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Human Physiology > Test 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

albumins

A

most abundant plasma proteins

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2
Q

anemia

A

decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to a decrease in the total number of erythrocytes, a diminished concentration of hemoglobin a combination of both
Causes include:
- dietary decencies of anemia, vitamin B12, or folic acid
- bone marrow failure due to toxic drugs or cancer
- inadequate secretion of erythropoietin in kidney disease
- excessive destruction of erythrocyte ( for example, sickle-cell disease)

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3
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in body; carries blood from left ventricle of heart

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4
Q

arteries

A

low-resistance tubes conducting blood to various organs with little loss in pressure. they also act as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow during ventricular relaxation

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5
Q

arterioles

A

major sites of resistance to flow; responsible for regulating the pattern of blood-flow distribution to the various organs; participate in the regulation of arterial blood pressure

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6
Q

atrium

A

chamber of heart that receives blood from veins and passes it on to ventricle on same side of heart

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7
Q

basophils

A

secrete an anticlotting factor called heparin at the site of infection, which helps the circulation flush out the infected site; they also secrete histamine to attract infection-fighting cells and proteins to the site

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8
Q

bilirubin

A

yellow substance resulting from heme breakdown; excreted in bile as a bile pigment

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9
Q

blood

A

pressurized contents of the circulatory system composed of a liquid phase (plasma) and cellular phase (red and white blood cells, platelets)

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10
Q

blood vessels

A

tubular structures of various sizes that transport blood throughout the body

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11
Q

bone marrow

A

highly vascular, cellular substance in central cavity of some bones; site of erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet synthesis

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12
Q

bulk flow

A

movement of fluids or gases from region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure

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13
Q

capillaries

A

major sites of nutrient gas, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissue. Capacitance vessels that are sites of migration of leukocytes from the blood into tissues during inflammation and infection

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14
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood, and blood vessels

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15
Q

circulatory system

A

the heart and system of vessels that deliver blood to all parts of the body

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16
Q

eosinophils

A

fight off invasions by eukaryotic parasites; they either release toxic chemical that kill parasites, or they phagocytize the parasites

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17
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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18
Q

erythropoiesis

A

erythrocyte production

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19
Q

erythropoietin

A

peptide hormone secreted mainly by kidney cells; stimulates red blood cell production; one of the hematopoietic growth factors

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20
Q

ferritin

A

iron-binding protein that stores iron in body

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21
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein precursor of fibrin

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22
Q

folic acid

A

vitamin of B-complex group; essential for formation of nucleotide thiamine

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23
Q

formed elements

A

solid phase of blood, including cells and cell fragments

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24
Q

globulins

A

proteins found in blood plasma

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25
Q

heart

A

muscular pump that generates blood pressure and flow in the circulatory system

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26
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

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27
Q

hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)

A

protein hormones and paracrine agents that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood cells

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28
Q

hemochromatiosis

A

an excess of iron in the body resulting in abnormal iron deposits and damage in various organs including the heart, liver, anterior pituitary gland, pancreas, and joints

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29
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein composed of four polypeptide chains, each attached to a heme; located in erythrocytes and transports most blood oxygen

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30
Q

inferior vena cava

A

large vein that carries blood from lower parts of body to right atrium of heart

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31
Q

intrinsic factor

A

glycoprotein secreted by stomach epithelium and necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum

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32
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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33
Q

lymphocytes

A

comprised of T- and B- lymphocytes that protect against specific pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, toxins, and cancer cells. Some directly attack pathogens, and others secrete antibodies that begin the process of destruction

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34
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytes capable of engulfing viruses and bacteria

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35
Q

megakaryocytes

A

large bone marrow cells that give rise to platelets

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36
Q

microcirculation

A

blood circulation in arterioles, capillaries, and venules

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37
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytes that circulate in the blood for a short time, after which they migrate into tissues and organs and develop into macrophages

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38
Q

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

A

single population of bone marrow cells from which all blood cells are descended

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39
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytes; their production and release from the bone marrow increase during infections

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40
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, wastes, gases, and other substances. Its composition equilibrates with that of the interstitial fluid at the capillaries

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41
Q

plasma proteins

A

most are albumins, globulins, or fibrinogen

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42
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments present in blood; play several roles in blood clotting

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43
Q

polycythemia

A

condition where there are more erythrocytes than normal; often occurs in high-altitude conditions as an adaptive response to decreased oxygen carrying capacity in blood. It increases the viscosity of blood and puts more strain on the vessels and heart

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44
Q

portal system

A

a type of circulation characterized by two capillary beds connected by veins called portal veins

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45
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

large, branching vessels carrying oxygen-poor blood away from the heart and toward the lungs

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46
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation through lungs; portion of circulatory system between pulmonary trunk, as it leaves the right ventricle, and pulmonary veins, as they enter the left atrium

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47
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

large artery that splits into the pulmonary arteries that carry blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs

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48
Q

pulmonary veins

A

large, converging vessels that return oxygen-rich blood toward the heart from the lungs

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49
Q

serum

A

blood plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed as result of clotting

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50
Q

sickle cell disease

A

genetic mutation that alters an amino acid in the hemoglobin chain. The erythrocytes form a sickle shape, causing the blockage of capillaries. This causes tissue damage and pain and the destruction of deformed erythrocytes resulting in anemia

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51
Q

superior vena cava

A

large vein that carries blood from upper half of body to right atrium of heart

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52
Q

systemic circulation

A

circulation from left ventricle through all organs except lungs and back to heart

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53
Q

transferrin

A

iron-binding protein that carries iron in plasma

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54
Q

vascular system

A

closed system of blood vessels that includes all arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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55
Q

veins

A

low-resistance, high capacitance vessels carrying blood back to the heart. their capacity for blood is adjusted to facilitate this flow.
the walls of veins are thinner and much more complaint than those of arteries. they also have less smooth muscle than arteries and arterioles.
act as blood reservoirs

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56
Q

ventricle

A

chambers whose contractions produce the pressures that drive blood through the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems and back to the heart

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57
Q

venules

A

have a large capacity for blood, so they are also called capacitance vessels. they have some permeability to macromolecules, and they are also the site of migration of leukocytes into tissues during inflammation and infection

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58
Q

vitamin B12

A

an essential vitamin found in animal products that plays an important role in the production of red blood cells

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59
Q

hemodynamics

A

the factors describing what determines the movement of blood, in particular, pressure, flow, and resistance

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60
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by fluid

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61
Q

poiseullie’s law

A

resistance is directly proportional to fluid viscosity and vessel length, and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

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62
Q

resistance (R)

A

describes how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference. resistance is the measure of the friction that impedes flow

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63
Q

viscosity

A

measure of friction between adjacent layers of a flowing liquid; property of fluid that makes it resist flow

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64
Q

aortic valves

A

valve between left ventricle of heart and aorta

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65
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

valves between atrium and ventricle of heart; AV valve on right side of heart is the tricuspid valve, and that on the left side is the mitral valve

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66
Q

bicuspid valve

A

another term for the left atrioventricular valve, also called the mitral valve

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67
Q

chordae tendineae

A

strong, fibrous cords that connect papillary muscles to the edges of atrioventricular valves; they prevent backward flow of blood during ventricular systole

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68
Q

conducting system

A

network of cardiac muscle fibres specialized to conduct electrical activity between different areas of heart

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69
Q

coronary arteries

A

vessels delivering oxygenated blood to the muscular walls of the heart

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70
Q

coronary blood flow

A

blood flow to heart muscle

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71
Q

endothelium

A

think layer of cells that lines heart cavities and blood vessels

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72
Q

epicardium

A

layer of connective tissue closely affixed to outer surface of the heart

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73
Q

interventricular septum

A

the muscular wall separating the right and left ventricles of the heart

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74
Q

mitral valve

A

valve between left atrium and lefft ventricle of the heart

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75
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle, which forms heart walls

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76
Q

papillary muscles

A

muscular projections from interior of ventricular chambers that connect to atrioventricular valves and prevent backward flow of blood during ventricular contraction

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77
Q

pericardium

A

connective tissue surrounding the heart

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78
Q

prolapse

A

the AV valves are pushed up and open backward into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

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79
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valves between right ventricle of heart and pulmonary trunk

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80
Q

tricuspid valve

A

valve between right atrium and right ventricle of the heart

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81
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time during which an excitable membrane cannot generate an action potential in response to any stimulus

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82
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

region at base of right atrium near interventricular septum, containing specialized cardiac muscle cells through which electrical activity must pass to go from atria to ventricles

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83
Q

automaticity

A

capable of spontaneous, rhythmic self-excitation

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84
Q

AV conduction disorder

A

malfunction of the AV node that may reduce or completely eliminate the transmission of action potential from the atria to the ventricles

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85
Q

bundle branches

A

pathway composed of cells that rapidly conduct electrical signals down the right and left sides of the interventricular septum; these pathways conduct the bundle of His to the Purkinje network

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86
Q

bundle of His

A

nervelike structure composed of modified heart cells that carries electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node down the interventricular septum

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87
Q

dihydropyridine (DHP) channels

A

nonconducting calcium channels in the T-tubule membranes of skeletal muscle cells, which act as voltage sensors in excitation-contracting coupling

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88
Q

ECG leads

A

combinations of a reference electrode (designated negative) and a recording electrode (designated positive); each combination is placed on the surface of the body and provides a “view” of the electrical activity of the hear

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89
Q

ectopic pacemakers

A

cells of the conducting system that produce their own rhythm and driven to action potential without signal from the SA node.

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90
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)

A

tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. When action potentials occur simultaneously in many individual (contractile) myocardial cells, currents are conducted through the body fluids around the heart and can be detected by recording electrodes at the surface of the skin

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91
Q

F-type channels (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated [HCN] channels)

A

the “funny” sodium-conducting channels mainly responsible for the inward flow of positive current in autorhythmic cardiac cells

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92
Q

heart rate

A

number of heart contractions per minute

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92
Q

internodal pathways

A

low-resistance conducting-cell pathways connecting the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart

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93
Q

L-type Ca2+ channels (dihydropyridine [DHP] channels)

A

voltage-gated ion channels permitting calcium entry into heart cells during the action potential; L denotes the long-lasting open time that characterizes these channels

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94
Q

pacemaker potential

A

spontaneous gradual depolarization to threshold of some neurons and muscle cells’ plasma membrane

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95
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

specialized myocardial cells that constitute part of conducting system of heart; convey excitation from bundle branches to ventricular muscle

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96
Q

P wave

A

component of electrocardiogram reflecting atrial depolarization

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97
Q

QRS complex

A

component of electrocardiogram corresponding to ventricular depolarization

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98
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

region in right atrium of heart containing specialized cardiac muscle cells that depolarize spontaneously faster than other cells in the conducting system; determines heart rate

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99
Q

T-type Ca2+ channels

A

ion channels that carry inward calcium current that briefly supports diastolic depolarization of cardiac pacemaker cells

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100
Q

T-wave

A

component of electrocardiogram corresponding to ventricular repolarization

101
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

a state in which the cells of the atria contract in a completely uncoordinated manner that results in the atria failing to work as effective pumps

102
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one contraction-relaxation sequence of heart

103
Q

diastole

A

period of cardiac cycle when ventricles are relaxing

104
Q

dicrotic notch

A

deflection of the arterial pressure wave associated with closing of the semilunar valve

105
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

amount of blood in ventricle just prior to systole

106
Q

end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

amount of blood remaining in ventricle after ejection

107
Q

heart murmurs

A

can be produced by heart defects that cause blood flow to be turbulent. Turbulent flow can be caused by blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve, by blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve; or by blood flowing between the two atria or two ventricles through a small hole in the wall separating them

108
Q

heart sounds

A

noises that result from vibrations due to closure of atrioventricular valves (first heart sound) or pulmonary and aortic valves (second heart sound)

109
Q

insufficiency (of heart valves)

A

damaged or leaky valve

110
Q

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

early phase of systole when atrioventricular and aortic valves are closed and ventricular size remains constant

111
Q

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A

early phase of diastole when atrioventricular and aortic valves are closed and ventricular size remains constant

112
Q

laminar flow

A

when a fluid flows smoothly through a tube in concentric layers, without turbulence

113
Q

septal defect

A

small hole in the wall separating two atria or two ventricles

114
Q

stenosis (of heart valves)

A

abnormally narrowed valve

115
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

blood volume ejected by a ventricle during one heartbeat

116
Q

systole

A

period of ventricular contraction

117
Q

ventricular ejection

A

phase of the cardiac pump cylce during ventricle contraction when blood exits through the semilunar valves

118
Q

ventricular filling

A

phase of the cardiac pump cycle during which the ventricles are resisting and blood enters through atrioventricular

119
Q

afterload

A

load against which the heart contracts to eject blood

120
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

blood volume pumped by each ventricle per minute (not total output pumped by both ventricles)

121
Q

chronotropic

A

factors that alter heart rate

122
Q

contractility

A

force of heart contraction that is independent of sarcomere length

123
Q

dromotropic

A

factors that change the speed of electrical conduction in the AV node of the heart

124
Q

ejection fraction (EF)

A

the ratio of stroke volume to end-diastolic volume; EF=SV/EDV

125
Q

frank-starling mechanism

A

the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume such that stroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases; also called starlings law of the heart

126
Q

inotropic

A

factors that modify cardiac muscle contractility

127
Q

preload

A

the amount of filling of ventricles just prior to contraction; the end-diastolic volume

128
Q

venous return

A

blood volume flowing to heart per unit of time

129
Q

ventricular-function curve

A

relation of the increase in stroke volume as end-diastolic volume increases

130
Q

cardiac angiography

A

assesses coronary artery patency and blood flow

131
Q

echocardiography

A

can be used to obtain two and three dimensional images of the heart throughout the entire cardiac cycle
assess wall and valve function

132
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

a stiffening of the arterial walls that progresses with age and accounts for the increase in systolic and decrease in diastolic pressure, and the resultant increase in pulse pressure

133
Q

compliance

A

how easily a structure stretches

134
Q

diastolic pressure (DP)

A

minimum blood pressure during cardiac cycle

135
Q

Korotskoff’s sounds

A

sounds caused by turbulent blood flow during determination of blood pressure with a pressurized cuff

136
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average blood pressure during cardiac cycle; approximately diastolic pressure plus one-third pulse pressure

137
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures

138
Q

sphygmomanometer

A
139
Q

systolic pressure (SP)

A

maximum arterial blood pressure during cardiac cycle

140
Q

active hyperemia

A

increased blood flow through a tissue associated with increased metabolic activity

141
Q

angiotensin II

A

hormone formed by action of angiotensin-converting enzyme on angiotensin I; stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and possibly thirst

142
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

peptide hormone secreted by cardiac atrial cells in response to atrial distension; causes increased renal sodium excretion

143
Q

bradykinin

A

protein formed by action of the enzyme kallikrein on precursor

144
Q

endothelin-1 (ET-1)

A

one member of a family of peptides secreted by many tissues that can act as a paracrine or hormonal signal; one major action is vasoconstriction

145
Q

flow autoregulation

A

ability of individual arterioles to alter their resistance in response to changing blood pressure so that relatively constant blood flow is maintained

146
Q

hyperemia

A

increased blood flow

147
Q

intrinsic tone

A

spontaneous low-level contraction of smooth muscle, independent of neural, hormonal, or paracrine input

148
Q

kallikrein

A

an enzyme produced by gland cells that catalyzes the conversion of the circulating protein kininogen into the signaling molecule of bradykinin

149
Q

kininogen

A

plasma protein from which kinins are generated in an inflamed area

150
Q

local controls

A

mechanisms existing within tissues that modulate local blood flow independently of neural or hormonal input

151
Q

myogenic responses

A

responses originating in muscle

152
Q

nitric oxide

A

a gas that functions as intercellular messenger, including neurotransmitters; is endothelium-derived relaxing factor; destroys intracellular microbes

153
Q

prekallikrein

A

precursor for kallikrein

154
Q

prostacyclin

A

eicosanoid that inhibits platelet aggregation in blood clotting

155
Q

prostaglandin I (PGI2)

A

another name for prostacyclin

156
Q

reactive hyperemia

A

transient increase in blood flow following release of occlusion of blood supply

157
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease in blood vessel diameter due to vascular smooth muscle contraction

158
Q

vasodilation

A

increase in blood vessel diameter due to vascular smooth muscle relaxation

159
Q

vasopressin

A

peptide hormone synthesized in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary gland; increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction

160
Q

absorption

A

movement of materials across an epithelial layer form body cavity or compartment toward the blood capillary

161
Q

angiogenesis

A

development and growth of new blood vessels; stimulated by angiogenic factors

162
Q

angiogenic factors

A

chemical signals that induce the development and growth of blood vessels

163
Q

angiostatin

A

peptide that occurs naturally in the body and inhibits blood vessel growth

164
Q

colloids

A

large molecule, mainly protein, to which capillaries are relatively impermeable; also, part of the inner structure of the thyroid gland

165
Q

crystalloids

A

low-molecular-weight solutes in plasma

166
Q

edema

A
167
Q

fused-vesicle channels

A

endocytotic or exocytotic vesicles that have fused to form continuous water-filled channels through capillary endothelial

168
Q

intercellular clefts

A

narrow, water-filled spaces between capillary endothelial cells

169
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition

170
Q

metarterioles

A

blood vessels that directly connect arteriole and venule

171
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

algebraic sum of inward and outward directed forces that determine the direction and magnitude of fluid flow across a capillary wall

172
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

smooth muscle ring around capillary where it exits from thoroughfare channel or arteriole

173
Q

starling forces

A

factors that determine direction and magnitude of fluid movement across capillary wall

174
Q

capacitance vessels

A

compliant blood vessels in which most of the circulating blood volume typically resides (venules and veins)

175
Q

peripheral veins

A

blood vessels outside the chest cavity that return blood from capillaries toward the heart

176
Q

respiratory pump

A

increased venous pressure caused by downward contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration results in an increase in abdominal pressure. compressed abdominal veins can only send blood upwards toward the thorax, since one-way valves prevent downward backflow

177
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

when muscles contract, they squeeze the veins. this results in forward movement of blood towards the heart, with backwards flow being prevented by one-way valves

178
Q

lymph

A

fluid in lymphatic vessels

179
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

smallest-diameter vessel types of the lymphatic system; site of entry of excess extracellular fluid

180
Q

lymphatic system

A

network of vessels that conveys lymph from tissues to blood and lymph nodes along these vessels

181
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vessels of the lymphatic system in which excess interstitial fluid is transported and returned to the circulation; along the way, the fluid (lymph) passes through lymph nodes

182
Q

lymphedema

A

damage to the lymphatic system that causes accumulation of excessive interstitial fluid

183
Q

hemorrhage

A

blood loss from the body

184
Q

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

total resistance to flow in systemic blood vessels from beginning of aorta to ends of venae cavae

185
Q

aortic arch baroreceptor

A

another name for arterial baroreceptors

186
Q

arterial baroreceptors

A

neuronal endings sensitive to stretch or distortion produced by arterial blood pressure changes; located in carotid sinus or aortic arch

187
Q

baroreceptors

A

receptors sensitive to pressure and to rate of change in pressure

188
Q

medullary cardiovascular center

A

neuron cluster in medulla oblongata that serves as major integrating center for reflexes affecting heart and blood vessels

189
Q

cushings phenomenon

A

Increased intracranial pressure causes a dramatic increase in mean arterial pressure. The increased pressure on the brain can be caused by many things including: rapidly growing tumor or traumatic head injury causing internal hemorrhage or edema

190
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

happens due to an extreme decrease in cardiac output from any of a variety of factors (example from a heart attack)

191
Q

hypotension

A

low arterial blood pressure

192
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

caused by a decrease in blood volume secondary to hemorrhage or loss of fluid other than blood

193
Q

low-resistance shock

A

due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance secondary to excessive release of vasodilators, as in allergy and infection

194
Q

shock

A

any situation in which a decrease in blood flow to the organs and tissues damages them

195
Q

vasovagal syncope

A

decreased sympathetic nerve activity and increased parasympathetic nerve activity cause heart rate and blood pressure to decrease suddenly —> reduced blood flow to brain —> loss of consciousness

196
Q

maximal oxygen consumption

A

peak rate of oxygen use as physical exertion is increased; increments in workload above this point must be fueled by glycolysis

197
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Decrease angiotensin II production, leading to vasodilation/decreased total peripheral resistance; also decrease aldosterone allowing more sodium and water excretion

198
Q

beta-adrenergic receptor blockers

A

decrease cardiac output

199
Q

diuretics

A

increase urinary excretion of sodium and water to reduce blood volume and pressure

200
Q

hypertension

A

chronically increased systemic arterial pressure

201
Q

left ventricular hypertrophy

A

adaptive increase in muscle mass in the left ventricle due to chronically pumping against an increased arterial pressure

202
Q

primary hypertension

A

hypertension of uncertain cause

203
Q

renal hypertensions

A

damage to the kidneys or their blood supply in which increased renin release leads to excessive concentrations of angiotensin II and inappropriately decreased urine production by the kidneys resulting in excessive extracellular fluid volume

204
Q

secondary hypertension

A

hypertension due to identified causes

205
Q

cardiac inotropic drugs

A

enhance beta-adrenergic pathways
increase ventricular contractility by increasing myocardial Ca

206
Q

congestive heart failure

A

collection of signs and symptoms that occur when the heart does not pump an adequate cardiac output

207
Q

diastolic dysfunction

A

the wall of the ventricle has reduced compliance. The abnormal stiffness results in a reduced ability to fill adequately at normal diastolic filling pressures. Results in a reduced end diastolic volume, leading to reduced stroke volume

208
Q

digitalis

A

i dont know

209
Q

systolic dysfunction

A

problems with ventricular ejection

210
Q

vasodilator drugs

A

ex: nitroglycerin
dilate the coronary arteries and the systemic arterioles and veins.

211
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain

212
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

is a condition that frequently leads to heart failure

213
Q

atherosclerosis

A

is a disease of the arteries characterized by a thickening of the portion of the arterial vessel wall closest to the lumen with plaques ofL large numbers of cells, deposits of cholesterol and fatty substances, dense layers of connective tissue matrix

214
Q

coronary artery disease

A

changes in one or more of the coronary arteries cause insufficient blood flow to the heart

215
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

arterial blood clot leading to total occlusion and causing death of myocardial tissue

216
Q

ischemia

A
217
Q

nitroglycerin

A

a vasodilator drug

218
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A
219
Q

hemostasis

A

the stoppage of bleeding

220
Q

von willebrand factor (vWF)

A

a plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells and platelets

221
Q

blood coagulatoin

A

blood clotting

222
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

requires elements of from outside the blood
starts a cascade in which tissue factor forms a complex with factor VIIa

223
Q

fibrin

A

forms the bridges between aggregating platelets

224
Q

hemophilia

A

inherited bleeding disorder; typically due to absence of factor VIII

225
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

all components within blood

226
Q

platelet factor (PF)

A
227
Q

prothrombin

A

factor II
turns into thrombin; end of a cascade of reactions in which an inactive plasma protein is activated and then enzymatically activates the next protein in the series

228
Q

thrombin

A

positive feedback stimulation of the cascade by activating platelets and several clotting

229
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot

230
Q

tissue factor

A
231
Q

vitamin K

A
232
Q

antithrombin III

A

inactivates plasma protein

233
Q

fibrinolytic system

A

dissolves clots

234
Q

heparin

A

inhibits clot formation
interferes with antithrombin III from endothelial cells

235
Q

hypercoagulability

A

increased risk of clotting

236
Q

plasminogen

A

activated to plasma (digests fibrin)

237
Q

plasminogen activators

A

activated by fibrin in a clot

238
Q

protein C

A

inactivates factors VIIIa and Va

239
Q

thrombomodulin

A

endothelial receptor known as thrombomodulin

240
Q

tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

A

plasma protein utilized in the initiation of clotting process

241
Q

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

A
242
Q

atria

A

chambers through which blood flows from veins to ventricles. Atrial contraction adds to ventricle filling but is not essential for it

243
Q

flow

A

the volume of blood moved per unit time, and it is measured in milliliters/minute

244
Q

pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood and is measured in mm Hg (millimeters of mercury). blood flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure

245
Q

tunica intima

A

the innermost layer of blood vessels/arteries. Contains endothelium: runs uninterrupted through entire cardiovascular system

246
Q

internal, external elastic lamina

A

present only in arteries, provides more structural support

247
Q

tunica media

A

contains smooth muscle fibers (vasoconstriction); middle layer in blood vessels/arteries

248
Q

tunica externa

A

connective tissue that stabilizes blood vessels, most outer layer

249
Q

what is the function of endothelial cells in the cardiovascular system (pg. 389)

A

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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