Test 4: Urinary, Fluid Electrolyte Acid Base, And Endocrine Flashcards
Identify the external portions of the kidney.
Renal hilus and renal capsule.
Identify the internal portions of the kidney.
Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramids, renal columns, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis.
Name the thin walled tube that carries urine from the bladder and out of the body.
The urethra.
Name the 3 portions of the male urethra.
Prostatic, membranous, and spongy.
Describe the prostatic urethra.
The portion running through the prostate gland.
Describe the membranous urethra.
The portion running through the urogenital diaphragm.
Describe the spongy urethra.
The portion running through the penis.
What is a tuft of capillaries within the renal corpuscle?
The glomerulus.
What is the significance of the glomerulus?
The site of filtration in the kidneys.
What is the narrow hairpin loop that connects the proximal and distal convoluted tubule?
The loop of henle.
What are the slender tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron.
What affect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?
It promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and the CD.
What is the renal corpuscle?
Collectively the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule.
Where is the renal corpuscle located?
Inside the nephron.
How many milliliters of urine in the bladder will initiate the urination (micturition) reflex?
200-400 ml
What are examples of substances often secreted by the nephron?
Urea, penicillin, aspirin, potassium, excess hydrogen, excess bicarbonate.
What type of tissue makes up the Bowman’s capsule?
Simple squamous epithelium.
What type of tissue makes up the kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal.
What type of tissue lines the bladder?
Transitional epithelium.
Where does the greatest reabsorption occur in the kidney?
In the proximal convoluted tubule.
In what part of the nephron is water not absorbed?
Water is not absorbed in the ascending loop of henle.
In what part of the nephron is reabsorption controlled by hormones?
In the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
What is the trigone?
The smooth, triangular portion of the bladder outlined by the openings of the ureters and urethra.
What is the significance of the trigone?
It is a common site of infection; I.e. Urinary tract infections.
Define filtration.
Movement of fluid/substances from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.
Define reabsorption.
Movement of fluid/substances from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries.
Define secretion.
Movement of fluid/substances from the peritubular capillaries into the kidney tubules.
Define the functions of the afferent arteriole.
Takes blood to the glomerulus. Vasodilates to maintain a minimal GFR.
Define the functions of the efferent arteriole.
Takes blood from the glomerulus. Slightly vasoconstricts due to moderate input from the sympathetic nervous system.
List the functions of angiotensin 2.
Vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles, stimulation of hypothalamic thirst center, releases ADH and aldosterone.
Describe renal columns.
Inward extensions of the Renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids.
List the structures of the tubular nephron in order starting at the glomerulus:
Bowman’s capsule, PCT, descending loop, ascending loop, DCT, collecting ducts, papillary ducts, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra, exits the body.
Define Pyelitis:
Infection of the renal pelvis and calyces.
What is pyelonephritis?
Infection or inflammation of the entire kidney.
What is glomerulonephritis?
Infection or inflammation of the glomerulus.
What is anuria?
Low urinary output as a result of injury, transfusion reactions, low blood pressure, etc.
What is renal calculi?
Kidney stones.
What is urethritis?
Inflammation of the urethra.
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder.
What is a urinary tract infection?
Generic term used to refer to urethritis, cystitis, or both.
What is incontinence?
Inability to control micturition.
What is vesicoureteral reflux (kidney reflux)?
Urine moves backwards up the ureter and into the kidney; sometimes seen with severe UTI’s.
What can cause renal failure?
Repeated disorders/infections, physical trauma, chemical poisoning, atherosclerosis.
Identify the kidney vessels in order from the renal artery to the renal vein:
Renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein.
What substances get absorbed in the ascending loop of henle?
Na+, K+, Cl- via Na+» K+» 2Cl-
How do Ca++ and Mg++ move through the ascending loop of henle?
Paracellular movement.
What provides the conditions that allow for other substances to reabsorb?
The active transport of Na+
Which cations move via paracellular movement?
Ca, K, Mg
Which anions move via paracellular movement?
Chloride– Cl
How do urea and lipid soluble substances reabsorb?
By simple diffusion.
What is the composition of urine?
90% water, urea, salts, toxins, pigments (hemoglobins/ bile), and hormones.
What is the pH of urine?
6
What is urines specific gravity?
1.005-1.035
How much urine is produced per day?
1000-2000 ml per day.
What is the weak base in the bicarbonate buffering system?
NaHCO3- or sodium bicarbonate
What is the weak acid in the bicarbonate buffering system?
H2CO3 or carbonic acid
What is the weak base in the phosphate buffering system?
Na2HPO4 or disodium monohydrogen phosphate
What is the weak acid in the phosphate buffering system?
NaH2PO4 or sodium dihydrogen phosphate
How do the kidney tubule cells combat alkalosis?
By producing HCO3- and secreting it into urine resulting in more H+ being reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
How do the kidney tubule cells combat acidosis?
By reabsorbing HCO3- into the bloodstream and secreting more H+ into urine.
What substances are found in higher levels in the ECF?
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
True or false… Tubule cells are impermeable to HCO3?
Tubule cells are impermeable to HCO3 on their tubule borders but are permeable to HCO3 on their vascular borders.
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
The result of a decrease in CO2 in the blood. Mechanical ventilation and Hyperventilation are examples.
What causes respiratory acidosis?
The result of increased CO2 in the blood. Examples include airway obstruction (asthma), alveolar dysfunction, and hypoventilation.
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
Due to an increase in HCO3 (or decreased H+) which increases pH. Examples include excessive vomiting, hypokalemia, or excessive NaHCO3- (sodium bicarbonate) consumption.
What causes metabolic acidosis?
Due to a decrease in HCO3- (or increased H+) which lowers pH. Examples include excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged diarrhea, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, or gastric ulcers.
Define an electrolyte?
Any substances that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
How much water makes up an early embryo?
97%
How much water makes up an adult female?
54%
How much water makes up a newborn infant?
77%
How much water makes up an elderly adult?
45%
How much water makes up an adult male?
60%
What is the amount of ECF on the body?
15 L
What is the amount of ICF on the body?
25 L
What two categories is ICF divided into?
Plasma- 3L
Interstitial Fluid- 12 L
