TEST 4 (UNITS 11 - 14) Flashcards
A person’s unique and stable pattern of characteristics and behaviours is his/her ______________ .
personality
People are primarily motivated by unconscious instincts. Personality is almost completely formed by age 5 or 6 years. The two primary influences on personality are traits that develop due to fixation at any psychosexual stage and the relative strengths of id, ego, and superego
SIGMUND FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
List the 3 major components of Freud’s theory
- The central role of the sexual instinct
- The concept of infantile sexuality
- The dominant part played by the unconscious in moving and shaping our thoughts and behaviour
The view that there is a cause for our every thought, idea, feeling, action, or behaviour. Nothing happens by chance or accident; everything we do and even everything we forget to do has an underlying cause
Psychic Determinism
Freud proposed a new conception of personality that contained the following three systems: the ______ , the _______ , and the ________________
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
ONLY COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY THAT IS PRESENT AT BIRTH, INHERITED, AND TOTALLY UNCONSCIOUS
ID
PART OF THE PERSONALITY THAT IS RATIONAL AND LARGELY CONSCIOUS
EGO
OPERATES ON THE REALITY PRINCIPLE AND MAY USE DEFENCE MECHANISMS
EGO
CONTAINS MAILY UNCONSCIOUS MEMORIES OF BEHAVIOURS THAT HAVE BEEN EITHER PUNISHED OR REWARDED
SUPEREGO
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
The most important of the three levels.
Unconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
It is very much like the present-day concept of long-term memory.
Preconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
It consists of whatever we are aware of at any given moment - a thought, a feeling, a sensation, or a memory.
Conscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
The information that resides here can easily be brought to consciousness.
Preconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
Freud believed it to be the primary motivating force of our behaviour.
Unconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
It holds memories that once were conscious but were so unpleasant or anxiety-provoking that they were repressed (involuntarily removed from consciousness).
Unconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
It contains all the memories, feelings, experiences, and perceptions that we are not consciously thinking about at the moment.
Preconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
It contains all of the instincts (aggressive and sexual), wishes, and desires that have never been allowed into consciousness.
Unconscious
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
Freud traced the roots of psychological disorders to impulses and repressed memories found here.
Unconscious
The part of the personality that would make you want to eat, drink and be merry is your:
a) id b) ego c) superego d) unconscious
a) id
You just found a gold watch in a darkened movie theatre. Which part of your personality would urge you to turn it in to the lost and found?
a) id b) ego c) superego d) unconscious
c) superego
a technique used to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem, but it involves self-deception and the distortion of internal and external reality .
defence mechanism
the most important and the most frequently used defence mechanism, and it is present to some degree in all other defence mechanisms.
Repression
2 ways does repression operate:
REMOVES painful or threatening memories, thoughts, ideas, or perceptions from consciousness and keep them in the unconscious
PREVENTS unconscious but disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses from breaking into consciousness
Freud believed that the way to cure psychological disorders caused by repressed traumatic events of childhood was to bring the ____________ ___________ back to _______________ . This is what he tried to accomplish through his therapy, ________________ .
REPRESSED MATERIAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Act of attributing our own undesirable thoughts, impulses, personality traits, or behaviours to others, or of minimizing the undesirable in ourselves and exaggerating it in others.
projection
The act of refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of a danger or a threatening condition.
denial
Act of supplying a logical, rational, socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason or an unacceptable thought or action.
rationalization
Act of reverting to a behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development.
regression
Process of denying an unacceptable impulse, usually sexual or aggressive, by giving strong conscious expression to its opposite.
reaction formation
Substitution of a less threatening object for the original object of an impulse; taking out frustrations on objects or people who are less threatening than those who provoked us.
displacement
Rechannelling of sexual or aggressive energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even praiseworthy.
sublimation
The _______ instinct, Freud said, is the most important factor influencing personality; but it does not just suddenly appear full-blown at puberty.
sex
Arrested developmental at a psychosexual stage occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage.
FIXATION
According to Freud, personality is almost completely formed by age ______ or _____, when the Oedipal complex is resolved and the _____________ is formed.
5 OR 6
superego
a stable and consistent personal characteristic that is used to describe or explain personality .
trait
attempts to explain personality and differences between people in terms of personal characteristics.
Trait theories
_________ stage: pleasure is derived mainly through stimulation of the mouth (0-18 months)
oral
_________ stage: pleasure is derived mainly through expelling and withholding feces (12-18 months)
anal
_________ stage: pleasure is derived mainly from the genitals (3-6 years)
phallic
_________ stage: sexual instinct is largely repressed and temporarily sublimated in school and play activities (5-6 years)
latency
_________ stage: the focus of sexual energy gradually shifts to the opposite-sex peers with whom a person establishes mature sexual relationships (puberty onward)
genital
refers to a child’s sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent
oedipus complex
Today, the most talked-about theory of personality is the _____-________ theory, also known as the “ _____ ______ “.
five-factor
Big Five
tendency to be outgoing, adaptable, and sociable.
Extraversion
Prone to emotional instability. Tend to experience negative emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous, and prone to worry.
Neuroticism
Individuals who are dependable, organized, reliable, responsible, thorough, hard-working, and persevering and has been shown to predict both academic and job performance.
Conscientiousness
Pleasant person, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and co-operative
Agreeableness
individuals who are imaginative, curious, broad-minded and cultured. It may be an important factor in adapting to new situations.
Openness to Experience
According to the learning perspective, ____________ consists of the ___________ ____________ that have been acquired over a lifetime.
personality
learned tendencies
According to Skinner, which of the following ideas about personality was acceptable?
a) personality is a useful concept
b) we initiate and direct our own behaviour.
c) behaviour is caused by forces outside the person and based upon past rewards and punishments.
d) Abnormal behaviour is primarily biological in origin.
c) behaviour is caused by forces outside the person and based upon past rewards and punishments.
Social-cognitive theorists, consider both the ____________ and ___________/__________ factors in their attempts to understand human personality and behaviour.
environment
personal/cognitive
5 personal/cognitive factors involved in understanding the origins of personality.
- Personal dispositions
- Feelings
- Expectancies
- Perceptions
- Cognitions
Alfred Bandura’s concept that personal/cognitive factors, our behaviour, and the external environment all influence and are influenced by each other.
Reciprocal Determinism
One of the personal/cognitive factors Bandura considers especially important is _______-____________
self-efficacy
A person’s belief in his or her ability to perform competently in whatever is attempted.
Self-Efficacy
People with _________ in self-efficacy will approach new situations confidently and will persist in their efforts because they believe success is likely.
high
People ________ in self efficacy, on the other hand, will expect failure and avoid challenges.
low
For Abraham Maslow, ___________ factors were at the root of personality.
motivational
means developing to one’s fullest potential. A healthy person is one who is always growing and becoming all that he or she can be .
Self-Actualization
Maslow finds the following people are:
- accurate in perceiving reality–able to judge honestly and to spot quickly the fake and the dishonest.
- comfortable with life;
- accept themselves and others, and nature as well, with good humour and tolerance. - believe they have a mission to accomplish or the need to devote their life to some larger good.
- tend not to depend on external authority or on other people.
- are also autonomous and independent.
- strong fellowship with humanity and their relationships with others are characterized by deep and loving bonds.
- good sense of humour, can laugh at themselves and are not critical of others.
SELF-ACTUALIZERS
_______ ____________ viewed human nature as basically good . If left to develop naturally, he thought, people would be happy and psychologically healthy .
Carl Rogers
: Conditions upon which the positive regard of others rests.
Conditions of Worth
: Unqualified caring and non-judgmental acceptance of another.
Unconditional Positive Regard
_______ _________ is a field of research that investigates the relative effects of heredity and environment on behaviour and ability .
Behavioural genetics
Many behavioural geneticists believe that personality may be as much as _______ inherited.
a) 10 to 20 percent b) 25 to 35 percent c) 40 to 50 percent d) 65 to 75 percent
c) 40 to 50 percent
Psychologists use _____________ in personality assessment and evaluation in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, and workplaces .
observation
-A revision of the most extensively researched and widely used personality test; used to screen and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders.
MMPI (MMPI-2): Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
-A highly regarded personality test used to assess the normal personality.
JPI: Jackson Personality Inventory
Responses on interviews and questionnaires are ___________ responses; for this reason, they are less useful to therapists who wish to probe the unconscious.
conscious
People respond by ___________ their own inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test material, just as a moving projector projects film images onto a screen.
projecting
Such therapists may choose a completely different technique called a ______________ _________, which is a personality test consisting of inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situations, or incomplete sentences for which there are no obvious correct or incorrect responses .
projective test
Projective test composed of 10 inkblots, to which a participant responds; used to reveal unconscious functioning and the presence of psychiatric disorders.
Rorschach inkblot test
:Projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations, which the subject describes; thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives, which are projected onto the test materials.
Thermatic apperception test (TAT)
___________ _______ continue to suffer from a lack of objectivity in scoring and an absence of adequate norms.
Projective tests
measures an individuals unique and stable pattern of characteristics.
Personality assessment
tests that ask people to interpret ambiguous stimuli - people are expected to project their own inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto test materials
projective tests
questionnaires that require written responses to statements that measure personality
personality inventories
A subfield of the biopsychosocial model.
Health psychology
Any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress.
Stressor
A perspective that focuses on illness rather than health, explaining illness in terms of biological factors without regard to psychological and social factors.
Biomedical model
A perspective that focuses on illness rather than health, explaining illness in terms of biological factors without regard to psychological and social factors.
Secondary appraisal
Evaluating one’s coping resources and deciding how to deal with a stressful event.
Biopsychosocial model
A perspective that focuses on health as well as illness, and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological and social factors.
Primary appraisal
Evaluating the significance of a potentially stressful event according to how it will affect one’s well-being.
Health psychology
The field concerned with the psychological factors that contribute to health, illness, and response to illness.
Health psychology
The predictable sequence of reactions (the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages) that organisms show in response to stressors.
General adaptation syndrome
The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment.
Stress
Positive or good stress, including exhilaration, excitement, and the thrill of accomplishment.
Eustress
is damaging or unpleasant stress, such as frustration, inadequacy, loss, disappointment, insecurity, helplessness, or desperation.
Distress
Richard Lazarus contends that it is not the stressor itself that ____________ stress, but a person’s _____________ of the stressor.
causes
perception
