposes filtration
135
Q

What would constriction of the afferent arteriole do to GFR?

A

decrease

136
Q

What would constriction of the efferent arteriole do to GFR?

A

increase

137
Q

What would dilation of the efferent arteriole do to GFR?

A

decrease

138
Q

What would dilation of the afferent arteriole do to GFR?

A

increase

139
Q
A

Human Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions