Test 3: Digestive, Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Flashcards
what is the passageway from the mouth to the esophagus
pharynx
what is the passageway for food from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
what are the longitudinal folds in the stomach’s mucosa
rugae
what structure stores bile
gallbladder
what structure makes up the superior aspect of the oral cavity
palate
what are the receptors for various food taste sensations
taste buds
what is the passageway from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
rectum
the duodenum, jenjunum and ileum are sections of the
small intestine
bile is produced by what organ
the liver
many of the enzymes that work in the small intestine were produced where
the pancreas
what is the action of dipeptidase
digests proteins
what does glucoamylase digest
digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars
what is the action of trypsin
digests proteins
what does maltase digest
digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars
what does lingual lipase digest
digests lipids/triglycerides
what is the action of pepsin
digests proteins
what is the action of pancreatic amylase
digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars
name the 3 types of extrinisic salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
where is the parotid salivary gland located
slightly anterior & inferior to the ear, sits on ramus
where is the submandibular salivary gland located
medial surface of mandible, anterior to mandibular angle on the outer portion
where is the sublingual salivary gland located
floor of the mouth just inferior to the tongue
where does churning occur
stomach
where does peristalsis occur
small intenstine
where does haustral churning occur
large intestine
where does segmentation occur
small intestine
where does mass peristalsis occur
large intestine
define peristalsis
wave like contractions
define segmentation
oscillating, ring like contractions
define haustral churning
contraction of individual haustrum
define churning
smooth muscle contractions in the stomach that mixes bolus w/ gastric juices
define mass peristalsis
strong wave contraction in transverse colon that pushes contents into rectum
list the functions of the liver
plasma protein production, degrades hormones, detoxifies drugs & alcohol, fat soluble vitamin storage (A, D, E, K), glycogenolysis (produces glycogen), stores glycogen, phagocytosis of worn/old RBC ->produces bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, produces bile, gluconeogenesis, forms non essential amino acids, converts ammonia to urea
name the 3 phases of swallowing
voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase
define the voluntary phase of swallowing
movement of food into the oropharynx
define the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
movement of food through the pharynx
define esophageal phase of swallowing
movement of food through esophagus into stomach
what is bile
green, alkaline liquid that plays a role in fat digestion
where is bile produced
in the liver
what 2 major products are carried in bile
bile salts and bilirubin
what chemical stimulates the release of bile
cholecystokinin (CCK)
put the structures of the digestive system in order
oral orifice, oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, cardiac region of the stomach, body of the stomach, pyloric region of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
name the 4 types of cells that make up the gastric glands
goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
what is the function of goblet cells in the stomach
produces acidic mucus in the stomach
what is the function of parietal cells
produce HCl-
what is the function of chief cells
produce pepsinogen
what is the function of enteroendocrine cells
produce gastrin
where is salivary amylase released from
the salivary glands
where does salivary amylase work
in the mouth
what does salivary amylase digest
carbohydrates/starch/sugars
where is trypsin released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
where does trypsin work
the small intestine
what does trypsin digest
what does trypsin digest
where is sucrase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
where does sucrase work
the small intestine
what does sucrase digest
carbs-specifically sucrose ie table sugar
where is lingual lipase released from
the salivary glands
where does lingual lipase work
in the mouth and stomach
what does lingual lipase digest
lipids/triglycerides
where is pancreatic amylase released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
where does pancreatic amylase work
small intestine
what does pancreatic amylase digest
starch/carbohydrates/sugars
where is pepsin released from
stomach
where does pepsin work
small intestine
what does pepsin digest
proteins
where is chymotrypsin released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
where does chymotrypsin work
the small intestines
what does chymotrypsin digest
proteins
where is pancreatic lipase released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
where does pancreatic lipase work
small intestine
what does pancreatic lipase digest
lipids/fats/triglycerides
where is aminopeptidase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
where does aminopeptidase work
small intestine
what does aminopeptidase digest
proteins
where is dipeptidase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
where does dipeptidase work
small intestine
what does dipeptidase digest
proteins
where is dextrinase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
where does dextrinase work
small intestine
what does dextrinase digest
carbs-specifically dextrose
where is maltase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
where does maltase work
small intestine
what does maltase digest
carbs-specifically maltose
where is HCL- released from
parietal cells in stomach
where does HCL work
stomach
what does HCL digest
proteins
where is lactase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
where does lactase work
small intestine
what does lactase digest
carbs-specifically lactose from dairy products
how are amino acids absorbed
secondary active transport w/ Na+
how is glucose absorbed
secondary active transport w/ Na+
how are fatty acids absorbed
simple diffusion after transformation into chylomicrons
how are chylomicrons made
bile salts and lecithin bind fatty acids & monoglycerides into micelles- micells are absorbed INTO columnar cells where triglycerides reform- triglycerides are coated with phospholipids & cholesterol=chylomicrons
how is fructose absorbed
facilitated diffusion
how is galactose absorbed
secondary active transport w/ Na+
what tissue type covers the mouth and esophagus
stratified squamous epithelium
list the 4 types of adult teeth
incisors, canines, premolars (bicuspid), molars (tricuspid)
how many incisors are there
8
how many canines are there
4
how many premolars (bicuspid) are there
8
how many molars (tricuspid) are there
12
what is enamel
covering for teeth above gum line
what is dentin
bone like substance, makes up the majority of the tooth
what is cementum
calcified connective tissue
what is the periodontal ligament
connects the tooth to jaw
what is the crown of a tooth
portion of tooth above gum line
what is the neck of a tooth
narrowed region between crown and root
what is the root
part of tooth embedded in jaw bone
define peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
define mumps
swollen parotid glands caused by myxovirus
define heartburn
failure of cardiac sphincter to close
define hiatal hernia
upper portion of stomach protrudes above diaphragm
define gastric/peptic ulcers
erosion of the stomach wall caused by helicobacter bacteria
define enteritis
inflammation of the intestine
define hepatitis
inflammation of the liver as result of viral infection
define gallstones
concentrated cholesterol derivatives in bile
define jaundice
bilirubin in the skin cause by liver blockage or disease, results in yellow skin color
what tissue type lines the digestive tract below the esophagus
simple columnar epithelium
what structure carries bile to & from the gallbladder
cystic ducts
cystic ducts merge with the common hepatic duct to form what
common bile duct
what structure divides the liver into 2 lobes
falciform ligament
name the duct that lies at the head of the pancreas
accessory pancreatic duct
what other duct does the accessory pancreatic duct merge with
the main pancreatic duct
the main pancreatic duct merges with what before emptying into the duodenum
the bile duct
how many ATP (net) are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
2
how many CO2 are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
0
how many NADH are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
2
how many FADH2 are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
0
how many ATP (net) are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
0
how many CO2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
1
how many NADH are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
1
how many ATP are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
0
how many CO2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
how many NADH are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
how many FADH2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
0
how many FADH2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
how many ATP (net) are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
1
how many CO2 are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
2
how many NADH are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
3
how many FADH2 are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
1
how many ATP (net) are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
how many CO2 are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
4
how many NADH are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
6
how many FADH2 are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
how many ATP (net) are produced during the ETC step of cellular respiration
28
what is the total amount of ATP produced during cellular respiration
32 ATP
what is the total amount of CO2 produced during cellular respiration
6
what is the total amount of NADH produced during cellular respiration
10
what is the total amount of FADH2 produced during cellular respiration
2
what are the functions of orexins
appetite enhancers
what is the function of neuropeptide Y
increases cravings for carbs
what is the function of galanin
increases cravings for fats
what are the functions of serotonin
promotes feeling of fullness and satisfaction
what is the function of leptin
inhibits hunger and increases metabolism
list the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
what are the functions of vitamin A
antioxidant, required for normal skin & mucus structure + normal bone development
what is the function of vitamin D
increases blood CA++ levels
what are the functions of vitamin E
antioxidant that prevents oxidation of fatty acids, prevents damage to cell membranes by free radicals
what is the function of vitamin K
essential in clotting protein formation
is copper (Cu) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
is calcium (Ca) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
is iodine (I) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
is potassium (K) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
is phosphorus (P) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
is chloride (Cl) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
is iron (Fe) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
is magnesium (Mg) classifed as a major or trace mineral
major
is sodium (Na) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
is manganese (Mn) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
is zinc (Zn) classifed as a major or trace mineral
trace
is sulfur (S) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
which vitamin is FAD derived from
B2-riboflavin
which vitamin is NAD derived from
B3-niacin
how many electrons can NAD carry
1
how many electrons can FAD carry
2
which part of the brain controls both hunger and body temperature
hypothalamus
define convection
transfer of heat energy by air currents
define radiation
transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of “heat waves”
define conduction
transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object via direct contact
define evaporation
heat is absorbed by water molecules, become so energized they escape as water vapor taking heat with it
does convection function in heat loss or gain
heat loss & gain
does radiation function in heat loss or gain
heat loss & gain
does conduction function in heat loss or gain
heat loss/gain
does evaporation function in heat loss or gain
heat loss
does shivering function in heat loss or gain
heat gain
what are the 4 heat promoting mechanisms in the body
vasoconstriction, increase in metabolic rate, shivering, behavioral modifications/conscious actions
what is the starting chemical for glycolysis
glucose
what is the starting chemical for Pre-Krebs
pyruvic acid
what is the end product of glycolysis
pyruvic acid
what is the end product of Pre-Krebs
Acetyl CoA
what molecule enters into the Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA
what chemical does Acetyl CoA bind with in the Krebs cycle
oxaloacetic acid
what chemical does Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid combine to make
citric acid
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
where does the Krebs cycle occur
in the matrix of mitochondria
NADH stores enough energy to create how many ATP
2.5 molecules
FADH2 stores enough energy to create how many ATP
1.5 molecules
where does glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis occur
in the liver
what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
oxygen
