Test 3 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
albumins
A
most abundant plasma proteins
2
Q
anemia
A
decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to a decrease in the total number of erythrocytes, a diminished concentration of hemoglobin a combination of both
Causes include:
- dietary decencies of anemia, vitamin B12, or folic acid
- bone marrow failure due to toxic drugs or cancer
- inadequate secretion of erythropoietin in kidney disease
- excessive destruction of erythrocyte ( for example, sickle-cell disease)
3
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in body; carries blood from left ventricle of heart
4
Q
arteries
A
low-resistance tubes conducting blood to various organs with little loss in pressure. they also act as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow during ventricular relaxation
5
Q
arterioles
A
major sites of resistance to flow; responsible for regulating the pattern of blood-flow distribution to the various organs; participate in the regulation of arterial blood pressure
6
Q
atrium
A
chamber of heart that receives blood from veins and passes it on to ventricle on same side of heart
7
Q
basophils
A
secrete an anticlotting factor called heparin at the site of infection, which helps the circulation flush out the infected site; they also secrete histamine to attract infection-fighting cells and proteins to the site
8
Q
bilirubin
A
yellow substance resulting from heme breakdown; excreted in bile as a bile pigment
9
Q
blood
A
pressurized contents of the circulatory system composed of a liquid phase (plasma) and cellular phase (red and white blood cells, platelets)
10
Q
blood vessels
A
tubular structures of various sizes that transport blood throughout the body
11
Q
bone marrow
A
highly vascular, cellular substance in central cavity of some bones; site of erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet synthesis
12
Q
bulk flow
A
movement of fluids or gases from region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
13
Q
capillaries
A
major sites of nutrient gas, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissue. Capacitance vessels that are sites of migration of leukocytes from the blood into tissues during inflammation and infection
14
Q
cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood, and blood vessels
15
Q
circulatory system
A
the heart and system of vessels that deliver blood to all parts of the body
16
Q
eosinophils
A
fight off invasions by eukaryotic parasites; they either release toxic chemical that kill parasites, or they phagocytize the parasites
17
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells
18
Q
erythropoiesis
A
erythrocyte production
19
Q
erythropoietin
A
peptide hormone secreted mainly by kidney cells; stimulates red blood cell production; one of the hematopoietic growth factors
20
Q
ferritin
A
iron-binding protein that stores iron in body
21
Q
fibrinogen
A
plasma protein precursor of fibrin
22
Q
folic acid
A
vitamin of B-complex group; essential for formation of nucleotide thiamine
23
Q
formed elements
A
solid phase of blood, including cells and cell fragments
24
Q
globulins
A
proteins found in blood plasma
25
heart
muscular pump that generates blood pressure and flow in the circulatory system
26
hematocrit
percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells
27
hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)
protein hormones and paracrine agents that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood cells
28
hemochromatiosis
an excess of iron in the body resulting in abnormal iron deposits and damage in various organs including the heart, liver, anterior pituitary gland, pancreas, and joints
29
hemoglobin
protein composed of four polypeptide chains, each attached to a heme; located in erythrocytes and transports most blood oxygen
30
inferior vena cava
large vein that carries blood from lower parts of body to right atrium of heart
31
intrinsic factor
glycoprotein secreted by stomach epithelium and necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum
32
leukocytes
white blood cells
33
lymphocytes
comprised of T- and B- lymphocytes that protect against specific pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, toxins, and cancer cells. Some directly attack pathogens, and others secrete antibodies that begin the process of destruction
34
macrophages
large phagocytes capable of engulfing viruses and bacteria
35
megakaryocytes
large bone marrow cells that give rise to platelets
36
microcirculation
blood circulation in arterioles, capillaries, and venules
37
monocytes
phagocytes that circulate in the blood for a short time, after which they migrate into tissues and organs and develop into macrophages
38
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
single population of bone marrow cells from which all blood cells are descended
39
neutrophils
phagocytes; their production and release from the bone marrow increase during infections
40
plasma
liquid portion of blood that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, wastes, gases, and other substances. Its composition equilibrates with that of the interstitial fluid at the capillaries
41
plasma proteins
most are albumins, globulins, or fibrinogen
42
platelets
cell fragments present in blood; play several roles in blood clotting
43
polycythemia
condition where there are more erythrocytes than normal; often occurs in high-altitude conditions as an adaptive response to decreased oxygen carrying capacity in blood. It increases the viscosity of blood and puts more strain on the vessels and heart
44
portal system
a type of circulation characterized by two capillary beds connected by veins called portal veins
45
pulmonary arteries
large, branching vessels carrying oxygen-poor blood away from the heart and toward the lungs
46
pulmonary circulation
circulation through lungs; portion of circulatory system between pulmonary trunk, as it leaves the right ventricle, and pulmonary veins, as they enter the left atrium
47
pulmonary trunk
large artery that splits into the pulmonary arteries that carry blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs
48
pulmonary veins
large, converging vessels that return oxygen-rich blood toward the heart from the lungs
49
serum
blood plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed as result of clotting
50
sickle cell disease
genetic mutation that alters an amino acid in the hemoglobin chain. The erythrocytes form a sickle shape, causing the blockage of capillaries. This causes tissue damage and pain and the destruction of deformed erythrocytes resulting in anemia
51
superior vena cava
large vein that carries blood from upper half of body to right atrium of heart
52
systemic circulation
circulation from left ventricle through all organs except lungs and back to heart
53
transferrin
iron-binding protein that carries iron in plasma
54
vascular system
closed system of blood vessels that includes all arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
55
veins
low-resistance, high capacitance vessels carrying blood back to the heart. their capacity for blood is adjusted to facilitate this flow.
the walls of veins are thinner and much more complaint than those of arteries. they also have less smooth muscle than arteries and arterioles.
act as blood reservoirs
56
ventricle
chambers whose contractions produce the pressures that drive blood through the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems and back to the heart
57
venules
have a large capacity for blood, so they are also called capacitance vessels. they have some permeability to macromolecules, and they are also the site of migration of leukocytes into tissues during inflammation and infection
58
vitamin B12
an essential vitamin found in animal products that plays an important role in the production of red blood cells
59
hemodynamics
the factors describing what determines the movement of blood, in particular, pressure, flow, and resistance
60
hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by fluid
61
poiseullie's law
resistance is directly proportional to fluid viscosity and vessel length, and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
62
resistance (R)
describes how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference. resistance is the measure of the friction that impedes flow
63
viscosity
measure of friction between adjacent layers of a flowing liquid; property of fluid that makes it resist flow
64
aortic valves
valve between left ventricle of heart and aorta
65
atrioventricular (AV) valves
valves between atrium and ventricle of heart; AV valve on right side of heart is the tricuspid valve, and that on the left side is the mitral valve
66
bicuspid valve
another term for the left atrioventricular valve, also called the mitral valve
67
chordae tendineae
strong, fibrous cords that connect papillary muscles to the edges of atrioventricular valves; they prevent backward flow of blood during ventricular systole
68
conducting system
network of cardiac muscle fibres specialized to conduct electrical activity between different areas of heart
69
coronary arteries
vessels delivering oxygenated blood to the muscular walls of the heart
70
coronary blood flow
blood flow to heart muscle
71
endothelium
think layer of cells that lines heart cavities and blood vessels
72
epicardium
layer of connective tissue closely affixed to outer surface of the heart
73
interventricular septum
the muscular wall separating the right and left ventricles of the heart
74
mitral valve
valve between left atrium and lefft ventricle of the heart
75
myocardium
cardiac muscle, which forms heart walls
76
papillary muscles
muscular projections from interior of ventricular chambers that connect to atrioventricular valves and prevent backward flow of blood during ventricular contraction
77
pericardium
connective tissue surrounding the heart
78
prolapse
the AV valves are pushed up and open backward into the atria when the ventricles are contracting
79
pulmonary valve
valves between right ventricle of heart and pulmonary trunk
80
tricuspid valve
valve between right atrium and right ventricle of the heart
81
absolute refractory period
time during which an excitable membrane cannot generate an action potential in response to any stimulus
82
atrioventricular (AV) node
region at base of right atrium near interventricular septum, containing specialized cardiac muscle cells through which electrical activity must pass to go from atria to ventricles
83
automaticity
capable of spontaneous, rhythmic self-excitation
84
AV conduction disorder
malfunction of the AV node that may reduce or completely eliminate the transmission of action potential from the atria to the ventricles
85
bundle branches
pathway composed of cells that rapidly conduct electrical signals down the right and left sides of the interventricular septum; these pathways conduct the bundle of His to the Purkinje network
86
bundle of His
nervelike structure composed of modified heart cells that carries electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node down the interventricular septum
87
dihydropyridine (DHP) channels
nonconducting calcium channels in the T-tubule membranes of skeletal muscle cells, which act as voltage sensors in excitation-contracting coupling
88
ECG leads
combinations of a reference electrode (designated negative) and a recording electrode (designated positive); each combination is placed on the surface of the body and provides a "view" of the electrical activity of the hear
89
ectopic pacemakers
cells of the conducting system that produce their own rhythm and driven to action potential without signal from the SA node.
90
electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)
tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. When action potentials occur simultaneously in many individual (contractile) myocardial cells, currents are conducted through the body fluids around the heart and can be detected by recording electrodes at the surface of the skin
91
F-type channels (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated [HCN] channels)
the "funny" sodium-conducting channels mainly responsible for the inward flow of positive current in autorhythmic cardiac cells
92
heart rate
number of heart contractions per minute
92
internodal pathways
low-resistance conducting-cell pathways connecting the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart
93
L-type Ca2+ channels (dihydropyridine [DHP] channels)
voltage-gated ion channels permitting calcium entry into heart cells during the action potential; L denotes the long-lasting open time that characterizes these channels
94
pacemaker potential
spontaneous gradual depolarization to threshold of some neurons and muscle cells' plasma membrane
95
Purkinje fibers
specialized myocardial cells that constitute part of conducting system of heart; convey excitation from bundle branches to ventricular muscle
96
P wave
component of electrocardiogram reflecting atrial depolarization
97
QRS complex
component of electrocardiogram corresponding to ventricular depolarization
98
sinoatrial (SA) node
region in right atrium of heart containing specialized cardiac muscle cells that depolarize spontaneously faster than other cells in the conducting system; determines heart rate
99
T-type Ca2+ channels
ion channels that carry inward calcium current that briefly supports diastolic depolarization of cardiac pacemaker cells
100
T-wave
component of electrocardiogram corresponding to ventricular repolarization
101
atrial fibrillation
a state in which the cells of the atria contract in a completely uncoordinated manner that results in the atria failing to work as effective pumps
102
cardiac cycle
one contraction-relaxation sequence of heart
103
diastole
period of cardiac cycle when ventricles are relaxing
104
dicrotic notch
deflection of the arterial pressure wave associated with closing of the semilunar valve
105
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
amount of blood in ventricle just prior to systole
106
end-systolic volume (ESV)
amount of blood remaining in ventricle after ejection
107
heart murmurs
can be produced by heart defects that cause blood flow to be turbulent. Turbulent flow can be caused by blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve, by blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve; or by blood flowing between the two atria or two ventricles through a small hole in the wall separating them
108
heart sounds
noises that result from vibrations due to closure of atrioventricular valves (first heart sound) or pulmonary and aortic valves (second heart sound)
109
insufficiency (of heart valves)
damaged or leaky valve
110
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
early phase of systole when atrioventricular and aortic valves are closed and ventricular size remains constant
111
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
early phase of diastole when atrioventricular and aortic valves are closed and ventricular size remains constant
112
laminar flow
when a fluid flows smoothly through a tube in concentric layers, without turbulence
113
septal defect
small hole in the wall separating two atria or two ventricles
114
stenosis (of heart valves)
abnormally narrowed valve
115
stroke volume (SV)
blood volume ejected by a ventricle during one heartbeat
116
systole
period of ventricular contraction
117
ventricular ejection
phase of the cardiac pump cylce during ventricle contraction when blood exits through the semilunar valves
118
ventricular filling
phase of the cardiac pump cycle during which the ventricles are resisting and blood enters through atrioventricular
119
afterload
load against which the heart contracts to eject blood
120
cardiac output (CO)
blood volume pumped by each ventricle per minute (not total output pumped by both ventricles)
121
chronotropic
factors that alter heart rate
122
contractility
force of heart contraction that is independent of sarcomere length
123
dromotropic
factors that change the speed of electrical conduction in the AV node of the heart
124
ejection fraction (EF)
the ratio of stroke volume to end-diastolic volume; EF=SV/EDV
125
frank-starling mechanism
the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume such that stroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases; also called starlings law of the heart
126
inotropic
factors that modify cardiac muscle contractility
127
preload
the amount of filling of ventricles just prior to contraction; the end-diastolic volume
128
venous return
blood volume flowing to heart per unit of time
129
ventricular-function curve
relation of the increase in stroke volume as end-diastolic volume increases
130
cardiac angiography
assesses coronary artery patency and blood flow
131
echocardiography
can be used to obtain two and three dimensional images of the heart throughout the entire cardiac cycle
assess wall and valve function
132
arteriosclerosis
a stiffening of the arterial walls that progresses with age and accounts for the increase in systolic and decrease in diastolic pressure, and the resultant increase in pulse pressure
133
compliance
how easily a structure stretches
134
diastolic pressure (DP)
minimum blood pressure during cardiac cycle
135
Korotskoff's sounds
sounds caused by turbulent blood flow during determination of blood pressure with a pressurized cuff
136
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average blood pressure during cardiac cycle; approximately diastolic pressure plus one-third pulse pressure
137
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures
138
sphygmomanometer
139
systolic pressure (SP)
maximum arterial blood pressure during cardiac cycle
140
active hyperemia
increased blood flow through a tissue associated with increased metabolic activity
141
angiotensin II
hormone formed by action of angiotensin-converting enzyme on angiotensin I; stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and possibly thirst
142
atrial natriuretic peptide
peptide hormone secreted by cardiac atrial cells in response to atrial distension; causes increased renal sodium excretion
143
bradykinin
protein formed by action of the enzyme kallikrein on precursor
144
endothelin-1 (ET-1)
one member of a family of peptides secreted by many tissues that can act as a paracrine or hormonal signal; one major action is vasoconstriction
145
flow autoregulation
ability of individual arterioles to alter their resistance in response to changing blood pressure so that relatively constant blood flow is maintained
146
hyperemia
increased blood flow
147
intrinsic tone
spontaneous low-level contraction of smooth muscle, independent of neural, hormonal, or paracrine input
148
kallikrein
an enzyme produced by gland cells that catalyzes the conversion of the circulating protein kininogen into the signaling molecule of bradykinin
149
kininogen
plasma protein from which kinins are generated in an inflamed area
150
local controls
mechanisms existing within tissues that modulate local blood flow independently of neural or hormonal input
151
myogenic responses
responses originating in muscle
152
nitric oxide
a gas that functions as intercellular messenger, including neurotransmitters; is endothelium-derived relaxing factor; destroys intracellular microbes
153
prekallikrein
precursor for kallikrein
154
prostacyclin
eicosanoid that inhibits platelet aggregation in blood clotting
155
prostaglandin I (PGI2)
another name for prostacyclin
156
reactive hyperemia
transient increase in blood flow following release of occlusion of blood supply
157
vasoconstriction
decrease in blood vessel diameter due to vascular smooth muscle contraction
158
vasodilation
increase in blood vessel diameter due to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
159
vasopressin
peptide hormone synthesized in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary gland; increases water permeability of kidney's collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction
160
absorption
movement of materials across an epithelial layer form body cavity or compartment toward the blood capillary
161
angiogenesis
development and growth of new blood vessels; stimulated by angiogenic factors
162
angiogenic factors
chemical signals that induce the development and growth of blood vessels
163
angiostatin
peptide that occurs naturally in the body and inhibits blood vessel growth
164
colloids
large molecule, mainly protein, to which capillaries are relatively impermeable; also, part of the inner structure of the thyroid gland
165
crystalloids
low-molecular-weight solutes in plasma
166
edema
167
fused-vesicle channels
endocytotic or exocytotic vesicles that have fused to form continuous water-filled channels through capillary endothelial
168
intercellular clefts
narrow, water-filled spaces between capillary endothelial cells
169
kwashiorkor
protein malnutrition
170
metarterioles
blood vessels that directly connect arteriole and venule
171
net filtration pressure (NFP)
algebraic sum of inward and outward directed forces that determine the direction and magnitude of fluid flow across a capillary wall
172
precapillary sphincter
smooth muscle ring around capillary where it exits from thoroughfare channel or arteriole
173
starling forces
factors that determine direction and magnitude of fluid movement across capillary wall
174
capacitance vessels
compliant blood vessels in which most of the circulating blood volume typically resides (venules and veins)
175
peripheral veins
blood vessels outside the chest cavity that return blood from capillaries toward the heart
176
respiratory pump
increased venous pressure caused by downward contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration results in an increase in abdominal pressure. compressed abdominal veins can only send blood upwards toward the thorax, since one-way valves prevent downward backflow
177
skeletal muscle pump
when muscles contract, they squeeze the veins. this results in forward movement of blood towards the heart, with backwards flow being prevented by one-way valves
178
lymph
fluid in lymphatic vessels
179
lymphatic capillaries
smallest-diameter vessel types of the lymphatic system; site of entry of excess extracellular fluid
180
lymphatic system
network of vessels that conveys lymph from tissues to blood and lymph nodes along these vessels
181
lymphatic vessels
vessels of the lymphatic system in which excess interstitial fluid is transported and returned to the circulation; along the way, the fluid (lymph) passes through lymph nodes
182
lymphedema
damage to the lymphatic system that causes accumulation of excessive interstitial fluid
183
hemorrhage
blood loss from the body
184
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
total resistance to flow in systemic blood vessels from beginning of aorta to ends of venae cavae
185
aortic arch baroreceptor
another name for arterial baroreceptors
186
arterial baroreceptors
neuronal endings sensitive to stretch or distortion produced by arterial blood pressure changes; located in carotid sinus or aortic arch
187
baroreceptors
receptors sensitive to pressure and to rate of change in pressure
188
medullary cardiovascular center
neuron cluster in medulla oblongata that serves as major integrating center for reflexes affecting heart and blood vessels
189
cushings phenomenon
Increased intracranial pressure causes a dramatic increase in mean arterial pressure. The increased pressure on the brain can be caused by many things including: rapidly growing tumor or traumatic head injury causing internal hemorrhage or edema
190
cardiogenic shock
happens due to an extreme decrease in cardiac output from any of a variety of factors (example from a heart attack)
191
hypotension
low arterial blood pressure
192
hypovolemic shock
caused by a decrease in blood volume secondary to hemorrhage or loss of fluid other than blood
193
low-resistance shock
due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance secondary to excessive release of vasodilators, as in allergy and infection
194
shock
any situation in which a decrease in blood flow to the organs and tissues damages them
195
vasovagal syncope
decreased sympathetic nerve activity and increased parasympathetic nerve activity cause heart rate and blood pressure to decrease suddenly ---> reduced blood flow to brain ---> loss of consciousness
196
maximal oxygen consumption
peak rate of oxygen use as physical exertion is increased; increments in workload above this point must be fueled by glycolysis
197
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Decrease angiotensin II production, leading to vasodilation/decreased total peripheral resistance; also decrease aldosterone allowing more sodium and water excretion
198
beta-adrenergic receptor blockers
decrease cardiac output
199
diuretics
increase urinary excretion of sodium and water to reduce blood volume and pressure
200
hypertension
chronically increased systemic arterial pressure
201
left ventricular hypertrophy
adaptive increase in muscle mass in the left ventricle due to chronically pumping against an increased arterial pressure
202
primary hypertension
hypertension of uncertain cause
203
renal hypertensions
damage to the kidneys or their blood supply in which increased renin release leads to excessive concentrations of angiotensin II and inappropriately decreased urine production by the kidneys resulting in excessive extracellular fluid volume
204
secondary hypertension
hypertension due to identified causes
205
cardiac inotropic drugs
enhance beta-adrenergic pathways
increase ventricular contractility by increasing myocardial Ca
206
congestive heart failure
collection of signs and symptoms that occur when the heart does not pump an adequate cardiac output
207
diastolic dysfunction
the wall of the ventricle has reduced compliance. The abnormal stiffness results in a reduced ability to fill adequately at normal diastolic filling pressures. Results in a reduced end diastolic volume, leading to reduced stroke volume
208
digitalis
i dont know
209
systolic dysfunction
problems with ventricular ejection
210
vasodilator drugs
ex: nitroglycerin
dilate the coronary arteries and the systemic arterioles and veins.
211
angina pectoris
chest pain
212
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
is a condition that frequently leads to heart failure
213
atherosclerosis
is a disease of the arteries characterized by a thickening of the portion of the arterial vessel wall closest to the lumen with plaques ofL large numbers of cells, deposits of cholesterol and fatty substances, dense layers of connective tissue matrix
214
coronary artery disease
changes in one or more of the coronary arteries cause insufficient blood flow to the heart
215
coronary thrombosis
arterial blood clot leading to total occlusion and causing death of myocardial tissue
216
ischemia
217
nitroglycerin
a vasodilator drug
218
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
219
hemostasis
the stoppage of bleeding
220
von willebrand factor (vWF)
a plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells and platelets
221
blood coagulatoin
blood clotting
222
extrinsic pathway
requires elements of from outside the blood
starts a cascade in which tissue factor forms a complex with factor VIIa
223
fibrin
forms the bridges between aggregating platelets
224
hemophilia
inherited bleeding disorder; typically due to absence of factor VIII
225
intrinsic pathway
all components within blood
226
platelet factor (PF)
227
prothrombin
factor II
turns into thrombin; end of a cascade of reactions in which an inactive plasma protein is activated and then enzymatically activates the next protein in the series
228
thrombin
positive feedback stimulation of the cascade by activating platelets and several clotting
229
thrombus
a blood clot
230
tissue factor
231
vitamin K
232
antithrombin III
inactivates plasma protein
233
fibrinolytic system
dissolves clots
234
heparin
inhibits clot formation
interferes with antithrombin III from endothelial cells
235
hypercoagulability
increased risk of clotting
236
plasminogen
activated to plasma (digests fibrin)
237
plasminogen activators
activated by fibrin in a clot
238
protein C
inactivates factors VIIIa and Va
239
thrombomodulin
endothelial receptor known as thrombomodulin
240
tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
plasma protein utilized in the initiation of clotting process
241
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
242
atria
chambers through which blood flows from veins to ventricles. Atrial contraction adds to ventricle filling but is not essential for it
243
flow
the volume of blood moved per unit time, and it is measured in milliliters/minute
244
pressure
the force exerted by the blood and is measured in mm Hg (millimeters of mercury). blood flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure
245
tunica intima
the innermost layer of blood vessels/arteries. Contains endothelium: runs uninterrupted through entire cardiovascular system
246
internal, external elastic lamina
present only in arteries, provides more structural support
247
tunica media
contains smooth muscle fibers (vasoconstriction); middle layer in blood vessels/arteries
248
tunica externa
connective tissue that stabilizes blood vessels, most outer layer
249
what is the function of endothelial cells in the cardiovascular system (pg. 389)
