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Human Physiology > Test 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system; in the temporal lobe; processes emotions for fear, anger,
and pleasure; controls storage of emotional memories

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2
Q

Association fibers

A

Tracts that conduct impulses within a cerebral hemisphere

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3
Q

Auditory
association area

A

In the temporal lobe; interpretation of sound

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4
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Gray matter for sound perception; in temporal lobes

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5
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech center; controls motor movements for speech; usually in left frontal lobe

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6
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Tracts in the corpus callosum and connects right and left cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

Frontal association
area

A

(Prefrontal area) Gray matter for thought processing; in frontal lobes

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8
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Gray matter that controls voluntary eye movement; in frontal lobes

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9
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Gray matter for taste perception; in the insula

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10
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system; controls conversion of short-term to long-term
memory, emotional responses to memories, and spatial memory (remembering
locations in space)

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11
Q

Interventricular
foramen

A

(Foramen of Monro); passage for cerebrospinal fluid moving from the lateral
ventricles into the third ventricle

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12
Q

Limbic system

A

Internal brain structures associated with emotions

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13
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Groove in the sagittal plane that separates the cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

Motor cortex

A

Gray matter for voluntary muscle movement; in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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15
Q

Motor speech area

A

(Broca’s area); gray matter for speech control; usually in lateral side of left frontal
lobe

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16
Q

Nuclei

A

Gray matter in brain regions deep to the cortex

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17
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Gray matter for smell perception; in temporal lobes

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18
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Beneath frontal lobes and anterior to pituitary gland; where the two optic nerves
unite

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19
Q

Pons

A

Part of brain stem; relay center between medulla oblongata and higher brain
centers

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20
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

In parietal lobe immediately posterior to central
sulcus; contains somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

In frontal lobe immediately anterior to central sulcus; contains primary
motor cortex

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22
Q

Prefrontal area

A

Gray matter for problem-solving, imagination, artistic skills; in frontal
lobes

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23
Q

Premotor area

A

Gray matter for memory of reflexive motor skills; in frontal lobes

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24
Q

Projection fibers

A

Tracts that connect the cerebrum to lower brain centers

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25
Q

Putamen

A

A basal nucleus; not well understood

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26
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Membrane in sagittal plane and separates the lateral ventricles

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27
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Gray matter for interpretation of somatosensory input; in parietal lobes

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28
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Gray matter for perception of touch, temperature, pressure; in
postcentral gyrus

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29
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of white matter (neuron axons) in the CNS

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30
Q

Visual association area

A

Gray matter for interpretation of visual input; in occipital lobes

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31
Q

Visual cortex

A

Gray matter for light perception; in occipital lobes

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32
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

(Auditory association area); gray matter for interpreting speech; in left
temporal lobe

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33
Q

Anterior column

A

White matter between anterior horns

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34
Q

Anterior horns

A

Gray matter projections on anterior side of cord

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35
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve roots at inferior end of cord; resembles horse’s tail

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36
Q

Central canal

A

Small canal along entire length of cord

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37
Q

Lateral columns

A

White matter around lateral horns

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38
Q

Lateral horns

A

Lateral projections of gray matter in cord

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39
Q

Posterior columns

A

White matter between posterior horns

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40
Q

Posterior horns

A

Gray matter projections on posterior side of cord

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41
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Immediately superficial to pia mater; resembles spider web

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42
Q

Dura mater

A

Most superficial meninx; tough and fibrous

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43
Q

Pia mater

A

Deepest meninx; thin membrane attached to surface of brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

Subarachnoid
space

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater

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45
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura mater and arachnoid

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46
Q

potential difference

A

the voltage difference between 2 points due to separated electrical charges of opposite signs

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47
Q

membrane potential

A

the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell

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48
Q

equilibrium potential

A

the voltage difference across a membrane that produces a flux of a given ion species that is equal but opposite to the flux due to the concentration gradient of that same ion

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49
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the steady potential of an unstimulated cell

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50
Q

graded potential

A

a potential change of variable amplitude and duration that is conducted decrementally; has no threshold or refectory period

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51
Q

action potential

A

a brief all-or-none depolarization of the membrane, which reverses polarity in neurons; has a threshold and a refractory period and is conducted without decrement

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52
Q

synaptic potential

A

a graded potential change produced in the post synaptic neuron in response to the release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic terminal; may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

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53
Q

receptor potential

A

a graded potential produced at the peripheral endings of afferent neurons in response to a signal cell

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53
Q

pacemaker potential

A

a spontaneously occurring graded potential change that occurs in certain specialized cells

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54
Q

threshold potential

A

the membrane potential at which an action potential is initiated

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55
Q

ependymal cells

A

types of glial cells that line internal cavities of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

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56
Q

astrocytes

A

helps regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS by removing potassium ions and neurotransmitters around synapses

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57
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin forming cell in the CNS (glial cell)

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58
Q

microglia

A

a type of glial cell that acts as a macrophage

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59
Q

reflex arc

A

neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex; usually includes receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, and effector

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60
Q

spinal cord

A
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61
Q

Gyri

A
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62
Q

sulci

A

deep grooves between gyri on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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63
Q

brain fissures

A
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64
Q

brainstem

A

brain subdivision consisting of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain and located between spinal cord and forebrain

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65
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brainstem closest to the spinal cord; controls many vegetative functions such as breathing, heart rate, and others

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66
Q

pons

A

large area of the brainstem containing many neuron axons

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67
Q

midbrain

A

the most rostral section of the brainstem

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68
Q

cerebellum

A

brain subdivision lying behind forebrain and above brainstem; plays important role in skeletal muscle control

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69
Q

diencephalon

A

core of anterior part of brain; lies beneath cerebral hemispheres and contains thalamus and hypothalamus

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70
Q

cerebrum/cerebral cortex

A

Cerebrum: part of the brain that, with diencephalon forms the forebrain
Cerebral cortex: cellular layer covering the cerebrum

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71
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid that fills cerebral ventricles and the subarachnoid space surrounding brain and spinal cord

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72
Q

Meninges

A

protective membranes that cover brain and spinal cord

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73
Q

hemorrhage

A
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74
Q

hematoma

A
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75
Q

choroid plexus

A

highly vascular epithelial structure lining portions of cerebral ventricles; responsible for much cerebrospinal fluid formation

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76
Q

stroke

A
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77
Q

corpus callosum

A
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78
Q

amygdala

A
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79
Q

adaptation

A

decrease in action potential frequency in a neuron despite constant stimulus

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80
Q

adequate stimulus

A

the modality of stimulus to which a particular sensory receptor is most sensitive

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81
Q

chemoreceptors

A

afferent neuron endings (or cells associated with them) sensitive to concentrations of specific chemicals

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82
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensory neurons specialized to respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch receptors in the skin and stretch receptors in muscle

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83
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptors whose stimulation causes pain

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84
Q

perception

A

understanding of objects and events of external world that we acquire from neural processing of sensory information

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85
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensory cells specialized to respond to light; contain pigments that make them sensitive to different light wavelengths

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86
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

sensory receptors that fire for a brief period at the onset and/or offset of a stimulus

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87
Q

receptor potential

A

graded potential that arises in afferent neuron ending, or a specialized cell intimately associated with it, in response to stimulation

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88
Q

sensation

A

the mental perception of a stimulus

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89
Q

sensory information

A

information that originates in stimulated sensory receptors

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90
Q

sensory receptors

A

cells or portions of a cell that contain structures or chemical molecules sensitive to changes in an energy form in the outside world or internal environment; in response to activation by this energy, the sensory receptors initiate action potentials in those cells or adjacent ones

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91
Q

sensory system

A

part of nervous system that receives, conducts, or processes information that leads to perception of a stimulus

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92
Q

sensory transduction

A

neural process of changing a sensory stimulus into a change in neuronal function

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93
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

sensory receptors that fire repeatedly as long as a stimulus is outgoing

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94
Q

stimulus

A

detectable change in internal or external environment

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95
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensory receptors for temperature and temperature changes, particularly in low (cold receptor) or high (warm receptor) range

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96
Q

acuity

A

sharpness or keenness of perception

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97
Q

coding

A

process by which neural signals from sensory receptors are converted into action potentials in the CNS

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98
Q

lateral inhibition

A

method of refining sensory information in afferent neurons and ascending pathways whereby fibers inhibit each other, the most active fibers causing the greatest inhibition of adjacent fibers

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99
Q

modality

A

type of sensory stimulus

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100
Q

receptive field

A

area of body that, if stimulated, results in activity in that neuron

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101
Q

modality

A

type of sensory stimulus

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102
Q

receptive field

A

area of body that, if stimulated, results in activity in that neuron

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103
Q

recruitment

A

activation of additional cells in response to increased stimulus strength; increasing the number of active motor units in a muscle

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104
Q

sensory unit

A

afferent neuron plus receptors it innervates

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105
Q

ascending pathways

A

neural pathways that go to the brain; also called sensory pathways

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106
Q

auditory cortex

A

region of cerebral cortex that receives inputs form auditory pathways

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107
Q

gustatory cortex

A

region of cerebral cortex receiving primary sensory inputs from the taste buds

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108
Q

nonspecific ascending pathways

A

chains of synaptically connected neurons in CNS that are activated by sensory units of several different types; signal general information

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109
Q

olfactory cortex

A

region on the inferior and medial surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex where information about the sense of smell is processed

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110
Q

polymodal neurons

A

sensory neurons that respond to more than one type of stimulus

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111
Q

sensory pathways

A

ascending pathways

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112
Q

somatic receptors

A

neural receptors in the framework or outer wall of the body that respond to mechanical stimulation of skin or hairs and underlying tissues, rotation or bending of joints, temperature changes, or painful stimuli

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113
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

strip of cerebral cortex in parietal lobe in which neurons transmitting somatic sensory information synapse

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114
Q

specific ascending pathways

A

chains of synpatically connected neurons in CNS, all activated by sensory units of the same type

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115
Q

visual cortex

A

region of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex that receives ascending pathways from the eyes

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116
Q

cortical association areas

A

regions of cerebral cortex that receive input from various sensory types, memory stores, and so on, and perform further perceptual processing

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117
Q

anterolateral pathway

A

ascending neural pathway running in the anterolateral column of the spinal cord white matter; conveys information about pain and temperature

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118
Q

dorsal column pathway

A

ascending pathway for somatosensory information; runs through dorsal area of spinal white matter

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119
Q

itch

A

somatic sensation of skin irritation that evokes a desire to scratch

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120
Q

kinesthesia

A

sense of movement derived from movement at a joint

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121
Q

somatic sensation

A

feelings/perceptions coming from muscle, skin, and bones

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122
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A
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123
Q

transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins

A

family of ion channel proteins involved in sensing temperature

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124
Q

accommodation

A

adjustment of eye for viewing various distances by changing shape of lens

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125
Q

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A
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126
Q

amacrine cells

A

specialized type of neurons found in the retina of the eye that integrate information between local photoreceptor cells

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127
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye

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128
Q

astigmatism

A
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129
Q

binocular vision

A

visual perception of overlapping fields from the two eyes

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130
Q

bipolar cells

A

neurons that have one input branch and one output branch

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131
Q

cataract

A
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132
Q

cGMP-phosphodiesterase

A

an enzyme in cells that converts cGMP into GMP

133
Q

choroid

A

pigmented layer of eye that lies next to retina

134
Q

chromophore

A

retinal light-sensitive component of a photopigment

135
Q

ciliary muscle

A

involved in movement and shape of the lens during accommodation

136
Q

color blindless

A
137
Q

cones

A

members of one or two retinal receptor types for photic energy; give rise to color vision

138
Q

cornea

A

transparent structure covering front of eye; forms part of eye’s optical system and helps focus an object’s image on retina

139
Q

dark adaptation

A

process by which photoreceptors in the retina adjust to darkness

140
Q

discs

A

layers of membranes in outer segment of photoreceptor; contain photopigments

141
Q

farsighted

A
142
Q

fovea centralis

A

area near center of retina where cones are most concentrated; gives rise to most acute vision

143
Q

frequency

A

number of times an event occurs per unit time

144
Q

ganglion cells

A

retinal neurons that are postsynaptic to bipolar cells; axons of ganglion cells form optic nerves

145
Q

glaucoma

A
146
Q

guanylyl cyclase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transformation of GTP to cyclic GMP

147
Q

horizontal cells

A

specialized neurons found in the retina of the eye that integrate information from local photoreceptor cells

148
Q

hyperopic

A
149
Q

inner segment

A

portion of photoreceptor that contains cell organelles; synapses with bipolar cells of retina

150
Q

iris

A

ringlike structure surrounding and determining the diameter of the pupil of eye

151
Q

lens

A

adjustable part of eye’s optical system, which helps focus object’s image on retina

152
Q

light adaptation

A

process by which photoreceptors in the retina adjust to sudden bright light

153
Q

macula lutea

A

a region at the center of the retina that is relatively free of blood vessels and that is specialized for highly acute vision

154
Q

macular degeneration

A
155
Q

melanopsin

A

opsin-like pigment in a subclass of retinal ganglion cells that relay information about day length to the hypothalamus

156
Q

monocular vision

A

visual perception by a single eye

157
Q

Muller cells

A

funnel-shaped glial cells that aid light transmission through the retina

158
Q

myopic

A
159
Q

nearsighted

A
160
Q

ophthalmoscope

A
161
Q

opponent color cells

A

ganglion cells in the retina that are inhibited by input from one type of cone receptor but activated by another type of cone photoreceptor

162
Q

opsins

A

protein components of photopigment

163
Q

optic chiasm

A

place at base of brain at which optic nerves meet; some neurons cross here to other side of brain

164
Q

optic disc

A

region of the retina where neurons to the brain exit the eye; lack of photoreceptors here results in a “blind spot”

165
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of neurons connecting the eye to the optic chiasm

166
Q

optic tracts

A

bundles of neurons connecting the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

167
Q

outer segment

A

light-sensitive portion of the photoreceptor containing photopigments

168
Q

photopigments

A

light-sensitive molecules altered by absorption of photic energy of certain wavelengths; consist of opsin bound to a chromophore

169
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensory cells specialized to respond to light; contain pigments that make them sensitive to different wavelengths

170
Q

pigment epithelium

A

dark, innermost layer of the retina; absorbs light that bypasses photopigments

171
Q

presbyopia

A
172
Q

pupil

A

opening in iris of eye through which light passes to reach retina

173
Q

refraction

A

bending of light rays when passing between compartments of different density, as from air into the cornea of the eyes

174
Q

retina

A

thin layer of neural tissue lining back of eyeball; contains receptors for vision

175
Q

retinal

A

form of vitamin A that forms chromophore component of photopigment

176
Q

rhodpsin

A

photopigment in rods

177
Q

rods

A

members of one of two receptor types for photic energy; contain the photopigment rhodopsin

178
Q

saccades

A

short, jerking eyeball movements

179
Q

sclera

A

the tough, outermost tissue layer of the eyeball

180
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

group of cells in the hypothalamus involved in production of circadian rhythyms

181
Q

transducin

A

G protein in disc membranes of photoreceptor; initiates inactivation of cGMP

182
Q

visible spectrum

A

wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation capable of stimulating photoreceptors of the eye

183
Q

vitreous humor

A

jellylike fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye

184
Q

wavelength

A

distance between two successive wave peaks in oscillating medium

185
Q

zonular fibers

A

fibers that connect the ciliary muscles with the lens of the eye

186
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

187
Q

basilar membrane

A

membrane that separates cochlear duct and scala tympani in inner ear; supports organ of Corti

188
Q

cochlea

A

inner ear; fluid-filled spiral-shaped compartment that contains cochlear duct

189
Q

cochlear duct

A

fluid-filled membranous tube that extends length of inner ear, dividing it into compartments; contains organ of Corti

190
Q

endolymph

A

extracellular fluid found in the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

191
Q

eustachian tube

A

duct connecting the middle ear with the nasopharynx

192
Q

external auditory canal

A

outer canal of the ear between the pinna and the tympanic membrane

193
Q

hair cells

A

mechanoreceptor cells in organ of Corti and vestibular apparatus characterized by stereocilia on cell surface

194
Q

helicotrema

A

outer point in the cochlea where the scala vestibuli and scala tympani meet

195
Q

incus

A

one of three bones in the inner ear that transmit movements of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

196
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea; contains organ of Corti

197
Q

inner hair cells

A

cells of the cochlea with stereocilia that transduce pressure waves into electrical signals

198
Q

malleus

A

one of three bones in the inner ear that transmit movements of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

199
Q

middle ear

A

air-filled space in temporal bone; contains three ear bones that conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to cochlea

200
Q

organ of corti

A

structure in inner ear capable of transducing sound wave energy into action potentials

201
Q

outer hair cells

A

cells of the cochlea with stereocilia that sharpen frequency tuning by modulating the movement of the tectorial membrane

202
Q

oval window

A

membrane-covered opening between middle ear cavity and scala vestibule of inner ear

203
Q

perilymph

A

fluid that fills the cochlear duct of the inner ear

204
Q

round window

A

membrane-covered opening in the cochlea that responds to fluid movement in the scala tympani

205
Q

scala tympani

A

fluid-filled inner-ear compartment that receives sound waves from basilar membrane and transmits them to round window

206
Q

scala vestibuli

A

fluid-filled inner-ear compartment that receives sound waves from oval window and transmits them to basilar membrane and cochlear duct

207
Q

stapedius

A

skeletal muscle that attaches to the stapes and protects the auditory apparatus by dampening the movement of the ear ossicles during persistent, loud sounds

208
Q

stapes

A

one of three bones in the inner ear that transmit movements of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

209
Q

stereocilia

A

nonmotile cilia containing actin

210
Q

tectorial membrane

A

structure in organ of Corti in contact with receptor cell hairs

211
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

skeletal muscle that attaches to the ear drum and protects the auditory apparatus from loud sounds by dampening the movement of the tympanu

212
Q

tip links

A

small, extracellular fibers connecting adjacent stereocilia that activate ion channels when the cilia are bent

213
Q

tympanic membrane

A

membrane stretched across end of ear canal; also called eardrum

214
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

eighth cranial nerve; transmits sensory information about sound and motion from the inner ear to the brain

215
Q

ampulla

A

structure in the wall of the semicircular canals containing hair cells that respond to head movement

216
Q

cupula

A

a gelatinous mass within the semicircular canals that contains stereocilia and responds to head movement

217
Q

labyrinth

A

complicated bony structure that houses the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

218
Q

otoliths

A

calcium carbonate crystals embedded in the mucous covering of the auditory hair cell

219
Q

proprioception

A

sense of posture and position; sensory information dealing with the position of the body in space and its parts relative to one another

220
Q

saccule

A

structure in the semicircular canals that responds to changes in linear movement of the head by mechanical forces on otoliths located on its surface

221
Q

semicircular canals

A

passages in temporal bone; contain sense organs for equilibrium and movement

222
Q

utricle

A

structure in the semicircular canals that responds to changes in linear movement of the head by mechanical forces on otoliths located on its surface

223
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

sense of organ in temporal bone of skull; consists of three semicircular canals, a utricle, and a saccule; also called sense organ of balance

224
Q

basal cells

A

cells found within taste buds that can divide and differentiate to replace worn-out taste receptor cells

225
Q

gustation

A

the sense of taste

226
Q

lingual papillae

A

taste buds located on the tongue

227
Q

odorant

A

molecule received by the olfactory system that induces a sensation of smell

228
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

229
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

anterior protuberances of the brain containing cells that process odor inputs

230
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

mucous membrane in upper part of nasal cavity containing receptors for sense of smell

231
Q

taste buds

A

sense organs that contain chemoreceptors

232
Q

A band

A

one of the transverse bands making up repeated striations of cardiac and skeletal muscle; region of aligned myosin-containing thick filaments

233
Q

actin

A

protein that forms the thin filaments that contribute to muscle action

234
Q

cross-bridges

A

in muscle, myosin projections extending from thick filaments and capable of exerting force on thin filaments, causing the filaments to slide past each other

235
Q

heavy chains

A

pairs of large, coiled polypeptides that make up the rod and globular head of a myosin molecules

236
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of a tissue or organ due to increased cell size rather than increased cell number

237
Q

H zone

A

one of transverse bands making up striated pattern of cardiac and skeletal muscle; light region that bisects A band

238
Q

I band

A

one of transverse bands making up repeating striations of cardiac and skeletal muscle; located between A bands of adjacent sarcomeres and bisected by Z line

239
Q

light chains

A

pairs of small polypeptides bound to each globular head of myosin molecule; function is to modulate contraction

240
Q

M line

A

transverse stripe occurring at the center of the A band in cardiac and skeletal muscle; location of energy-generating enzymes and proteins connecting adjacent thick filaments

241
Q

muscle

A

many muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue

242
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cells

243
Q

myoblasts

A

embryological cells that give rise to muscle fibers

244
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of thick and thin contractile filaments in cytoplasm of striated muscle; myofibrils exhibit a repeating sarcomere pattern along longitudinal axis of muscle

245
Q

myosin

A

contractile protein that forms thick filaments in muscle fibers

246
Q

myosin-ATPase

A

enzymatic site on globular head of myosin that catalyzes ATP breakdown to ADP and Pi, releasing the chemical energy used to produce force of muscle contraction

247
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane surrounding muscle cells

248
Q

sarcomere

A

repeating structural unit of myofibril; composed of thick and thin filaments; extends between two adjacent Z lines

249
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fiber; site of storage and release of calcium ions

250
Q

satellite cells

A

Undifferentiated cells found within skeletal muscle tissue that can fuse and develop into new muscle fiber following muscle injury

251
Q

striated muscle

A

muscle having transverse banding pattern due to repeating sarcomere structure

252
Q

tendons

A

collagen fiber bundles that connect skeletal muscle to bone and transmit muscle contraction force to the bone

253
Q

terminal cisternae

A

expanded regions of sarcoplasmic reticulum, associated with T-tubules and involved in the storage and release of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle cells; also known as lateral sacs

254
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin filaments in muscle cell

255
Q

thin filaments

A

actin filaments in muscle cell

256
Q

titin

A

protein that extends from the Z line to thick filaments and M line of skeletal muscle sarcomere

257
Q

transverse tubule (T-tubule)

A

tubule extending from striated muscle plasma membrane into the fiber, passing between opposed sarcoplasmic reticulum segments; conducts muscle action potential into muscle fiber

258
Q

tropomyosin

A

regulatory protein capable of reversibly covering binding sites on actin; associated with muscle thin filaments

259
Q

troponin

A

regulatory protein bound to actin and tropomyosin of striated muscle thin filaments; site of calcium binding that initiates contractile activity

260
Q

Z line

A

structure running across myofibril at each end of striated muscle sarcomere; anchors one end of think filaments and titin

261
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a neurotransmitter released by pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, preganglionic sympathetic neurons, somatic neurons, and some CNS neurons

262
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline

263
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

somatic efferent neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle

264
Q

atropine

A
265
Q

contraction

A

operation of the force-generating process in a muscle

266
Q

cross-bridge cycle

A

sequence of events between binding of a cross-bridge to actin, its release, and reattachment during muscle contraction

267
Q

curare

A
268
Q

dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor

A

nonconducting calcium channels in the T-tubule membranes of skeletal muscle cells, which act as voltage sensors in excitation-contraction coupling

269
Q

end-plate potential (EPP)

A

depolarization of motor end plate of skeletal muscle fiber in response to acetylcholine; initiates action potential in muscle plasma membrane

270
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

in muscle fibers. mechanism linking plasma membrane stimulation with cross-bridge force generation

271
Q

motor end plate

A

specialized region of muscle cell plasma membrane that lies directly under axon terminal of a motor neuron

272
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron plus the muscle fibers it innervates

273
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse-like junction between an axon terminal of an efferent neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

274
Q

power stroke

A

the step of a cross-bridge cycle involving physical rotation of the globular head

275
Q

relaxation

A

return of muscle to a low force-generating state, caused detachment of cross-bridges

276
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffness of skeletal muscles after death due to failure of cross-bridges to dissociate from action because of the loss of ATP

277
Q

ryanodine receptor

A

calcium-release channel found in the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in striated muscle cells

278
Q

sliding-filament mechanism

A

process of muscle contraction in which shortening occurs by thick and thin filaments sliding past each other

279
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle activity that involves shortening of muscle length

280
Q

contraction time

A

time between beginning of force development and peak twitch tension by the muscle

281
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle activity that is accompanied by lengthening of the muscle generally by an external load that exceeds muscle force

282
Q

fast-twitch fibers

A

skeletal muscle fibers that contain myosin having high ATPase activity

283
Q

fused tetanus

A

skeletal muscle activation in which actin potential frequency is sufficiently high to cause a smooth, sustained, maximal strength contraction

284
Q

isometric contraction

A

contraction of muscle under conditions in which it develops tension but does not change length

285
Q

isotonic contraction

A

contraction of muscle under conditions in which load on the muscle remains constant but muscle changes length

286
Q

latent period

A

period lasting several milliseconds between action potential initiation in a muscle fiber and beginning of mechanical activity

287
Q

load

A

external force acting on muscle

288
Q

optimal length (L0)

A

sarcomere length at which muscle fiber develops maximal isometric tension

289
Q

slow-twitch fibers

A

muscle fibers whose myosin has low ATPase activity

290
Q

summation

A

increase in muscle tension or shortening in response to rapid, repetitive stimulation relative to single twitch

291
Q

tension

A

in muscle physiology, the force exerted by a contracting muscle on object

292
Q

tetanus

A

maintained mechanical response of muscle to high-frequency stimulation

293
Q

twitch

A

mechanical response of muscle to single action potential

294
Q

unfused tetanus

A

stimulation of skeletal muscle at a low-to-moderate action potential frequency that results in oscillating, submaximal force

295
Q

central command fatigue

A

muscle fatigue due to failure of appropriate regions of cerebral cortex to excite motor neurons

296
Q

creatine phosphate

A

molecule that transfers phosphate and energy to ADP to generate ATP

297
Q

muscle fatigue

A

decrease in muscle tension with prolonged activity

298
Q

oxygen debt

A

decrease in energy reserves during exercise that results in an increase in oxygen consumption and an increased production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation following the exercise

299
Q

fast-glycolytic fibers

A

skeletal muscle fibers that have high intrinsic contraction speed and abundant capacity for production of ATP by glycolysis

300
Q

fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

A

skeletal muscle fibers that have high intrinsic contraction speed and abundant capacity for production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

301
Q

glycolytic fibers

A

skeletal muscle fibers that have high concentration of glycolytic enzymes and large glycogen stores; white muscle fibers

302
Q

myoglobin

A

muscle fiber protein that binds oxygen

303
Q

oxidative fibers

A

muscle fibers that have numerous mitochondria and therefore a high capacity for oxidative phosphorylation; red muscle fibers

304
Q

red muscle fibers

A

muscle fibers having high oxidative capacity and large amount of myoglobin

305
Q

slow-oxidative fibers

A

skeletal muscle fibers that have slow intrinsic contraction speed but fatigue very slowly due to abundant capacity for production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

306
Q

white muscle fibers

A

muscle fibers lacking appreciable amounts of myoglobin

307
Q

antagonists

A

muscle whose action opposes intended movement

308
Q

denervation atrophy

A
309
Q

disuse atrophy

A
310
Q

extension

A

straightening a joint

311
Q

flexion

A

bending a joint

312
Q

myostatin

A

a protein secreted from skeletal muscle cells as a negative regulator of muscle growth

313
Q

recruitment

A

activation of additional cells in response to increased stimulus strength; increasing the number of active motor units in a muscle

314
Q

costameres

A

clusters of structural proteins linking Z disks of sarcomeres to the sarcolemma of striated muscle cells

315
Q

dystrophin

A

protein in muscle cells that links actin to proteins embedded in sarcolemma; stabilizes muscle cells during contraction

316
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased blood calcium concentration

317
Q

hypocalcemic tetany

A
318
Q

dense bodies

A

cytoplasmic structures to which thin filaments of a smooth muscle fiber are anchored

319
Q

smooth muscle

A

nonstriated muscle that surrounds hollow organs and tubes

320
Q

latch state

A

contractile state of some smooth muscles in which force can be maintained for prolonged periods with very little energy use; cross-bridge cycling slows to the point where thick and thin filaments are effectively “latched” together

321
Q

multiunit smooth muscles

A

smooth muscles that exhibit little, if any, propagation of electrical activity from fiber to fiber and whose contractile activity is closely coupled to their neural input

322
Q

myosin light-chain kinase

A

smooth muscle protein kinase; when activated by Ca2+ calmodulin, phosphorylates myosin light chains

323
Q

myosin light-chain phosphatase

A

enzyme that removes high-energy phosphate from myosin; important in the relaxation of smooth muscle cells

324
Q

pacemaker potential

A

neurons that set rhythm of biological clocks independent of external cues; any neuron or muscle cell that has an inherent autorhythmicity and determines activity pattern of other cells

325
Q

single-unit smooth muscles

A

smooth muscles that respond to stimulation as single units because gap junctions join muscle fibers, allowing electrical activity to pass from cell to cell

326
Q

slow waves

A

slow, rhythmic oscillations of smooth muscle membrane potentials toward and away from threshold, due to regular fluctuations in ionic permeability

327
Q

smooth muscle tone

A

smooth muscle tension due to low-level cross-bridge activity in absence of external stimuli

328
Q

varicosities

A

swollen regions of axon; contain neurotransmitter-filled vesicles; analogous to presynaptic endings

329
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle

330
Q

intercalated disks

A

structures connecting adjacent cardiac myocytes, having components for tensile strength (desmosomes) and low-resistance electrical pathways (gap junctions)

331
Q

L-type Ca2+ channels

A

voltage-gated ion channels permitting calcium entry into heart cells during the action potential; L denotes the long-lasting operon time that characterizes these channels

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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