TEST 1 (UNITS 1 - 4) Flashcards
1
Q
scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
A
PSYCHOLOGY
2
Q
4 goals of psychology:
A
- description
- explanation
- prediction
- influence
3
Q
WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?
- usually the first step in understanding any behaviour or mental process
- through making accurate notes about the behaviours or situations we observe
- goal: is usually more important in very new area of research or in early stages of research
A
DESCRIPTION
4
Q
WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?
- requires an understanding of the conditions under which a given behaviour or mental process occurs
- researchers try to understand the causes
- allows researchers to tell ‘why’ a given event or behaviour occurred
A
EXPLANATION
5
Q
WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?
goal is to understand or predict the likelihood that an event will occur under a certain set of circumstances
A
PREDICTION
6
Q
WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?
- accomplished when researchers know how to apply a principle or change a condition to prevent unwanted occurrences or bring about desired outcomes
- enables psychologists to design types of therapy to prevent anxiety attacks or depression
- enables researchers to develop techniques to improve memory
A
INFLUENCE
7
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- researcher observes and records behaviour in its natural setting
- participants may or may not know they are being observed
A
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
8
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- observation under more controlled conditions where sophisticated equipment can be used to measure responses
A
LABORATORY OBSERVATION
9
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- in-depth study of one or a few participants using observations, interviews, psychological testing
A
CASE STUDY
10
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- interviews and/or questionnaires used to gather information about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviours of a group of people
A
SURVEY
11
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- method used to determine the relationship between two events, characteristics or behaviours
A
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
12
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- random assignment of participants to groups
- manipulation of independent variables and measurement of their effects on the dependent variable
A
CORRELATION METHOD
13
Q
WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
tests used for measuring intelligence, scholastic achievement, aptitudes, vocational interests, personality traits, psychiatric problems
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
14
Q
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE VS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES?
- variable (for example a factor or condition) that the researcher manipulates in order to determine whether they cause a change in another behaviour or condition.
- sometimes referred to as the treatment
A
INDEPENDENT
15
Q
Participants are assigned to take math tests in either a warm classroom or a cold classroom. Tests scores are then examined to determine whether these conditions affected performance. In this example, the independent variable is:
a) mathematical skill
b) test score
c) classroom temperature.
d) not identified
A
c) classroom temperature.
16
Q
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE VS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES
measured at the end of the experiment
A
DEPENDENT
17
Q
Dependent variable is to __________ as independent variable is to _____________
A
effect, cause
18
Q
EXPLAIN WHY PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS ARE IMPORTANT IN ASSESSING THE PARTICIPANT (CLIENT)
A
tests provide information that can be used in educational decision making, personnel selection and vocational guidance
19
Q
RELIABILITY VS. VALIDITY: refers to the consistency of a test
A
reliability
20
Q
RELIABILITY VS. VALIDITY: refers to the ability of a test to measure what it is supposed to measure
A
validity
21
Q
WHO?
- generally thought of as at the founder of psychology
- considered the subject matter of psychology to be experience
- was searching for the structure of the conscious experience.
A
WUNDT
22
Q
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:
- proposed by: Wundt’s student Edward Bradfort Titchener
- aim: analyzing the basic elements or the structure of conscious mental experience
- criticized for it’s primary method - introspection - because it was not objective
A
STRUCTURALISM
23
Q
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:
- concerned with how mental processes help humans and animals adapt to their environment’s
- developed as reaction against structuralism
- broadened the scope of psychology to include the study of behaviour as well as mental processes.
A
FUNCTIONALISM
24
Q
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:
views observable, measurable behaviour as the appropriate way subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the role of environment as a determinant of behaviour
- John B. Watson
A
BEHAVIOURISM
25
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:
* developed by Sigmund Freud
* the unconscious is the primary focus
• views human mental life like an iceberg
PSYCHOANALYSIS
26
WHY DID FREUD VIEW THE SUBCONSCIOUS AS AN ICEBERG?
* the smallest, visible part of the iceberg represents the conscious mental experience of the individual
* underwater, hidden from view, floats a vast store of unconscious impulses, thoughts, wishes and desires
27
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: the importance of the individual's subjective experience as a key to understanding behaviour
HUMANISTIC
28
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: the role of biological processes and structures, as well as heredity, in explaining behaviour
- study the structures of the brain and central nervous system, the functioning of the neurons, delicate balance of neurotransmitters and hormones, and the impact of genes
BIOLOGICAL
29
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY:
* the effect of society and future on behaviour
* seek to understand the cultural context for events
SOCIOCULTURAL
30
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY:
* the importance of mental processes -- perception, thinking, and memory -- that underlie behaviour
* see humans not as passive recipients who are pushed and pulled by environmental forces, but as active participants who seek out experiences, alter and shape them and use mental processes to transform information in the course of their own cognitive development
COGNITIVE
31
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: the role of inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans; studies how inherited tendencies and dispositions in humans influence a wide range of behaviours
EVOLUTIONARY
32
MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Plays a role in learning, attention and movement
DOPAMINE
33
MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: An amino acid that is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
34
MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: May produce either excitatory or inhibitory effects; affects movement, learning, memory and REM sleep
ACETYLCHOLINE
35
MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Provides relief from pain and produces feelings of pleasure and well-being
ENDORPHINS
36
MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Produces inhibitory effects at most of the receptors with which it forms synapses; it plays an important role in regulating mood, sleep, impassivity, aggression and appetite
SERATONIN
37
MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Affects eating habits, sleep, female sexual behaviour, and it plays a major role in alertness and wakefulness
NOREPINEPHRINE
38
An important class of neurotransmitters that includes 4 neurotransmitters - dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and seratonin
MONOAMINES
39
2 PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. central nervous system
| 2. peripheral nervous system
40
2 PARTS OF THE CNS:
1. brain
| 2. spinal cord
41
WHAT DOES THE PNS CONSIST OF?
all the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
42
2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
1. somatic nervous system
| 2. autonomic nervous system
43
sympathetic nervous system AND parasympathetic nervous system BELONG TO WHICH PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
PNS: AUTONOMIC
44
* Controls the pituitary gland and regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, body temperature, and a wide variety of emotional behaviours
* The psychological changes in the body that accompany strong emotion (eg. sweaty palms, pounding heart, lump in throat) are initiated by neurons concentrated mainly in this structure
HYPOTHALAMUS
45
* It transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
* Literally links the body with the brain
SPINAL CORD
46
Handles functions that are vital to our physical survival and damage to it is life-threatening
BRAIN STEM
47
* The relay station for virtually all the information that flows into and out of the higher brain centres
* Affects our ability to learn new information, especially if it's verbal
THALAMUS
48
* Plays a crucial role in arousal and attention, and screens sensory messages entering the brain
RETICULAR FORMATION
49
* Its main functions are to execute smooth, skilled movements and to regulate muscle tone and posture
* It has been found to play a role in motor learning and retaining memories of motor activities
CEREBELLUM
50
* the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing and swallowing
MEDULLA
51
3 MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN
1. LIMBIC SYSTEM
2. AMYGDALA
3. HIPPOCAMPUS
52
WHICH MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN? a group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotion, memory and motivation
LIMBIC SYSTEM
53
WHICH MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN? a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to aversive stimuli
AMYGDALA
54
WHICH MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN? a structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the formation of long-term memories
HIPPOCAMPUS
55
The lobes that control voluntary movements, speech production and such functioning as tinting, motivation, planning for the future, impulse control and emotional responses
FRONTAL LOBES
56
The lobes that contain the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, and association areas for interpreting auditory information
TEMPORAL LOBES
57
The lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex (where touch, pressure, temperature and pain register) and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation
PARIETAL LOBES
58
The lobes that contain the primary visual cortex, where vision registers and association areas involved in the interpretation of visual information
OCCIPITAL LOBES
59
The hemisphere that controls the right side of the body, coordinates, complex movements, and (in 95% of people) controls the production of speech and written language
LEFT
60
The hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and that, in most people, is specialized for visual-spatial perception and for understanding non-verbal behaviour
RIGHT
61
WHICH GLAND? located in the brain and often called the "master gland" because it releases the hormones that 'turn on' or activate other glands in the endocrine system
* produces the hormone that is responsible for body growth
PITUITARY
62
WHICH GLAND?
* regulates the body's blood sugar levels by releasing the hormones insulin glucagon into the bloodstream
* produces digestive enzymes
PANCREAS
63
WHICH GLAND? Release sex hormones that are responsible for the secondary sex characteristics - pubic and underarm hair in both sexes, breasts in females, and facial hair and a deepened voice in males.
* The ovaries in females and testes in males
GONADS
64
WHICH GLAND? produce epinephrine and norepinephrine that activate the sympathetic nervous system
* releases the corticoids, which control the body's salt balance, and also releases small amounts of sex hormones
ADRENAL GLAND
65
WHICH GLAND? produces the important hormone thyroxin that regulates the rate at which food is metabolized or transformed into energy
THYROID GLAND
66
______________ furnishes the raw material of sensory experience; _____________ provides the finished product.
SENSATION, PERCEPTION
67
process by which the senses detect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain.
SENSATION
68
process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
PERCEPTION
69
* Answers the question: "Do we or don't we sense it?"
| * The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
70
* The smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time
* This threshold for various senses is not the same for all people
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD
71
The view that detection of a sensory stimulus involves both discriminating a stimulus from background 'noise' and deciding whether the stimulus is actually present
signal detection theory
72
* Specialized cells in each sense organ that detect and respond to stimuli - light, sound, odour, etc. - and transducer (convert) the stimuli into neutral impulses.
* These provide the essential links between the physical sensory world and the brain
SENSORY RECEPTORS
73
* The process by which sensory receptors convert sensory stimulation - light, sound, odours, etc. - into neural impulses
TRANSDUCTION
74
* The process of becoming less sensitive to an unchanging sensory stimulus over time
* This process is not likely to occur in the presence of very strong stimuli - the smell of ammonia or the taste of rancid food
SENSORY ADAPTATION
75
ID 5 SENSES
```
SIGHT
SOUND
TASTE
SMELL
TOUCH
```
76
* most valued sensory experience
| * provides most of the information on which our brain feeds.
VISION
77
the sensation of hearing; the process of hearing
AUDITION
78
the sense of smell -- is a chemical sense.
OLFACTION
79
The sensation or sense of taste is also known as:
GUSTATION
80
5 FLAVOURS
* 1. sweet
* 2. sour
* 3. salty
* 4. bitter
* 5. umani
81
Pertains to the sense of touch
TACTILE SENSE
82
* Detects movement and provides information about where we are in space (physical location/orientation)
- These sense organs are located in the semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs in the inner ear
VESTIBULAR SENSE
83
* Chemicals, produced naturally by the pituitary gland, that reduce pain and affect mood positively
* This substance is released when we are injured, when experience stress or extreme pain, and when we laugh, cry or exercise
ENDORPHINS
84
* Provides information about the position of the body parts in relation to one another
* Provides information about the movement in various body parts
kinaesthetic sense
85
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization:
We organize our sensory experience according to figure-ground relationship and other principles of perceptual grouping.
86
4 principles of perceptual grouping
1. SIMILARITY
2. PROXIMITY
3. CONTINUITY
4. CLOSURE
87
objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as a unit
SIMILARITY
88
objects that are close together in space or time are usually perceived as belonging together
PROXIMITY
89
objects or figures are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern
CONTINUITY
90
addresses our tendency to complete figures with gaps in them even though parts of the figure is missing
CLOSURE
91
4 TYPES OF CONSTANCY
1. SIZE
2. SHAPE
3. BRIGHTNESS
4. COLOUR
92
the ability to see in 3D and estimate distance
DEPTH PERCEPTION
93
Binocular Depth Cues:
depth cues that depend on two eyes working together; convergence and binocular disparity.
94
Monocular Depth Cues:
depth cues that can be perceived by only one eye.
95
DESCRIBE INFLUENCES OF PERCEPTION
Perceptual set is an example of top-down processing in that what you expect to perceive determines, to a large extent, what you will actually see, hear, feel, taste and smell.
96
information processing in which individual components or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed
bottom-up processing:
97
application of previous experience and conceptual knowledge to first recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole
top-down processing:
98
awareness; the continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings or sensations of which we are aware from moment to moment
CONSCIOUSNESS
99
DESCRIBE SOME OF THE DIFFERENT STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
a) drug induced states
b) states reached through meditation
c) hypnotic states
100
* More than 100 of our bodily functions and behaviours fluctuate in 24-hour cycles. These daily fluctuations, called circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the brain.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
101
some of the bodily functions/abilities that follow circadian rhythms:
* blood pressure
* heart rate
* appetite
* secretion of hormones
* digestive enzymes
* sensory acuity
* elimination
* body response to medication
102
LIst the problems experienced by employees who work rotating shifts.
* more likely to cut back on sleep
* spend less time with their spouse
* worry about not spending enough time with family
* report more gastrointestinal and cardiovascular problems
* use more prescription drugs
* have more emotional exhaustion and mood problems
103
NREM
non-rapid eye movement
104
REM
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT
105
* called "quiet sleep" because heart rate and respiration are slow and regular, there is little body movement and blood pressure and brain activity are at their lowest points of the 24-hour period
* 4 stages
* stage 1 being the lightest and stage 4 being the deepest
* we pass gradually rather than abruptly from one stage to the next
NREM
106
* constitutes 20 - 25% of a normal night's sleep
* during this time there is intense brain activity, and our body reacts as if to a daytime emergency
* epinephrine (adrenalin) shoots into the system, blood pressure rises, heart rate and respiration become faster and irregular, and brain temperature increases
REM
107
DESCRIBE OUR PREDICTABLE SLEEP CYCLES
Stage 1: sometimes called light sleep; actually the transition between waking and sleeping
Stage 2: somewhat more deeply asleep and harder to awaken; 50% of total night's sleep is spent in stage 2
Stage 3: the beginning of slow wave sleep (or deep sleep); as sleep becomes deeper, brain activity slows and more delta waves (slow brain waves) appear
Stage 4: deepest sleep; hardest stage to waken people; lasts about 40 minutes
108
WHICH LIFESPAN SLEEP PATTERN?
* there is a decrease in quality and quantity of sleep
* they have more difficulty falling asleep, and typically have lighter sleep and more longer awakenings
* they spend more time awake in bed but less time asleep, averaging about 6.5 hours of sleep
OLD AGE
109
WHICH LIFESPAN SLEEP PATTERN?
* they average about 7.2 hours of sleep but need about 2 hours more to be alert as they should be for school
* they are usually sleepy during the day regardless of the amount of sleep at night
ADOLESCENCE
110
WHICH LIFESPAN SLEEP PATTERN?
* they fall asleep easily and sleep soundly for 8.5 to 9 hours at night
* they feel awake and alert during the day
* they sleep best at night; feel best during the day
* they have the longest sleep time and highest percentage of REM and deep sleep
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD & INFANCY
111
What are some of the effects of sleep deprivation?
* difficulty concentrating
* lapses in attention
* general irritability
* minor hallucinations
112
* a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one's breathing, or body movement in order to block out all distractions and achieve an altered state of consciousness
* form of contemplation used to increase relaxation, block out worries and distractions, or foster a different form of consciousness
MEDITATION
113
* a trance-like state of concentrated, focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and diminished response to external stimuli
* In the hypnotic state, people suspend their usual rational and logical ways of thinking and perceiving, and allowing themselves to experience distortions in perceptions, memories and thinking.
* proven most useful in treating PAIN
HYPNOSIS
114
THIS DRUG alters normal mental functioning -- mood, perception, or thought; if used medically, called a controlled substance
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG
115
THIS DRUG alter perception and mood and can cause hallucinations
HALLUCINOGEN
116
THIS DRUG
decreases activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation
DEPRESSANT
117
THIS DRUG speeds up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic
STIMULANT
118
Which of the following would a behaviourist note consider a subject for psychology study:
a) interpersonal interactions
b) problem-solving
c) thinking
d) public speaking
c) thinking
119
The major emphasis of psychoanalysis is:
a) the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for conscious choice and growth
b) the perception of whole units or patterns
c) the scientific study of behaviour
d) the unconscious
d) the unconscious
120
Freud believed that we do not _______________ control our thoughts, feelings and behaviours, but rather that these are determined by _______________ factors that we cannot see or control.
consciously
| unconscious
121
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: The scientific study of behaviour
behavioural
122
WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: The role of unconscious and early-childhood experiences; the unconscious
psychoanalytical
123
All of our thought, feelings and behaviour can ultimately be traced to the activity of specialized cells called ______________
neurons
124
3 different types of neuron
1. afferent (sensory)
2. efferent (motor)
3. interneurons
125
WHICH TYPE OF NEURON?
| - relay messages from sense organs and receptors to the brain or spinal cord
afferent
126
WHICH TYPE OF NEURON?
| - convey signals from the brain and spinal cord to the glands and muscles, enabling us to move
EFFERENT
127
WHICH TYPE OF NEURON?
| - most numerous, carry information between neurons in the brain and between neurons in the spinal cord
INTERNEURON
128
the slender, tail-like extension of the neuron
axon
129
the branch-like extension of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons
dendrite
130
transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of other neurons or to the muscles or glands
axon
131
contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic function of the neuron
cell body
132
the primary receivers of the impulses from other neurons
dendrite
133
carries out the life-sustaining functions of the neuron
cell body
134
relay messages backward -- from the cell body to their own branches
dendrite
135
sprouts into many branches, ending in a rounded axon terminal
axon
136
What is the junction where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft
synapse
137
Messages are transmitted between neurons by one or more of a large group of chemical substances known as
neurotransmitters
138
Neurotransmitters are manufactured in the ____________, the _______ _________, the ___________, and a few other parts of the _____________
brain
spinal cord
glands
body
139
10. An important class of neurotransmitters known as ______ includes 4 neurotransmitters - dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and seratonin
a) amino acids
b) monoamines
c) gama-aminobutryric acid
d) neuropeptides
b) monoamines
140
11. A deficiency in seratonin has been associated with:
a) suicide
b) impulsive violence
c) depression
d) all of the above
c) depression
141
12. _____________ is thought to facilitate the control of anxiety in humans
a) acetylcholine
b) dopamine
c) GABA
d) Epinephrine
c) GABA
142
13. _____________ is believed to affect metabolism of glucose and cause the nutrient energy (glucose) stored in muscles to be released during strenuous exercise.
a) acetylcholine
b) epinephrine
c) norepinephrine
d) dopamine
c) norepinephrine
143
The ________________ nervous system transmits messages between the central nervous system and the glands, the cardiac muscle and the smooth muscles, which are not normally under voluntary control.
autonomic
144
The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches act as ____________ but _______________ forces in the autonomic nervous system.
opposing
| complimentary
145
The autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system in that its operation is largely:
a) involuntary
b) voluntary
c) controlled by the brain
d) controlled by the spinal cord
a) involuntary
146
13. The _____ nervous system mobilizes the body's resources during times of stress; the ______ nervous system brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal when the emergency is over.
a) somatic, autonomic
b) autonomic, somatic
c) sympathetic, parasympathetic
d) parasympathetic, sympathetic
c) sympathetic, parasympathetic
147
3. According to the text, the part of the brain that makes us different from animals is the:
a) cerebral cortex
b) thalamus
c) limbic system
d) cerebellum
a) cerebral cortex
148
The ______________ system is a series of ductless glands found in various parts of the body , that manufacture and secrete chemicals known as ______________
hormones
| endocrine
149
2. The endocrine glands secrete _________ directly into the _____________.
a) enzymes, digestive tract
b) hormones, bloodstream
c) hormones, enzymes
d) hormones, digestive tract
b) hormones, bloodstream
150
6. Which of the following is not true of sensory receptors?
a) they are specialized to detect certain sensory stimuli
b) They transduce sensory stimuli into neutral impulses
c) They are located in the brain
d) They provide the link between the physical sensory world and the brain
c) They are located in the brain
151
7. Each morning when Jackie goes to work at the dry cleaners she smells the strong odour of cleaning fluid. After she is there for a few minutes, she is no longer aware of it. What accounts for this?
a) signal detection theory
b) sensory adaptation
c) transduction
d) the just noticeable difference
b) sensory adaptation
152
8. According to the signal detection theory, deciding whether a stimulus is present depends partly on:
a) the probability that the stimulus will occur
b) the potential gain or loss associated with deciding that it is present or absent
c) the degree of sensory adaptation and transduction
d) both a) and b) are correct
d) both a) and b) are correc
153
4. Our pupils do not dilate:
a) when telling a lie
b) in bright light
c) while becoming angry
d) when we are sexually aroused
b) in bright light
154
6. Light moves toward the retina in which of the following paths?
a) lens, cornea, pupil
b) pupil, lens, cornea
c) pupil, cornea, lens
d) cornea, pupil, lens
d) cornea, pupil, lens
155
10. Pitch is chiefly determined by ________; loudness is chiefly determined by _____________.
a) frequency; amplitude
b) wavelength; frequency
c) intensity; frequency
d) intensity; amplitude
a) frequency; amplitude
156
11. Pitch is measure in ______________; loudness is measured in amplitude.
frequency
| amplitude
157
_____________ is an important characteristic of sound and is determined by the number of _____________ completed by a sound wave in one second.
Frequency
| cycles
158
The ___________ of a sound is determined largely by its amplitude. _____________ depends on the energy of the sound wave. Loudness is determined mainly by the _______________ or ____________ with which the air molecules are moving.
loudness
Amplitude
force
pressure
159
a unit of measurement of the intensity or loudness of sound based on the amplitude of the sound wave
decibel
160
_______________ is the distinctive quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness.
Timbre
161
The receptors for hearing are found in the:
a) ossicles
b) auditory canal
c) auditory membrane
d) cochlea
d) cochlea
162
The hair cells are contained:
a) within the auditory nerve
b) along the inner membrane of the eardrum
c) in the tiny bones of the inner ear
d) within the cochlea
d) within the cochlea
163
The ______________ ______________ is a patch of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity, that contains 10 million receptors for smell.
olfactory epithelium
164
The tendency to perceive objects as maintaining the same size, shape and brightness despite differences in distance, viewing angle, and lighting is called perceptual:
a) organization
b) rigidity
c) adaptation
d) constancy
d) constancy
165
Consciousness is best defined as:
a) wakefulness
b) awareness
c) receptiveness
d) rationality
b) awareness
166
______________ is the continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings or sensations of which we are aware from moment to moment
Consciousness
167
True or false? Daydreaming and sleep are lower levels of awareness and learning a new skill requires the highest level of consciousness.
* true
168
According to the text, altered states of consciousness includes all of the following except:
a) drug induced states
b) states reached through meditation
c) daydreaming
d) hypnotic states
c) daydreaming
169
More than 100 of our bodily functions and behaviours fluctuate in 24-hour cycles. These daily fluctuations, called __________ ___________ are controlled largely by the ______________.
circadian rhythms
| brain
170
The two circadian rhythms most relevant to the study of sleep are the sleep/wakefulness cycle and
a) blood pressure
b) secretion of hormones
c) body temperature
d) heart rate
c) body temperature
171
The internal biological clock seems to operate on a _____ hour day when external cues are eliminated.
a) 21
b) 23
c) 25
d) 27
c) 25
172
Over a lifetime a person spends about _____ years sleeping
25
173
Today most sleep researchers believe that sleep should be viewed as a circadian rhythm that, in part, serves to ____________ energy and ____________ memory
restore
| consolidate
174
How many sleep cycles does the average person have each night?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
d) 7
c) 5
175
The average length of a sleep cycle in adults is:
a) 30 min
b) 60 min
c) 90 min
d) 120 min
c) 90 min
176
According to the text, most North Americans get:
a) too little sleep
b) just the right amount of sleep
c) too much sleep
d) too little sleep in childhood and too much as adults
a) too little sleep
177
a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one's breathing, or body movement in order to block out all distractions and achieve an altered state of consciousness
meditation
178
Which of the following is a form of contemplation used to increase relaxation, block out worries and distractions, or foster a different form of consciousness?
a) hypnosis
b) cognitive withdrawal
c) hyper-amnesia
d) meditation
d) meditation
179
Which is not a proposed use of meditation
a) to bring a person to a higher level of spirituality
b) to substitute for anesthesia during surgery
c) to alter consciousness
d) to promote relaxation
b) to substitute for anesthesia during surgery
180
True or false? According to Dr. Herbert Benson, the beneficial effects of meditation cannot be duplicated with simple relaxation techniques.
false
181
* a trance-like state of concentrated, focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and diminished response to external stimuli
hypnosis
182
Hypnosis has been proven most useful in treating:
a) obesity
b) pain
c) drug abuse
d) alcoholism
b) pain
183
Which of the following is true regarding psychological dependence on drugs?
a) is it easier to combat than physical addiction
b) it is harder to overcome than physical addiction
c) it is as difficult to overcome as physical addiction
d) there is no such thing as psychological dependence
b) it is harder to overcome than physical addiction
