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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Test 3: Digestive, Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature > Flashcards

Test 3: Digestive, Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

what is the passageway from the mouth to the esophagus

A

pharynx

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2
Q

what is the passageway for food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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3
Q

what are the longitudinal folds in the stomach’s mucosa

A

rugae

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4
Q

what structure stores bile

A

gallbladder

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5
Q

what structure makes up the superior aspect of the oral cavity

A

palate

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6
Q

what are the receptors for various food taste sensations

A

taste buds

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7
Q

what is the passageway from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal

A

rectum

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8
Q

the duodenum, jenjunum and ileum are sections of the

A

small intestine

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9
Q

bile is produced by what organ

A

the liver

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10
Q

many of the enzymes that work in the small intestine were produced where

A

the pancreas

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11
Q

what is the action of dipeptidase

A

digests proteins

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12
Q

what does glucoamylase digest

A

digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars

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13
Q

what is the action of trypsin

A

digests proteins

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14
Q

what does maltase digest

A

digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars

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15
Q

what does lingual lipase digest

A

digests lipids/triglycerides

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16
Q

what is the action of pepsin

A

digests proteins

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17
Q

what is the action of pancreatic amylase

A

digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars

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18
Q

name the 3 types of extrinisic salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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19
Q

where is the parotid salivary gland located

A

slightly anterior & inferior to the ear, sits on ramus

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20
Q

where is the submandibular salivary gland located

A

medial surface of mandible, anterior to mandibular angle on the outer portion

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21
Q

where is the sublingual salivary gland located

A

floor of the mouth just inferior to the tongue

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22
Q

where does churning occur

A

stomach

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23
Q

where does peristalsis occur

A

small intenstine

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24
Q

where does haustral churning occur

A

large intestine

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25
Q

where does segmentation occur

A

small intestine

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26
Q

where does mass peristalsis occur

A

large intestine

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27
Q

define peristalsis

A

wave like contractions

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28
Q

define segmentation

A

oscillating, ring like contractions

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29
Q

define haustral churning

A

contraction of individual haustrum

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30
Q

define churning

A

smooth muscle contractions in the stomach that mixes bolus w/ gastric juices

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31
Q

define mass peristalsis

A

strong wave contraction in transverse colon that pushes contents into rectum

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32
Q

list the functions of the liver

A

plasma protein production, degrades hormones, detoxifies drugs & alcohol, fat soluble vitamin storage (A, D, E, K), glycogenolysis (produces glycogen), stores glycogen, phagocytosis of worn/old RBC ->produces bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, produces bile, gluconeogenesis, forms non essential amino acids, converts ammonia to urea

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33
Q

name the 3 phases of swallowing

A

voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase

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34
Q

define the voluntary phase of swallowing

A

movement of food into the oropharynx

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35
Q

define the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

movement of food through the pharynx

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36
Q

define esophageal phase of swallowing

A

movement of food through esophagus into stomach

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37
Q

what is bile

A

green, alkaline liquid that plays a role in fat digestion

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38
Q

where is bile produced

A

in the liver

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39
Q

what 2 major products are carried in bile

A

bile salts and bilirubin

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40
Q

what chemical stimulates the release of bile

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

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41
Q

put the structures of the digestive system in order

A

oral orifice, oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, cardiac region of the stomach, body of the stomach, pyloric region of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

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42
Q

name the 4 types of cells that make up the gastric glands

A

goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

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43
Q

what is the function of goblet cells in the stomach

A

produces acidic mucus in the stomach

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44
Q

what is the function of parietal cells

A

produce HCl-

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45
Q

what is the function of chief cells

A

produce pepsinogen

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46
Q

what is the function of enteroendocrine cells

A

produce gastrin

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47
Q

where is salivary amylase released from

A

the salivary glands

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48
Q

where does salivary amylase work

A

in the mouth

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49
Q

what does salivary amylase digest

A

carbohydrates/starch/sugars

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50
Q

where is trypsin released from

A

aciner cells in the pancreas

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51
Q

where does trypsin work

A

the small intestine

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52
Q

what does trypsin digest

A

what does trypsin digest

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53
Q

where is sucrase released from

A

brush border cells in small intestine

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54
Q

where does sucrase work

A

the small intestine

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55
Q

what does sucrase digest

A

carbs-specifically sucrose ie table sugar

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56
Q

where is lingual lipase released from

A

the salivary glands

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57
Q

where does lingual lipase work

A

in the mouth and stomach

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58
Q

what does lingual lipase digest

A

lipids/triglycerides

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59
Q

where is pancreatic amylase released from

A

aciner cells in the pancreas

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60
Q

where does pancreatic amylase work

A

small intestine

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61
Q

what does pancreatic amylase digest

A

starch/carbohydrates/sugars

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62
Q

where is pepsin released from

A

stomach

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63
Q

where does pepsin work

A

small intestine

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64
Q

what does pepsin digest

A

proteins

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65
Q

where is chymotrypsin released from

A

aciner cells in the pancreas

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66
Q

where does chymotrypsin work

A

the small intestines

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67
Q

what does chymotrypsin digest

A

proteins

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68
Q

where is pancreatic lipase released from

A

aciner cells in the pancreas

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69
Q

where does pancreatic lipase work

A

small intestine

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70
Q

what does pancreatic lipase digest

A

lipids/fats/triglycerides

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71
Q

where is aminopeptidase released from

A

brush border cells in small intestine

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72
Q

where does aminopeptidase work

A

small intestine

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73
Q

what does aminopeptidase digest

A

proteins

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74
Q

where is dipeptidase released from

A

brush border cells in small intestine

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75
Q

where does dipeptidase work

A

small intestine

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76
Q

what does dipeptidase digest

A

proteins

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77
Q

where is dextrinase released from

A

brush border cells in small intestine

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78
Q

where does dextrinase work

A

small intestine

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79
Q

what does dextrinase digest

A

carbs-specifically dextrose

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80
Q

where is maltase released from

A

brush border cells in small intestine

81
Q

where does maltase work

A

small intestine

82
Q

what does maltase digest

A

carbs-specifically maltose

83
Q

where is HCL- released from

A

parietal cells in stomach

84
Q

where does HCL work

A

stomach

85
Q

what does HCL digest

A

proteins

86
Q

where is lactase released from

A

brush border cells in small intestine

87
Q

where does lactase work

A

small intestine

88
Q

what does lactase digest

A

carbs-specifically lactose from dairy products

89
Q

how are amino acids absorbed

A

secondary active transport w/ Na+

90
Q

how is glucose absorbed

A

secondary active transport w/ Na+

91
Q

how are fatty acids absorbed

A

simple diffusion after transformation into chylomicrons

92
Q

how are chylomicrons made

A

bile salts and lecithin bind fatty acids & monoglycerides into micelles- micells are absorbed INTO columnar cells where triglycerides reform- triglycerides are coated with phospholipids & cholesterol=chylomicrons

93
Q

how is fructose absorbed

A

facilitated diffusion

94
Q

how is galactose absorbed

A

secondary active transport w/ Na+

95
Q

what tissue type covers the mouth and esophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium

96
Q

list the 4 types of adult teeth

A

incisors, canines, premolars (bicuspid), molars (tricuspid)

97
Q

how many incisors are there

A

8

98
Q

how many canines are there

A

4

99
Q

how many premolars (bicuspid) are there

A

8

100
Q

how many molars (tricuspid) are there

A

12

101
Q

what is enamel

A

covering for teeth above gum line

102
Q

what is dentin

A

bone like substance, makes up the majority of the tooth

103
Q

what is cementum

A

calcified connective tissue

104
Q

what is the periodontal ligament

A

connects the tooth to jaw

105
Q

what is the crown of a tooth

A

portion of tooth above gum line

106
Q

what is the neck of a tooth

A

narrowed region between crown and root

107
Q

what is the root

A

part of tooth embedded in jaw bone

108
Q

define peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

109
Q

define mumps

A

swollen parotid glands caused by myxovirus

110
Q

define heartburn

A

failure of cardiac sphincter to close

111
Q

define hiatal hernia

A

upper portion of stomach protrudes above diaphragm

112
Q

define gastric/peptic ulcers

A

erosion of the stomach wall caused by helicobacter bacteria

113
Q

define enteritis

A

inflammation of the intestine

114
Q

define hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver as result of viral infection

115
Q

define gallstones

A

concentrated cholesterol derivatives in bile

116
Q

define jaundice

A

bilirubin in the skin cause by liver blockage or disease, results in yellow skin color

117
Q

what tissue type lines the digestive tract below the esophagus

A

simple columnar epithelium

118
Q

what structure carries bile to & from the gallbladder

A

cystic ducts

119
Q

cystic ducts merge with the common hepatic duct to form what

A

common bile duct

120
Q

what structure divides the liver into 2 lobes

A

falciform ligament

121
Q

name the duct that lies at the head of the pancreas

A

accessory pancreatic duct

122
Q

what other duct does the accessory pancreatic duct merge with

A

the main pancreatic duct

123
Q

the main pancreatic duct merges with what before emptying into the duodenum

A

the bile duct

124
Q

how many ATP (net) are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration

A

2

125
Q

how many CO2 are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration

A

0

126
Q

how many NADH are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration

A

2

127
Q

how many FADH2 are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration

A

0

128
Q

how many ATP (net) are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration

A

0

129
Q

how many CO2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration

A

1

130
Q

how many NADH are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration

A

1

131
Q

how many ATP are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

0

132
Q

how many CO2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

2

133
Q

how many NADH are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

2

134
Q

how many FADH2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration

A

0

135
Q

how many FADH2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

2

136
Q

how many ATP (net) are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration

A

1

137
Q

how many CO2 are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration

A

2

138
Q

how many NADH are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration

A

3

139
Q

how many FADH2 are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration

A

1

140
Q

how many ATP (net) are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

2

141
Q

how many CO2 are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

4

142
Q

how many NADH are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

6

143
Q

how many FADH2 are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration

A

2

144
Q

how many ATP (net) are produced during the ETC step of cellular respiration

A

28

145
Q

what is the total amount of ATP produced during cellular respiration

A

32 ATP

146
Q

what is the total amount of CO2 produced during cellular respiration

A

6

147
Q

what is the total amount of NADH produced during cellular respiration

A

10

148
Q

what is the total amount of FADH2 produced during cellular respiration

A

2

149
Q

what are the functions of orexins

A

appetite enhancers

150
Q

what is the function of neuropeptide Y

A

increases cravings for carbs

151
Q

what is the function of galanin

A

increases cravings for fats

152
Q

what are the functions of serotonin

A

promotes feeling of fullness and satisfaction

153
Q

what is the function of leptin

A

inhibits hunger and increases metabolism

154
Q

list the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

155
Q

what are the functions of vitamin A

A

antioxidant, required for normal skin & mucus structure + normal bone development

156
Q

what is the function of vitamin D

A

increases blood CA++ levels

157
Q

what are the functions of vitamin E

A

antioxidant that prevents oxidation of fatty acids, prevents damage to cell membranes by free radicals

158
Q

what is the function of vitamin K

A

essential in clotting protein formation

159
Q

is copper (Cu) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

trace

160
Q

is calcium (Ca) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

major

161
Q

is iodine (I) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

trace

162
Q

is potassium (K) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

major

163
Q

is phosphorus (P) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

major

164
Q

is chloride (Cl) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

major

165
Q

is iron (Fe) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

trace

166
Q

is magnesium (Mg) classifed as a major or trace mineral

A

major

167
Q

is sodium (Na) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

major

168
Q

is manganese (Mn) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

trace

169
Q

is zinc (Zn) classifed as a major or trace mineral

A

trace

170
Q

is sulfur (S) classified as a major or trace mineral

A

major

171
Q

which vitamin is FAD derived from

A

B2-riboflavin

172
Q

which vitamin is NAD derived from

A

B3-niacin

173
Q

how many electrons can NAD carry

A

1

174
Q

how many electrons can FAD carry

A

2

175
Q

which part of the brain controls both hunger and body temperature

A

hypothalamus

176
Q

define convection

A

transfer of heat energy by air currents

177
Q

define radiation

A

transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of “heat waves”

178
Q

define conduction

A

transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object via direct contact

179
Q

define evaporation

A

heat is absorbed by water molecules, become so energized they escape as water vapor taking heat with it

180
Q

does convection function in heat loss or gain

A

heat loss & gain

181
Q

does radiation function in heat loss or gain

A

heat loss & gain

182
Q

does conduction function in heat loss or gain

A

heat loss/gain

183
Q

does evaporation function in heat loss or gain

A

heat loss

184
Q

does shivering function in heat loss or gain

A

heat gain

185
Q

what are the 4 heat promoting mechanisms in the body

A

vasoconstriction, increase in metabolic rate, shivering, behavioral modifications/conscious actions

186
Q

what is the starting chemical for glycolysis

A

glucose

187
Q

what is the starting chemical for Pre-Krebs

A

pyruvic acid

188
Q

what is the end product of glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid

189
Q

what is the end product of Pre-Krebs

A

Acetyl CoA

190
Q

what molecule enters into the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

191
Q

what chemical does Acetyl CoA bind with in the Krebs cycle

A

oxaloacetic acid

192
Q

what chemical does Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid combine to make

A

citric acid

193
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm

194
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

in the matrix of mitochondria

195
Q

NADH stores enough energy to create how many ATP

A

2.5 molecules

196
Q

FADH2 stores enough energy to create how many ATP

A

1.5 molecules

197
Q

where does glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis occur

A

in the liver

198
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

oxygen

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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