Test 4: Urinary, Fluid Electrolyte Acid Base, And Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

Identify the external portions of the kidney.

A

Renal hilus and renal capsule.

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1
Q

Identify the internal portions of the kidney.

A

Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramids, renal columns, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis.

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2
Q

Name the thin walled tube that carries urine from the bladder and out of the body.

A

The urethra.

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3
Q

Name the 3 portions of the male urethra.

A

Prostatic, membranous, and spongy.

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4
Q

Describe the prostatic urethra.

A

The portion running through the prostate gland.

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5
Q

Describe the membranous urethra.

A

The portion running through the urogenital diaphragm.

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6
Q

Describe the spongy urethra.

A

The portion running through the penis.

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7
Q

What is a tuft of capillaries within the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus.

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8
Q

What is the significance of the glomerulus?

A

The site of filtration in the kidneys.

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9
Q

What is the narrow hairpin loop that connects the proximal and distal convoluted tubule?

A

The loop of henle.

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10
Q

What are the slender tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters.

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11
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron.

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12
Q

What affect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

A

It promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and the CD.

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13
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Collectively the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule.

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14
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

Inside the nephron.

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15
Q

How many milliliters of urine in the bladder will initiate the urination (micturition) reflex?

A

200-400 ml

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16
Q

What are examples of substances often secreted by the nephron?

A

Urea, penicillin, aspirin, potassium, excess hydrogen, excess bicarbonate.

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17
Q

What type of tissue makes up the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

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18
Q

What type of tissue makes up the kidney tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal.

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19
Q

What type of tissue lines the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium.

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20
Q

Where does the greatest reabsorption occur in the kidney?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule.

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21
Q

In what part of the nephron is water not absorbed?

A

Water is not absorbed in the ascending loop of henle.

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22
Q

In what part of the nephron is reabsorption controlled by hormones?

A

In the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

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23
Q

What is the trigone?

A

The smooth, triangular portion of the bladder outlined by the openings of the ureters and urethra.

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24
Q

What is the significance of the trigone?

A

It is a common site of infection; I.e. Urinary tract infections.

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25
Q

Define filtration.

A

Movement of fluid/substances from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

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26
Q

Define reabsorption.

A

Movement of fluid/substances from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries.

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27
Q

Define secretion.

A

Movement of fluid/substances from the peritubular capillaries into the kidney tubules.

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28
Q

Define the functions of the afferent arteriole.

A

Takes blood to the glomerulus. Vasodilates to maintain a minimal GFR.

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29
Q

Define the functions of the efferent arteriole.

A

Takes blood from the glomerulus. Slightly vasoconstricts due to moderate input from the sympathetic nervous system.

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30
Q

List the functions of angiotensin 2.

A

Vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles, stimulation of hypothalamic thirst center, releases ADH and aldosterone.

31
Q

Describe renal columns.

A

Inward extensions of the Renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids.

32
Q

List the structures of the tubular nephron in order starting at the glomerulus:

A

Bowman’s capsule, PCT, descending loop, ascending loop, DCT, collecting ducts, papillary ducts, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra, exits the body.

33
Q

Define Pyelitis:

A

Infection of the renal pelvis and calyces.

34
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Infection or inflammation of the entire kidney.

35
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Infection or inflammation of the glomerulus.

36
Q

What is anuria?

A

Low urinary output as a result of injury, transfusion reactions, low blood pressure, etc.

37
Q

What is renal calculi?

A

Kidney stones.

38
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Inflammation of the urethra.

39
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder.

40
Q

What is a urinary tract infection?

A

Generic term used to refer to urethritis, cystitis, or both.

41
Q

What is incontinence?

A

Inability to control micturition.

42
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux (kidney reflux)?

A

Urine moves backwards up the ureter and into the kidney; sometimes seen with severe UTI’s.

43
Q

What can cause renal failure?

A

Repeated disorders/infections, physical trauma, chemical poisoning, atherosclerosis.

44
Q

Identify the kidney vessels in order from the renal artery to the renal vein:

A

Renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein.

45
Q

What substances get absorbed in the ascending loop of henle?

A

Na+, K+, Cl- via Na+» K+» 2Cl-

46
Q

How do Ca++ and Mg++ move through the ascending loop of henle?

A

Paracellular movement.

47
Q

What provides the conditions that allow for other substances to reabsorb?

A

The active transport of Na+

48
Q

Which cations move via paracellular movement?

A

Ca, K, Mg

49
Q

Which anions move via paracellular movement?

A

Chloride– Cl

50
Q

How do urea and lipid soluble substances reabsorb?

A

By simple diffusion.

51
Q

What is the composition of urine?

A

90% water, urea, salts, toxins, pigments (hemoglobins/ bile), and hormones.

52
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

6

53
Q

What is urines specific gravity?

A

1.005-1.035

54
Q

How much urine is produced per day?

A

1000-2000 ml per day.

55
Q

What is the weak base in the bicarbonate buffering system?

A

NaHCO3- or sodium bicarbonate

56
Q

What is the weak acid in the bicarbonate buffering system?

A

H2CO3 or carbonic acid

57
Q

What is the weak base in the phosphate buffering system?

A

Na2HPO4 or disodium monohydrogen phosphate

58
Q

What is the weak acid in the phosphate buffering system?

A

NaH2PO4 or sodium dihydrogen phosphate

59
Q

How do the kidney tubule cells combat alkalosis?

A

By producing HCO3- and secreting it into urine resulting in more H+ being reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

60
Q

How do the kidney tubule cells combat acidosis?

A

By reabsorbing HCO3- into the bloodstream and secreting more H+ into urine.

61
Q

What substances are found in higher levels in the ECF?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

62
Q

True or false… Tubule cells are impermeable to HCO3?

A

Tubule cells are impermeable to HCO3 on their tubule borders but are permeable to HCO3 on their vascular borders.

63
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

The result of a decrease in CO2 in the blood. Mechanical ventilation and Hyperventilation are examples.

64
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

The result of increased CO2 in the blood. Examples include airway obstruction (asthma), alveolar dysfunction, and hypoventilation.

65
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Due to an increase in HCO3 (or decreased H+) which increases pH. Examples include excessive vomiting, hypokalemia, or excessive NaHCO3- (sodium bicarbonate) consumption.

66
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Due to a decrease in HCO3- (or increased H+) which lowers pH. Examples include excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged diarrhea, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, or gastric ulcers.

67
Q

Define an electrolyte?

A

Any substances that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

68
Q

How much water makes up an early embryo?

A

97%

69
Q

How much water makes up an adult female?

A

54%

70
Q

How much water makes up a newborn infant?

A

77%

71
Q

How much water makes up an elderly adult?

A

45%

72
Q

How much water makes up an adult male?

A

60%

73
Q

What is the amount of ECF on the body?

A

15 L

74
Q

What is the amount of ICF on the body?

A

25 L

75
Q

What two categories is ICF divided into?

A

Plasma- 3L

Interstitial Fluid- 12 L