Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PS1044 - INTRO TO PSYCH > TEST 1 (UNITS 1 - 4) > Flashcards

TEST 1 (UNITS 1 - 4) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

A

PSYCHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 goals of psychology:

A
  1. description
  2. explanation
  3. prediction
  4. influence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?

  • usually the first step in understanding any behaviour or mental process
  • through making accurate notes about the behaviours or situations we observe
  • goal: is usually more important in very new area of research or in early stages of research
A

DESCRIPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?

  • requires an understanding of the conditions under which a given behaviour or mental process occurs
  • researchers try to understand the causes
  • allows researchers to tell ‘why’ a given event or behaviour occurred
A

EXPLANATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?

goal is to understand or predict the likelihood that an event will occur under a certain set of circumstances

A

PREDICTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHICH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY?

  • accomplished when researchers know how to apply a principle or change a condition to prevent unwanted occurrences or bring about desired outcomes
  • enables psychologists to design types of therapy to prevent anxiety attacks or depression
  • enables researchers to develop techniques to improve memory
A

INFLUENCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?

  • researcher observes and records behaviour in its natural setting
  • participants may or may not know they are being observed
A

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?

- observation under more controlled conditions where sophisticated equipment can be used to measure responses

A

LABORATORY OBSERVATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?

- in-depth study of one or a few participants using observations, interviews, psychological testing

A

CASE STUDY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
- interviews and/or questionnaires used to gather information about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviours of a group of people

A

SURVEY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?

- method used to determine the relationship between two events, characteristics or behaviours

A

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?

  • random assignment of participants to groups
  • manipulation of independent variables and measurement of their effects on the dependent variable
A

CORRELATION METHOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHICH RESEARCH METHOD?
tests used for measuring intelligence, scholastic achievement, aptitudes, vocational interests, personality traits, psychiatric problems

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE VS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES?

  • variable (for example a factor or condition) that the researcher manipulates in order to determine whether they cause a change in another behaviour or condition.
  • sometimes referred to as the treatment
A

INDEPENDENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Participants are assigned to take math tests in either a warm classroom or a cold classroom. Tests scores are then examined to determine whether these conditions affected performance. In this example, the independent variable is:

a) mathematical skill
b) test score
c) classroom temperature.
d) not identified

A

c) classroom temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE VS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES

measured at the end of the experiment

A

DEPENDENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dependent variable is to __________ as independent variable is to _____________

A

effect, cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EXPLAIN WHY PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS ARE IMPORTANT IN ASSESSING THE PARTICIPANT (CLIENT)

A

tests provide information that can be used in educational decision making, personnel selection and vocational guidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RELIABILITY VS. VALIDITY: refers to the consistency of a test

A

reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

RELIABILITY VS. VALIDITY: refers to the ability of a test to measure what it is supposed to measure

A

validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHO?

  • generally thought of as at the founder of psychology
  • considered the subject matter of psychology to be experience
  • was searching for the structure of the conscious experience.
A

WUNDT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:

  • proposed by: Wundt’s student Edward Bradfort Titchener
  • aim: analyzing the basic elements or the structure of conscious mental experience
  • criticized for it’s primary method - introspection - because it was not objective
A

STRUCTURALISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:

  • concerned with how mental processes help humans and animals adapt to their environment’s
  • developed as reaction against structuralism
  • broadened the scope of psychology to include the study of behaviour as well as mental processes.
A

FUNCTIONALISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:
views observable, measurable behaviour as the appropriate way subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the role of environment as a determinant of behaviour
- John B. Watson

A

BEHAVIOURISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY:
* developed by Sigmund Freud
* the unconscious is the primary focus
• views human mental life like an iceberg

A

PSYCHOANALYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

WHY DID FREUD VIEW THE SUBCONSCIOUS AS AN ICEBERG?

A
  • the smallest, visible part of the iceberg represents the conscious mental experience of the individual
    * underwater, hidden from view, floats a vast store of unconscious impulses, thoughts, wishes and desires
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: the importance of the individual’s subjective experience as a key to understanding behaviour

A

HUMANISTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: the role of biological processes and structures, as well as heredity, in explaining behaviour
- study the structures of the brain and central nervous system, the functioning of the neurons, delicate balance of neurotransmitters and hormones, and the impact of genes

A

BIOLOGICAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY:

  • the effect of society and future on behaviour
  • seek to understand the cultural context for events
A

SOCIOCULTURAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY:

  • the importance of mental processes – perception, thinking, and memory – that underlie behaviour
  • see humans not as passive recipients who are pushed and pulled by environmental forces, but as active participants who seek out experiences, alter and shape them and use mental processes to transform information in the course of their own cognitive development
A

COGNITIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: the role of inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans; studies how inherited tendencies and dispositions in humans influence a wide range of behaviours

A

EVOLUTIONARY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Plays a role in learning, attention and movement

A

DOPAMINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: An amino acid that is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: May produce either excitatory or inhibitory effects; affects movement, learning, memory and REM sleep

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Provides relief from pain and produces feelings of pleasure and well-being

A

ENDORPHINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Produces inhibitory effects at most of the receptors with which it forms synapses; it plays an important role in regulating mood, sleep, impassivity, aggression and appetite

A

SERATONIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: Affects eating habits, sleep, female sexual behaviour, and it plays a major role in alertness and wakefulness

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

An important class of neurotransmitters that includes 4 neurotransmitters - dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and seratonin

A

MONOAMINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

2 PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  1. central nervous system

2. peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 PARTS OF THE CNS:

A
  1. brain

2. spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

WHAT DOES THE PNS CONSIST OF?

A

all the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. somatic nervous system

2. autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

sympathetic nervous system AND parasympathetic nervous system BELONG TO WHICH PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

PNS: AUTONOMIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
  • Controls the pituitary gland and regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, body temperature, and a wide variety of emotional behaviours
    • The psychological changes in the body that accompany strong emotion (eg. sweaty palms, pounding heart, lump in throat) are initiated by neurons concentrated mainly in this structure
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q
  • It transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
    • Literally links the body with the brain
A

SPINAL CORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Handles functions that are vital to our physical survival and damage to it is life-threatening

A

BRAIN STEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q
  • The relay station for virtually all the information that flows into and out of the higher brain centres
    • Affects our ability to learn new information, especially if it’s verbal
A

THALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q
  • Plays a crucial role in arousal and attention, and screens sensory messages entering the brain
A

RETICULAR FORMATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q
  • Its main functions are to execute smooth, skilled movements and to regulate muscle tone and posture
    • It has been found to play a role in motor learning and retaining memories of motor activities
A

CEREBELLUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q
  • the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing and swallowing
A

MEDULLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

3 MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN

A
  1. LIMBIC SYSTEM
  2. AMYGDALA
  3. HIPPOCAMPUS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

WHICH MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN? a group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotion, memory and motivation

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

WHICH MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN? a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to aversive stimuli

A

AMYGDALA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

WHICH MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN? a structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the formation of long-term memories

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The lobes that control voluntary movements, speech production and such functioning as tinting, motivation, planning for the future, impulse control and emotional responses

A

FRONTAL LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The lobes that contain the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and association areas for interpreting auditory information

A

TEMPORAL LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex (where touch, pressure, temperature and pain register) and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation

A

PARIETAL LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The lobes that contain the primary visual cortex, where vision registers and association areas involved in the interpretation of visual information

A

OCCIPITAL LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The hemisphere that controls the right side of the body, coordinates, complex movements, and (in 95% of people) controls the production of speech and written language

A

LEFT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and that, in most people, is specialized for visual-spatial perception and for understanding non-verbal behaviour

A

RIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

WHICH GLAND? located in the brain and often called the “master gland” because it releases the hormones that ‘turn on’ or activate other glands in the endocrine system

  • produces the hormone that is responsible for body growth
A

PITUITARY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

WHICH GLAND?
* regulates the body’s blood sugar levels by releasing the hormones insulin glucagon into the bloodstream

  • produces digestive enzymes
A

PANCREAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

WHICH GLAND? Release sex hormones that are responsible for the secondary sex characteristics - pubic and underarm hair in both sexes, breasts in females, and facial hair and a deepened voice in males.
* The ovaries in females and testes in males

A

GONADS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

WHICH GLAND? produce epinephrine and norepinephrine that activate the sympathetic nervous system

  • releases the corticoids, which control the body’s salt balance, and also releases small amounts of sex hormones
A

ADRENAL GLAND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

WHICH GLAND? produces the important hormone thyroxin that regulates the rate at which food is metabolized or transformed into energy

A

THYROID GLAND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

______________ furnishes the raw material of sensory experience; _____________ provides the finished product.

A

SENSATION, PERCEPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

process by which the senses detect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain.

A

SENSATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.

A

PERCEPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q
  • Answers the question: “Do we or don’t we sense it?”

* The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time

A

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q
  • The smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time
    • This threshold for various senses is not the same for all people
A

DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The view that detection of a sensory stimulus involves both discriminating a stimulus from background ‘noise’ and deciding whether the stimulus is actually present

A

signal detection theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q
  • Specialized cells in each sense organ that detect and respond to stimuli - light, sound, odour, etc. - and transducer (convert) the stimuli into neutral impulses.
    • These provide the essential links between the physical sensory world and the brain
A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q
  • The process by which sensory receptors convert sensory stimulation - light, sound, odours, etc. - into neural impulses
A

TRANSDUCTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q
  • The process of becoming less sensitive to an unchanging sensory stimulus over time
    • This process is not likely to occur in the presence of very strong stimuli - the smell of ammonia or the taste of rancid food
A

SENSORY ADAPTATION

75
Q

ID 5 SENSES

A 
SIGHT
SOUND
TASTE
SMELL
TOUCH
76
Q
  • most valued sensory experience

* provides most of the information on which our brain feeds.

A

VISION

77
Q

the sensation of hearing; the process of hearing

A

AUDITION

78
Q

the sense of smell – is a chemical sense.

A

OLFACTION

79
Q

The sensation or sense of taste is also known as:

A

GUSTATION

80
Q

5 FLAVOURS

A
    1. sweet
      * 2. sour
      * 3. salty
      * 4. bitter
      * 5. umani
81
Q

Pertains to the sense of touch

A

TACTILE SENSE

82
Q
  • Detects movement and provides information about where we are in space (physical location/orientation)
  • These sense organs are located in the semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs in the inner ear
A

VESTIBULAR SENSE

83
Q
  • Chemicals, produced naturally by the pituitary gland, that reduce pain and affect mood positively
    • This substance is released when we are injured, when experience stress or extreme pain, and when we laugh, cry or exercise
A

ENDORPHINS

84
Q
  • Provides information about the position of the body parts in relation to one another
    • Provides information about the movement in various body parts
A

kinaesthetic sense

85
Q

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization:

A

We organize our sensory experience according to figure-ground relationship and other principles of perceptual grouping.

86
Q

4 principles of perceptual grouping

A
  1. SIMILARITY
  2. PROXIMITY
  3. CONTINUITY
  4. CLOSURE
87
Q

objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as a unit

A

SIMILARITY

88
Q

objects that are close together in space or time are usually perceived as belonging together

A

PROXIMITY

89
Q

objects or figures are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern

A

CONTINUITY

90
Q

addresses our tendency to complete figures with gaps in them even though parts of the figure is missing

A

CLOSURE

91
Q

4 TYPES OF CONSTANCY

A
  1. SIZE
  2. SHAPE
  3. BRIGHTNESS
  4. COLOUR
92
Q

the ability to see in 3D and estimate distance

A

DEPTH PERCEPTION

93
Q

Binocular Depth Cues:

A

depth cues that depend on two eyes working together; convergence and binocular disparity.

94
Q

Monocular Depth Cues:

A

depth cues that can be perceived by only one eye.

95
Q

DESCRIBE INFLUENCES OF PERCEPTION

A

Perceptual set is an example of top-down processing in that what you expect to perceive determines, to a large extent, what you will actually see, hear, feel, taste and smell.

96
Q

information processing in which individual components or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed

A

bottom-up processing:

97
Q

application of previous experience and conceptual knowledge to first recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole

A

top-down processing:

98
Q

awareness; the continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings or sensations of which we are aware from moment to moment

A

CONSCIOUSNESS

99
Q

DESCRIBE SOME OF THE DIFFERENT STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

A

a) drug induced states
b) states reached through meditation
c) hypnotic states

100
Q
  • More than 100 of our bodily functions and behaviours fluctuate in 24-hour cycles. These daily fluctuations, called circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the brain.
A

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

101
Q

some of the bodily functions/abilities that follow circadian rhythms:

A
  • blood pressure
    * heart rate
    * appetite
    * secretion of hormones
    * digestive enzymes
    * sensory acuity
    * elimination
    * body response to medication
102
Q

LIst the problems experienced by employees who work rotating shifts.

A
  • more likely to cut back on sleep
  • spend less time with their spouse
  • worry about not spending enough time with family
  • report more gastrointestinal and cardiovascular problems
  • use more prescription drugs
  • have more emotional exhaustion and mood problems
103
Q

NREM

A

non-rapid eye movement

104
Q

REM

A

RAPID EYE MOVEMENT

105
Q
  • called “quiet sleep” because heart rate and respiration are slow and regular, there is little body movement and blood pressure and brain activity are at their lowest points of the 24-hour period
    • 4 stages
    • stage 1 being the lightest and stage 4 being the deepest
    • we pass gradually rather than abruptly from one stage to the next
A

NREM

106
Q
  • constitutes 20 - 25% of a normal night’s sleep
    • during this time there is intense brain activity, and our body reacts as if to a daytime emergency
    • epinephrine (adrenalin) shoots into the system, blood pressure rises, heart rate and respiration become faster and irregular, and brain temperature increases
A

REM

107
Q

DESCRIBE OUR PREDICTABLE SLEEP CYCLES

A

Stage 1: sometimes called light sleep; actually the transition between waking and sleeping

Stage 2: somewhat more deeply asleep and harder to awaken; 50% of total night’s sleep is spent in stage 2

Stage 3: the beginning of slow wave sleep (or deep sleep); as sleep becomes deeper, brain activity slows and more delta waves (slow brain waves) appear

Stage 4: deepest sleep; hardest stage to waken people; lasts about 40 minutes

108
Q

WHICH LIFESPAN SLEEP PATTERN?

  • there is a decrease in quality and quantity of sleep
  • they have more difficulty falling asleep, and typically have lighter sleep and more longer awakenings
  • they spend more time awake in bed but less time asleep, averaging about 6.5 hours of sleep
A

OLD AGE

109
Q

WHICH LIFESPAN SLEEP PATTERN?

  • they average about 7.2 hours of sleep but need about 2 hours more to be alert as they should be for school
  • they are usually sleepy during the day regardless of the amount of sleep at night
A

ADOLESCENCE

110
Q

WHICH LIFESPAN SLEEP PATTERN?

  • they fall asleep easily and sleep soundly for 8.5 to 9 hours at night
  • they feel awake and alert during the day
  • they sleep best at night; feel best during the day
  • they have the longest sleep time and highest percentage of REM and deep sleep
A

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD & INFANCY

111
Q

What are some of the effects of sleep deprivation?

A
  • difficulty concentrating
    • lapses in attention
    • general irritability
    • minor hallucinations
112
Q
  • a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one’s breathing, or body movement in order to block out all distractions and achieve an altered state of consciousness
    • form of contemplation used to increase relaxation, block out worries and distractions, or foster a different form of consciousness
A

MEDITATION

113
Q
  • a trance-like state of concentrated, focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and diminished response to external stimuli
    • In the hypnotic state, people suspend their usual rational and logical ways of thinking and perceiving, and allowing themselves to experience distortions in perceptions, memories and thinking.
    • proven most useful in treating PAIN
A

HYPNOSIS

114
Q

THIS DRUG alters normal mental functioning – mood, perception, or thought; if used medically, called a controlled substance

A

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG

115
Q

THIS DRUG alter perception and mood and can cause hallucinations

A

HALLUCINOGEN

116
Q

THIS DRUG
decreases activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation

A

DEPRESSANT

117
Q

THIS DRUG speeds up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic

A

STIMULANT

118
Q

Which of the following would a behaviourist note consider a subject for psychology study:

a) interpersonal interactions
b) problem-solving
c) thinking
d) public speaking

A

c) thinking

119
Q

The major emphasis of psychoanalysis is:

a) the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for conscious choice and growth
b) the perception of whole units or patterns
c) the scientific study of behaviour
d) the unconscious

A

d) the unconscious

120
Q

Freud believed that we do not _______________ control our thoughts, feelings and behaviours, but rather that these are determined by _______________ factors that we cannot see or control.

A

consciously

unconscious

121
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: The scientific study of behaviour

A

behavioural

122
Q

WHICH CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY: The role of unconscious and early-childhood experiences; the unconscious

A

psychoanalytical

123
Q

All of our thought, feelings and behaviour can ultimately be traced to the activity of specialized cells called ______________

A

neurons

124
Q

3 different types of neuron

A
  1. afferent (sensory)
  2. efferent (motor)
  3. interneurons
125
Q

WHICH TYPE OF NEURON?

- relay messages from sense organs and receptors to the brain or spinal cord

A

afferent

126
Q

WHICH TYPE OF NEURON?

- convey signals from the brain and spinal cord to the glands and muscles, enabling us to move

A

EFFERENT

127
Q

WHICH TYPE OF NEURON?

- most numerous, carry information between neurons in the brain and between neurons in the spinal cord

A

INTERNEURON

128
Q

the slender, tail-like extension of the neuron

A

axon

129
Q

the branch-like extension of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons

A

dendrite

130
Q

transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of other neurons or to the muscles or glands

A

axon

131
Q

contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic function of the neuron

A

cell body

132
Q

the primary receivers of the impulses from other neurons

A

dendrite

133
Q

carries out the life-sustaining functions of the neuron

A

cell body

134
Q

relay messages backward – from the cell body to their own branches

A

dendrite

135
Q

sprouts into many branches, ending in a rounded axon terminal

A

axon

136
Q

What is the junction where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft

A

synapse

137
Q

Messages are transmitted between neurons by one or more of a large group of chemical substances known as

A

neurotransmitters

138
Q

Neurotransmitters are manufactured in the ____________, the _______ _________, the ___________, and a few other parts of the _____________

A

brain
spinal cord
glands
body

139
Q
  1. An important class of neurotransmitters known as ______ includes 4 neurotransmitters - dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and seratonin
    a) amino acids
    b) monoamines
    c) gama-aminobutryric acid
    d) neuropeptides
A

b) monoamines

140
Q
  1. A deficiency in seratonin has been associated with:
    a) suicide
    b) impulsive violence
    c) depression
    d) all of the above
A

c) depression

141
Q
  1. _____________ is thought to facilitate the control of anxiety in humans
    a) acetylcholine
    b) dopamine
    c) GABA
    d) Epinephrine
A

c) GABA

142
Q
  1. _____________ is believed to affect metabolism of glucose and cause the nutrient energy (glucose) stored in muscles to be released during strenuous exercise.
    a) acetylcholine
    b) epinephrine
    c) norepinephrine
    d) dopamine
A

c) norepinephrine

143
Q

The ________________ nervous system transmits messages between the central nervous system and the glands, the cardiac muscle and the smooth muscles, which are not normally under voluntary control.

A

autonomic

144
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches act as ____________ but _______________ forces in the autonomic nervous system.

A

opposing

complimentary

145
Q

The autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system in that its operation is largely:

a) involuntary
b) voluntary
c) controlled by the brain
d) controlled by the spinal cord

A

a) involuntary

146
Q
  1. The _____ nervous system mobilizes the body’s resources during times of stress; the ______ nervous system brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal when the emergency is over.
    a) somatic, autonomic
    b) autonomic, somatic
    c) sympathetic, parasympathetic
    d) parasympathetic, sympathetic
A

c) sympathetic, parasympathetic

147
Q
  1. According to the text, the part of the brain that makes us different from animals is the:
    a) cerebral cortex
    b) thalamus
    c) limbic system
    d) cerebellum
A

a) cerebral cortex

148
Q

The ______________ system is a series of ductless glands found in various parts of the body , that manufacture and secrete chemicals known as ______________

A

hormones

endocrine

149
Q
  1. The endocrine glands secrete _________ directly into the _____________.
    a) enzymes, digestive tract
    b) hormones, bloodstream
    c) hormones, enzymes
    d) hormones, digestive tract
A

b) hormones, bloodstream

150
Q
  1. Which of the following is not true of sensory receptors?
    a) they are specialized to detect certain sensory stimuli
    b) They transduce sensory stimuli into neutral impulses
    c) They are located in the brain
    d) They provide the link between the physical sensory world and the brain
A

c) They are located in the brain

151
Q
  1. Each morning when Jackie goes to work at the dry cleaners she smells the strong odour of cleaning fluid. After she is there for a few minutes, she is no longer aware of it. What accounts for this?
    a) signal detection theory
    b) sensory adaptation
    c) transduction
    d) the just noticeable difference
A

b) sensory adaptation

152
Q
  1. According to the signal detection theory, deciding whether a stimulus is present depends partly on:
    a) the probability that the stimulus will occur
    b) the potential gain or loss associated with deciding that it is present or absent
    c) the degree of sensory adaptation and transduction
    d) both a) and b) are correct
A

d) both a) and b) are correc

153
Q
  1. Our pupils do not dilate:
    a) when telling a lie
    b) in bright light
    c) while becoming angry
    d) when we are sexually aroused
A

b) in bright light

154
Q
  1. Light moves toward the retina in which of the following paths?

a) lens, cornea, pupil
b) pupil, lens, cornea
c) pupil, cornea, lens
d) cornea, pupil, lens

A

d) cornea, pupil, lens

155
Q
  1. Pitch is chiefly determined by ________; loudness is chiefly determined by _____________.

a) frequency; amplitude
b) wavelength; frequency
c) intensity; frequency
d) intensity; amplitude

A

a) frequency; amplitude

156
Q
  1. Pitch is measure in ______________; loudness is measured in amplitude.
A

frequency

amplitude

157
Q

_____________ is an important characteristic of sound and is determined by the number of _____________ completed by a sound wave in one second.

A

Frequency

cycles

158
Q

The ___________ of a sound is determined largely by its amplitude. _____________ depends on the energy of the sound wave. Loudness is determined mainly by the _______________ or ____________ with which the air molecules are moving.

A

loudness
Amplitude
force
pressure

159
Q

a unit of measurement of the intensity or loudness of sound based on the amplitude of the sound wave

A

decibel

160
Q

_______________ is the distinctive quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness.

A

Timbre

161
Q

The receptors for hearing are found in the:

a) ossicles
b) auditory canal
c) auditory membrane
d) cochlea

A

d) cochlea

162
Q

The hair cells are contained:

a) within the auditory nerve
b) along the inner membrane of the eardrum
c) in the tiny bones of the inner ear
d) within the cochlea

A

d) within the cochlea

163
Q

The ______________ ______________ is a patch of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity, that contains 10 million receptors for smell.

A

olfactory epithelium

164
Q

The tendency to perceive objects as maintaining the same size, shape and brightness despite differences in distance, viewing angle, and lighting is called perceptual:

a) organization
b) rigidity
c) adaptation
d) constancy

A

d) constancy

165
Q

Consciousness is best defined as:

a) wakefulness
b) awareness
c) receptiveness
d) rationality

A

b) awareness

166
Q

______________ is the continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings or sensations of which we are aware from moment to moment

A

Consciousness

167
Q

True or false? Daydreaming and sleep are lower levels of awareness and learning a new skill requires the highest level of consciousness.

A
  • true
168
Q

According to the text, altered states of consciousness includes all of the following except:

a) drug induced states
b) states reached through meditation
c) daydreaming
d) hypnotic states

A

c) daydreaming

169
Q

More than 100 of our bodily functions and behaviours fluctuate in 24-hour cycles. These daily fluctuations, called __________ ___________ are controlled largely by the ______________.

A

circadian rhythms

brain

170
Q

The two circadian rhythms most relevant to the study of sleep are the sleep/wakefulness cycle and

a) blood pressure
b) secretion of hormones
c) body temperature
d) heart rate

A

c) body temperature

171
Q

The internal biological clock seems to operate on a _____ hour day when external cues are eliminated.

a) 21
b) 23
c) 25
d) 27

A

c) 25

172
Q

Over a lifetime a person spends about _____ years sleeping

A

25

173
Q

Today most sleep researchers believe that sleep should be viewed as a circadian rhythm that, in part, serves to ____________ energy and ____________ memory

A

restore

consolidate

174
Q

How many sleep cycles does the average person have each night?

a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
d) 7

A

c) 5

175
Q

The average length of a sleep cycle in adults is:

a) 30 min
b) 60 min
c) 90 min
d) 120 min

A

c) 90 min

176
Q

According to the text, most North Americans get:

a) too little sleep
b) just the right amount of sleep
c) too much sleep
d) too little sleep in childhood and too much as adults

A

a) too little sleep

177
Q

a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one’s breathing, or body movement in order to block out all distractions and achieve an altered state of consciousness

A

meditation

178
Q

Which of the following is a form of contemplation used to increase relaxation, block out worries and distractions, or foster a different form of consciousness?

a) hypnosis
b) cognitive withdrawal
c) hyper-amnesia
d) meditation

A

d) meditation

179
Q

Which is not a proposed use of meditation

a) to bring a person to a higher level of spirituality
b) to substitute for anesthesia during surgery
c) to alter consciousness
d) to promote relaxation

A

b) to substitute for anesthesia during surgery

180
Q

True or false? According to Dr. Herbert Benson, the beneficial effects of meditation cannot be duplicated with simple relaxation techniques.

A

false

181
Q
  • a trance-like state of concentrated, focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and diminished response to external stimuli
A

hypnosis

182
Q

Hypnosis has been proven most useful in treating:

a) obesity
b) pain
c) drug abuse
d) alcoholism

A

b) pain

183
Q

Which of the following is true regarding psychological dependence on drugs?

a) is it easier to combat than physical addiction
b) it is harder to overcome than physical addiction
c) it is as difficult to overcome as physical addiction
d) there is no such thing as psychological dependence

A

b) it is harder to overcome than physical addiction

PS1044 - INTRO TO PSYCH (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions