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Human Physiology > Test 1- vocab > Flashcards

Test 1- vocab Flashcards

1
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of the function of body parts

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of disease states

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3
Q

basement membrane

A

extracellular protein layer that epithelial cells rest on
anchors the tissue

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4
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell
formation of 4 general types of cells
- muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle)
- neurons
- epithelial cells
- connective tissue cells

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5
Q

cells

A

simplest structural units into which a complex multicellular organism can be divided and still retain the functions characteristic of life

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6
Q

collagen fibers

A

rope like fibers

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7
Q

connective tissue

A

one of the four major categories of tissues in the body
major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage, and bone

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8
Q

connective tissue cells

A

connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body

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9
Q

elastin fibers

A

proteins with elastic or springlike properties; found in large arteries and in the airways

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10
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells at surface of body or hollow organ; specialized to secrete or absorb ions and organic molecules; with other epithelial cells form an epithelium

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11
Q

epithelial tissues

A

one of the four major tissue types in the body, comprised of aggregates epithelial cells

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12
Q

epithelium

A

tissue that covers all body surfaces, lines all body cavities, and forms most glands

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13
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

a complex consisting of a mixture of proteins interspersed with extracellular fluid

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14
Q

fibers

A
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15
Q

functional units

A

small structures within an organ that acts similarly to carry out an organ’s function

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16
Q

muscle cells

A

specialized cells containing actin and myosin filaments and capable of generating force and movement

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17
Q

muscle tissue

A

one of the four major tissue types in the body, comprising smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle; can be under voluntary or involuntary control

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18
Q

nerve

A

group of many axons from numerous neurons, encased in connective tissue and traveling together in peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

nervous tissue

A

one of the four major tissue types in the body, responsible for coordinated control of muscle activity, reflexes, and conscious thought

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20
Q

neuron

A

cell in nervous system specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals

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21
Q

organs

A

collections of tissues joined in structural units to serve common function

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22
Q

organ system

A

organs that together serve an overall function

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23
Q

tissues

A

aggregates of single type of specialized cell; also denote general cellular fabric of a given organ

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24
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside cell
composed of:

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25
Q

internal environment

A

extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and plasma)

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26
Q

interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid surrounding tissue cells, excludes plasma

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27
Q

interstitium

A

interstitial space; fluid-filled space between tissue cells

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28
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid in cells; cytosol plus fluid in cell organelles
composed of

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29
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood; component of extracellular fluid

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30
Q

dynamic constancy

A

a way of describing homeostasis that includes the idea that a variable may vary in the short term but is stable and predictable when averaged over the long term

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31
Q

homeostasis

A

relatively stable condition of internal environment that results from regulatory system actions

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32
Q

equilibrium

A

no net change occurs in a system; requires no energy

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33
Q

feedforward regulation

A
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34
Q

homeostatic control systems

A

collections of interconnected components that keep a physical or chemical variable internal environment within predetermined normal ranges of values

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35
Q

negative feedback

A

characteristic of control systems in which system’s response opposes the original change in the system

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36
Q

positive feedback

A

a characteristic of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increase the disturbance even further

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37
Q

set point

A

steady-state value maintained by homeostatic control sytstem

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38
Q

steady state

A

no net change; continual energy input to system is required however, to prevent net change

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39
Q

acquired reflexes

A

behaviors that appear to be stereotypical and automatic but that in fact result from considerable conscious effort to be learned

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40
Q

afferent pathway

A

component of reflex arc that transmits information from receptor to integrating center

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41
Q

effector

A

cell or cell collection whose change in activity constitutes the response in a control system

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42
Q

efferent pathway

A

component of reflex arc that transmits information from integrating center to effector

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43
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger synthesized by specific endocrine cells in response to certain stimuli and secreted into the blood which carries it to target cells

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44
Q

integrating center

A

brain region that compares the actual value of a variable such as body temperature to a set point

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45
Q

learned reflexes

A

same as acquired reflexes

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46
Q

local homeostatic responses

A

responses acting in immediate vicinity of a stimulus, without nerves or hormones, and having net effect of counteracting stimulus, without nerves or hormones, and having net effect of counteracting stimulus

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47
Q

receptor

A

for messengers: protein either on cell surface, in the cytosol, or in the nucleus that binds a chemical messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter and mediates its actions
in sensory system: specialized peripheral ending of afferent neuron, or separate cell intimately associated with it, that detects changes in some aspect of environment

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48
Q

reflex

A

biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc

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49
Q

reflex arc

A

neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex; usually includes receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, and effector

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50
Q

stimulus

A

detectable change in internal or external environment

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51
Q

autocrine substances

A

chemical messengers secreted into extracellular fluid that act upon the cell that secreted them

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52
Q

endocrine glands

A

group of epithelial cells that secrete into the extracellular space hormones that then diffuse into the blood stream

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53
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers used by neurons to communicate with each other or with effectors

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54
Q

paracrine substances

A

chemical messengers that exert their effects on cells near their secretion sites; by convention, exclude neurotransmitters

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55
Q

acclimatization

A

environmentally induced improvement in functioning of a physiological system with no change in genetic endowment

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56
Q

adaptation

A

evolution: a biological characteristic that favors survival in a particular environment
neural: decrease in action potential frequency in a neuron despite constant stimulus

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57
Q

circadian rhythm

A

occurring in an approximately 24 hour cycle

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58
Q

entrainment

A

adjusting biological rhythm to environmental cues

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59
Q

free-running rhythm

A

cyclical activity driven by biological clock in absence of environmental cues

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60
Q

melatonin

A

an amine derived from tryptophan produced in the pineal gland and that plays a role in circadian rhythms

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61
Q

negative balance

A

loss of substance from body exceeds gain, and total amount in body decreases; also used for physical parameters such as body temperature and energy

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62
Q

pacemaker

A

neurons that set rhythm of biological clocks independent of external cues; any neuron or muscle cell that has an inherent autorhythmicity and determines activity pattern of other cells

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63
Q

pineal gland

A

part of the epithalamus of the brain; produces melatonin involved in circadian rhythyms

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64
Q

pool

A

the readily available quanityt of a substance in the body; often equal amounts in extracellular fluid

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65
Q

positive balance

A

gain of substance exceeds loss, and amount of that substance in body increases

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66
Q

stable balance

A

net loss of substance from body equals net gain, and amount of substance in body neither increases nor decreases

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67
Q

cell organelles

A

membrance-bound compartments, nonmembranous particles, or filaments that perform specialized functions in cell

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68
Q

cytoplasm

A

region of cell interior outside nucleus

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69
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid that surrounds cell organelles and nucleus

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70
Q

nucleus

A

cell: large membrane-bound organelle that contains cells DNA
neural: cluster of neuron cell bodies CNS

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71
Q

plasma membrane

A

membrane that forms outer surface of cell and separates cell’s contents from extracellular fluid

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72
Q

cadherins

A

proteins that extend from a cell surface and link up with cadherins from other cells; important in the formation of tissues

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73
Q

desmosomes

A

junctions that hold two cells together; consist of plasma membranes of adjacent cells linked by fibers, yet separated by a 20 nm extracellular space filled with a cementing substance

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74
Q

fluid-mosaic model

A

cell membrane structure consists of proteins embedded in bimolecular lipid that has the physical properties of a fluid, allowing membrane proteins to move laterally within it

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75
Q

gap junction

A

protein channels linking cytosol of adjacent cells; allows ions and small molecules to flow between cytosols of the connected cells

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76
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

Proteins embedded in membrane lipid layer; may span entire membrane or be located at only one side

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77
Q

integrins

A

Transmembrane proteins in plasma membrane; bind to specific proteins in extracellular matrix and on adjacent cells to help organize cells into tissues

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78
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

hydrophilic proteins associated with cytoplasmic surface of cell membrane

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79
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid subclass similar to triglycerides except that a phosphate moiety and small nitrogen-containing molecule are attached to third hydroxyl group of glycerol; major components of cell membranes

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80
Q

tight junction

A

cell junction in which extracellular surfaces of the plasma membrane of two adjacent cells are joined together; extends around epithelial cell and restricts molecule diffusion through space between cells

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81
Q

transmembrane protein

A

proteins that span the plasma membrane and contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions; often act as receptors or ion channels

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82
Q

actin filaments

A

polymers of G-actin that form part of the cell cytoskeleton and are part of the contractile apparatus of the muscle cells

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83
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

nucleotide that transfers energy from metabolism to cell functions during it breakdown to ADP and release of Pi

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84
Q

centrioles

A

small cytoplasmic bodies, each having nine fused sets of microtubules; participate in nuclear and cell division

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85
Q

centrosome

A

region of cell cytoplasmic bodies, each having nine fused sets of microtubules; participate in nuclear and cell division

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86
Q

chromatin

A

combination of DNA and nuclear proteins; principal component of chromosomes

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87
Q

chromosomes

A

strands of DNA formed from condensed chromatin, containing all the genes that for the proteins found in the body

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88
Q

cilia

A

hairlike projections from specialized epithelial cells that sweep back and forth in a synchronized way to propel material along epithelial surface

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89
Q

ciliopathies

A

what diseases associated with mutated genes expressed in cilia in different tissues. These occur most frequently in the retina, liver, kidneys, and brain

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90
Q

cristae

A

the inner membrane of mitochondria, which may assume sheetlike or tubular appearances; site containing cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in steroid hormone production

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91
Q

cytoskeleton

A

cytoplasmic filamentous network associated with cell shape and movement

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92
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

cell organelle that consists of interconnected network of membrane-bound branched tubules and flattened sacs; two types are distinguished: rough, with ribosomes attached, and smooth, which is smooth-surfaced (does not contain ribosomes)

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93
Q

endosomes

A
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94
Q

golgi apparatus

A

intracellular vesicles that transport molecules between golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane

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95
Q

intermediate filaments

A

actin containing filaments associated with desmosomes

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96
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound cell organelles containing digestive enzymes in a highly acidic solution that breaks down bacteria, large molecules that have entered the cell, and damaged components of the cell

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97
Q

matrix

A

mitochondrial: the innermost mitochondrial compartment

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98
Q

microtubules

A

tubular cytoplasmic filaments composed of the protein tubulin; provide internal support for cells and allow change in cell shape and organelle movement in cell

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99
Q

mitochondria

A

rod-shaped or oval cytoplasmic organelles that produce most of cell’s ATP; sites of Krebs cycle and oxidative-phosphorylation enzymes

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100
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane surrounding cell nucleus

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101
Q

nuclear pores

A

openings in nuclear envelope through which molecular messengers pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

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102
Q

nucleolus

A

densely staining nuclear region containing portions of DNA that code for ribosomal proteins

103
Q

peroxisomes

A

cell organelles that destroy certain toxic products by oxidative reactions

104
Q

ribosomes

A

cytoplasmic particles that mediate linking together of amino acids to form proteins; attached to endoplasmic reticulum as bound ribosomes, or suspended in cytoplasm as free ribosomes

105
Q

secretory vesicles

A

membrane-bound vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus; contain protein to be secreted by cell

106
Q

tubulin

A

the major protein component of microtubules

107
Q

gene

A

unit of hereditary information; portion of DNA containing information required to determine a protein’s amino acid sequence

108
Q

genome

A

complete set of an organism’s genes

109
Q

histones

A

class of proteins that participate in the packaging of DNA within the nucleus; strands of DNA form coils around the histones

110
Q

nucleosomes

A

nuclear complexes of several histones and their associated coils of DNA

111
Q

stop signals

A

three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that signify end of protein-coding sequence

112
Q

trancsription

A

formation of RNA containing, in linear sequence of its nucleotides, the genetic information of a specific gene; first stage of protein synthesis

113
Q

translation

A

during protein synthesis, assembly of amino acids in correct order according to genetic instructions in mRNA; occurs on ribosomes

114
Q

anticodon

A

three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA able to base-pair with complementary codon in mRNA during protein synthesis

115
Q

codon

A

three-base sequence in mRNA that determines the position of specific amino acid during protein synthesis or that designates the end of the coded sequence of a protein

116
Q

exons

A

DNA gene regions containing code words for a part of the amino acid sequence of a protein

117
Q

initiation factors

A

proteins required for ribosomal assembly and the establishment of an initiation complex that allows new protein synthesis to begin

118
Q

introns

A

regions of noncoding nucleotides in a gene

119
Q

mRNA

A

ribonucleic acid that transfers genetic information for a protein’s amino acid sequence from DNA to ribosome

120
Q

mutagens

A

factors in the environments that increase mutation rate

121
Q

mutation

A

any change in base sequence of DNA that changes genetic information

122
Q

natural selection

A

the process whereby mutations in a gene lead to traits that favor survival of an organism

123
Q

preinitiation complex

A

a group of transcription factors and accessory proteins that associate with promoter regions of specific genes; the complex is required for gene transcription to commence

124
Q

pre mRNA

A

an RNA molecule transcribed from a gene before intron removal and splicing

125
Q

promoter

A

specific nucleotide sequence at beginning of gene that control the initiation of gene transcription; determines which of the paired strands of DNA is transcribed into RNA

126
Q

proteome

A

all of the proteins expressed by a particular cell at a given time

127
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA used in ribosome assembly; becomes part of ribosome

128
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that forms RNA by joining together appropriate nucleotides after they have base paired to DNA

129
Q

splicesome

A

protein and nuclear RNA complex that removes introns and links exons together during gene transcription

130
Q

template strand

A

the DNA strand with the correct orientation relative to a promoter to bind RNA polymerase

131
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that act as gene switches, regulating the transcription of a particular gene by activating or repressing the initiation process

132
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; different tRNAs combine with different amino acids and with codon on mRNA specific for that amino acid, thus arranging amino acids in sequence to form specific protein

133
Q

proteasome

A

a complex of proteins capable of denaturing (unfolding) other proteins and assisting in protein degradation

134
Q

ubiquitin

A

small intracellular peptide that attaches to proteins and directs them to proteasomes

135
Q

signal sequence

A

initial portion of newly synthesized protein (if protein is destined for secretion)

136
Q

affinity

A

strength with which ligand binds to its binding site

137
Q

binding site

A

region of protein to which a specific ligand binds

138
Q

chemical specificity

A

selectivity; ability of binding site to react with only one, or a limited number, of chemicals

139
Q

competition

A

ability of similar molecules to combine with the same binding site or receptor

140
Q

ligand

A

any molecule or ion that binds to protein surface by noncovalent bonds

141
Q

saturation

A

occupation of all available binding sites by their ligand

142
Q

allosteric modulation

A

in the case of a protein with binding sites for two different ligands, the binding of one ligand alters the binding characteristics of the protein for the other ligand

143
Q

allosteric proteins

A

proteins whose binding site characteristics are subject allosteric modulation

144
Q

cooperativity

A

interaction between functional binding sites in a multimeric protein

145
Q

covalent modulation

A

alteration of a protein’s shape, and therefore its function, by the covalent binding of various chemical groups to it

146
Q

functional site

A

binding site on allosteric protein that, when activated, carries out protein’s physiological function; also called the active site

147
Q

modulator molecule

A

ligand that, by acting at an allosteric regulatory site, alters properties of other other binding sites on a protein and thus regulates its functional activity

148
Q

phosphoprotein phosphatases

A

enzymes that remove phosphate from protein

149
Q

phosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate group to an organic molecule

150
Q

protein kinase

A

any enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins by transferring them a phosphate group from ATP

151
Q

regulatory site

A

site on protein that interacts with modulator molecule; alters functional site properties

152
Q

activation energy

A

energy necessary to disrupt existing chemical bonds during a chemical reaction

153
Q

anabolism

A

cellular synthesis of organic molecules

154
Q

calorie

A

unit of heat-energy measurement; amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1 C

155
Q

catabolism

A

cellular breakdown of organic molecules

156
Q

catalyst

A

substance that accelerates chemical reactions but does not itself undergo any net chemical change during the reaction

157
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

state when rates of forward and reverse components of a chemical reaction are equal, and no net change in reactant or product concentration occurs

158
Q

irreversible reactions

A

chemical reactions that release large quantities of energy and result in almost all the reactant molecules being converted to product

159
Q

kilocalories

A

1 kcal is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg water by 1 C

160
Q

law of mass action

A

maxin that an increase in reactant concentration causes a chemical reaction to proceed in direction of product formation; the opposite occurs with decreased reactant concentration

161
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

162
Q

reversible reaction

A

chemical reaction in which energy release is small enough for reverse reaction to occur readily

163
Q

active site

A

region of enzyme to which substrate binds

164
Q

coenzyme

A

organic cofactor; generally serves as a carrier that transfers atoms of small molecular fragments form one reaction to another; is not consumed in the reaction and can be reused

165
Q

cofactors

A

organic or inorganic substances that bind to a specific region of an enzyme and are necessary for the enzyme’s activity

166
Q

enzymes

A

protein catalysts that accelerate specific chemical reactions but do not themselves undergo net chemical change during the reaction

167
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme derived from the B-vitamin riboflavin that participates in transfer of hydrogen atoms during metabolism

168
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; formed from the B-vitamin niacin and involved in transfer of hydrogens during metabolism

169
Q

substrates

A

reactants in enzyme-mediated reaction

170
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules required in trace amounts for normal health and growth; usually not manufactured in the body and must be supplied by diet; classified as water-soluble and fat-soluble

171
Q

enzyme activity

A

rate at which enzyme converts reactant to product; may be measure of the properties of enzyme’s active site as altered by allosteric or covalent modulation; affects rate of enzyme-mediated reaction

172
Q

end-product inhibition

A

inhibition of a metabolic pathway by final product’s action upon allosteric site on an enzyme (usually the rate-limiting enzyme) in the pathway

173
Q

metabolic pathway

A

sequence of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which molecules are synthesized and broken down in cells

174
Q

rate-limiting reaction

A

slowest reaction in metabolic pathway; catalyzed by rate-limiting enzyme

175
Q

acetyl CoA

A

acetyl coenzyme A; metabolic intermediate that transfers acetyl groups to krebs cycle and various synthetic pathways

176
Q

ATP synthase

A

the enzyme complex present in mitochondria responsible for the synthesis of ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient for hydrogen ions

177
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the mechanism by which ATP is formed during oxidative phosphorylation; the movement of protons across mitochondrial inner membranes is coupled with ATP production

178
Q

citric acid cycle

A

mitochondrial metabolic pathway that utilizes fragments derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat breakdown and produces carbon dioxide, hydrogen (for oxidative phosphorylation), and small amounts of ATP

179
Q

cytochromes

A

enzymes that couple energy to ATP formation during oxidative phosphorylation

180
Q

electron-transport chain

A

a series of metal-containing proteins within mitochondria that participate in the flow of electrons from proteins to molecular oxygen; they are key components of the energy-producing process in all cells

181
Q

glycolysis

A

metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate or lactate

182
Q

Krebs cycle

A

mitochondrial metabolic pathway that utilizes fragments derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat breakdown and produces carbon dioxide, hydrogen (for oxidative phosphorylation), and small amounts of ATP

183
Q

lactate

A

ionized form of lactic acid, a three-carbon molecule formed by glycolytic pathway; production is increased in absence of oxygen

184
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

process by which energy derived from reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water is transferred to ATP during its formation

185
Q

pyruvate

A

anion formed when pyruvic acid loses a hydrogen ion

186
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

direct transfer of phosphate group from metabolic intermediate to ADP to form ATP

187
Q

tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

mitochondrial metabolic pathway that utilizes fragments derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat breakdown and produces carbon dioxide, hydrogen (for oxidative phosphorylation), and small amounts of ATP

188
Q

adipocytes

A

cells specialized for triglyceride synthesis and storage; fat cells

189
Q

adipose tissue

A

tissue composed largely of fat-storing cells

190
Q

beta oxidation

A

series of reactions that generate hydrogen atoms (for oxidative phosphorylation) from breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA

191
Q

essential amino acids

A

amino acids that cannot be formed by the body at all (or at a rate adequate to meet metabolic requirements) and so must be obtained from diet

192
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose by the liver or kidneys from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids

193
Q

glycerol 3-phosphate

A

three-carbon molecule that combines with fatty acids to form triglyceride

194
Q

glycogen

A

highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits; major carbohydrate storage form in body

195
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breakdown to glucose

196
Q

keto acid

A

a class of breakdown products formed from the deamination of amino acids

197
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

net loss of amino acids in the body over any period of time

198
Q

oxidative deamination

A

reaction in which an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid is replaced by oxygen to form a keto acid

199
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

a period in which there is net gain of nitrogen (amino acids) in the body

200
Q

proteases

A

enzymes capable of breaking peptide bonds in a protein

201
Q

proteolysis

A

the process whereby peptides and proteins are cleaved into smaller molecules, by the actions of specific enzymes (proteases)

202
Q

transamination

A

reaction in which an amino acid amino group (NH2) is transferred to a keto acid, the keto acid thus becoming an amino acid

203
Q

urea

A

major nitrogenous waste product of protein breakdown

204
Q

essential nutrients

A

substances required for normal or optimal body function but synthesized by the body either not at all or in amounts inadequate to prevent disease

205
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

K, A, D, E

206
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

C and B complex

207
Q

channel gating

A

process of opening and closing ion channels

208
Q

diffusion equilibrium

A

state during which diffusion fluxes in opposite directions are equal; that is, the net flux equals zero

209
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

the driving force across a plasma membrane that dictates whether an ion will move into or out of a cell; established by both the concentration difference and the electrical charge difference between the cytosolic and extracellular surfaces of the membrane

210
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

describes the rate of diffusion of a solute as a function of concentration gradient, area across which the solute diffuses, and other factors

211
Q

flux

A

rate of flow of a substance (such as a solute in water) through a unit of surface area in a unit of time

212
Q

ion channels

A

small passages in plasma membrane formed by integral membrane proteins and through which certain small-diameter molecules and ions can diffuse

213
Q

ligand-gated ion channels

A

membrane ion channels operated by the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins

214
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage difference between inside and outside of cell

215
Q

net flux

A

difference between two one-way fluxes

216
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of solutes down a concentration gradient without a transporter or ATP hydrolysis

217
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

channels cell membrane ion channels opened or closed by changes in membrane potential

218
Q

active transport

A

energy-requiring system that uses transporters to move ions or molecules across a membrane against an electrochemical difference

219
Q

cotransport

A

form of secondary active transport in which net movement of actively transported substance and “downhill” movement of molecule supplying the energy are in the same direction

220
Q

countertransport

A

form of secondary active transport in which net movement of actively transported molecule is in direction opposite “downhill” movement of molecule supplying the energy

221
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

system using a transporter to move molecules from high to low concentration across a membrane; energy not required

222
Q

mediated transport

A

movement of molecules across membrane by binding to protein transporter; characterized by specificity, competition, and saturation; includes facilitated diffusion and active transport

223
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

primary active-transport protein that hydrolyzes ATP and releases energy uses to transport sodium ions out of cell and potassium ions in

224
Q

primary active transport

A

active transport in which chemical energy is transferred directly form ATP to transporter protein

225
Q

secondary active transport

A

active transport in which energy released during transmembrane movement of one substance from higher to lower concentration is transferred to the simultaneous movement of another substance from lower to higher concentration

226
Q

transporters

A

integral membrane proteins that mediate passage of molecules through membrane

227
Q

aquaporins

A

protein membrane channels through which water can diffuse

228
Q

hyperosmotic

A

having total solute concentration greater than normal extracellular fluid

229
Q

hypoosmotic

A

having total solute concentration less than that of normal extracellular fluid

230
Q

hypotonic

A

solutions containing a lower concentration of effectively nonpenetrating solute particles than normal (isotonic) extracellular fluid

231
Q

isoosmotic

A

having the same total solute concentration as extracellular fluid

232
Q

isotonic

A

containing the same number of effectively nonpenetrating solute particles as normal extracellular fluid

233
Q

nonpenetrating solutes

A

dissolved substances that do not passively diffuse across a plasma membrane

234
Q

osmol

A

1 mole of solute ions and molecules

235
Q

osmolarity

A

total solute concentration of a solution; measure of water in that the higher the solution osmolarity, the lower the water concentration

236
Q

osmosis

A

net diffusion of water across a selective barrier from region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)

237
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure that must be applied to a solution on one side of a membrane to prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane from a compartment of pure water; a measure of the solution’s osmolarity

238
Q

penetrating solutes

A

solute that can freely diffuse across the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane

239
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

membrane permeable to some substances (usually water) but not to others (some solutes)

240
Q

clathrin

A

a cytosolic protein that binds to regions of the plasma membrane and helps initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis

241
Q

clathrin-coated pit

A

aggregation of ligand-bound receptors on a cell membrane that pinches off and is internalized into the cell

242
Q

endocytosis

A

process in which plasma membrane folds into the cell forming small pockets that pinch off to produce intracellular, membrane-bound vesicles

243
Q

exocytosis

A

process in which intracellular vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, the vesicle opens, and its contents are liberated into the extracellular fluid

244
Q

fluid endocytosis

A

invagination of a plasma membrane by which a cell can engulf extracellular fluid

245
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfment of particles by a cell

246
Q

phagosomes

A

plasma-membrane-bound, intracellular sacs formed when a phagocyte engulfs a microbe

247
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis when the vesicle encloses extracellular fluid or specific molecules in the extracellular fluid that have bound to proteins on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane

248
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

the specific uptake of ligands in the extracellular fluid by regions of the plasma membrane the invaginate and form intracellular vesicles

249
Q

receptors

A

for messengers: protein either on cell surface, in the cytosol, or in the nucleus that binds a chemical messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter and mediates its actions
in sensory system: specialized peripheral ending of afferent neuron, or separate cell intimately associated with it, that detects changes in some aspect of the environment

250
Q

apical membrane

A

the surface of an epithelial cell that faces a lumen, such as that of the intestines; also known as luminal membrane

251
Q

basolateral membrane

A

sides of epithelial cell other than luminal surface; also called serosal or blood side of cell

252
Q

paracellular pathway

A

the space between adjacent cells of an epithelium through which some molecules diffuse as they cross the epithelium

253
Q

transcellular pathway

A

crossing an epithelium by movement into an epithelial cell, diffusion through the cytosol of that cell, and exit across the opposite membrane

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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