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Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom > Test 4 study Guide > Flashcards

Test 4 study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is mustard found in the artic so small?

A

to avoid the wind chill

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2
Q

What is special about the willow tree that grows in the artic?

A

it’s trunk is horizontal to avoid wind-singificant source of food for musk ox

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3
Q

The artic poppy employs __________ to maximize all possible light while making seeds.

A

heliotropism

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4
Q

What is so special about the snowbell?

A

it lives in the alps, and flowers at the end of fall. In spring when the snow melts, the snowbell is already flowering

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5
Q

Cushion plants in Tasmania employ this strategy because?

A

The cushion shape almost acts as a solar panel for absorbing light and heat.
One cushion could be made from various species of plants

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6
Q

What species make up the cushion plants?

A

sedges, rushes, daises, dandelions

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7
Q

What are the cushion plants refered too by farmers?

A

vegetable sheep

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8
Q

The giant Lobelia, growing on mount kenya does what for warmth?

A

grows hair over leaves

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9
Q

What are the cabbage grondsels strategy for warmth and to survive the drought season?

A

dead leaves form a coating over newly formed ones, and when the rainy season comes, the new leaves will sprout out of the capsule formed by the dead leaves.

At night for warm, the cabbage groundsel folds/ closes its large leaves around its small stem for warmth

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10
Q

The Quiver stree has a unique way of combating water loss. What is it?

A

It employs a strategy called ‘self amputation’ where it will seal off an area (amputate) of water loss is occuring in that area.
Also the bark is covered in a think white coating

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11
Q

What is the white surface of the cone plant?

A

skin of last years leaves

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12
Q

The Arizona Saguaro cactus can hold?

A

several tons of water

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13
Q

What are the ‘pebbles’ of the window plant?

A

The little stumps resembling pebbles are actually the tops of the underground leaves that transport the light to the underground photosynthetic elements

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14
Q

Mole rats aid in dispersal by?

A

collecting bulbs and storing them underground, as the mole rats burrow outwards, some of the bulbs are forgotten and able to germinate

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15
Q

What plant species lives on Mount Rormima (the wettest place on earth)?

A

Pitcher plants

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16
Q

The center of a bromeliad contains what?

A

a pool that is normally a safe haven for insects

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17
Q

A badderwort ‘hunts’ where? And how?

A

in the bromeliad pools, and sets traps by inflating bladders with water. On the top of each bladder is a bristled door that sweeps bug larvae in

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18
Q

Sundews are what kind of plant?

A

insectivorous

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19
Q

The giant amazon water lily has a special mechanism to avoid cross pollination. What is it?

A

the flower closes after the first night

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20
Q

What do lily trotter birds do?

A

they walk on top of the giant amazon water lilies pads and hunt insects trapped there

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21
Q

What are the purpose of the cypress cones?

A

to slow down current to allow mud to fall out of solution, letting the mud deposit and give them more space to grow

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22
Q

What is special about the mangrove seed?

A

It isn’t released until after germination, where the hope is that it will fall and ‘shoot’ into the mud where it can continue to grow

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23
Q

What are the ‘trees’ of the ocean and can grow to over 300 ft?

A

Kelp

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24
Q

What is special about single celled algae?

A

The single celled algae fills our atmosphere with more 02 than all land plants combined

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25
Q

How did cultivation of plants begin by humans?

A

Probably began by accident, from seeds that were spilled, carried from birds, or animal waste

Mostly wild cereals

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26
Q

Domestication is what?

A

selection of specific characteristics and cultivation by humans

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27
Q

What are the cereal grains?

A

barley, wheat, rice and corn

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28
Q

What are some of the elements of selection?

A 
loss of natural seed dispersal (AKA seeds stick to pod)
More and Larger grains 
Thicker stalks 
Seeds that seperate freely 
Improved flavor and texture
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29
Q

The “tools” of agriculture predate what?

A

Cultivation

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30
Q

When was the sickle blade invented?

A

12,000 years ago

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31
Q

When was the grindstone invented?

A

23,000 years ago

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32
Q

What was found on some of the grindstones found?

A

starch containing characteristics of wild barley

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33
Q

The first plants were brought into cultivation 10,000 years ago?

A

The Fertile cresent

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34
Q

What were the plants that were brought into cultivation in the Fertile Cresent

A

Wild Barley, Wheat, Lentels, and Pease

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35
Q

What modern day countries are in the fertile cresent?

A

Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Isreal

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36
Q

What were some of the other crops that were harvested in the fertile cresent?

A

peas, olives, pomegrantes, grapes, figs and flax

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37
Q

What were the first animals to be domesticated?

A

Dogs, domesticated about 15,000 years ago

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38
Q

When were cats domesticated?

A

5000 years ago in North Africa and Near East

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39
Q

What were the animals that were domesticated following dogs and cats??

A

Goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs

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40
Q

Why were goats, sheep, cattle and pigs domesticated?

A

For wool, hides, milk, cheese, and eggs

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41
Q

How did grazing animals affect the land?

A

The grazing animals ate the available plant life, and lead of cultivation of plants for fodder

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42
Q

China, in the yellow river area, what plants were cultivated

A

Rice and millet (8,000 years ago)

Soybeans (3,100 years ago)

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43
Q

What plants did Tropical Asia begin to cultivate?

A

mango, citrus, taro, bananas

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44
Q

Why was taro important?

A

Grown for starchy corn

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45
Q

When were bananas brought to America? What was different about them

A

After cultivation/domestication bananas lost their seeds, and these seedless bananas where brought to the new world shortly after Columbus

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46
Q

What animals had long since been domesticated in Tropical Asia?

A

Buffalo, camels, and chickens

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47
Q

What crops began to be cultivated 4-5,000 years ago in Africa?

A

sorghum, grain, okra, yams, cotton

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48
Q

What does the boll weevil do?

A

It is a beetle that feeds on cotton

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49
Q

No ____________ ___________ were brought from olf world to new world prior to 1492

A

domesticated plants

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50
Q

Where was the Bottle Gourd brought from 8,000 years ago to the new world?

A

Africa/Asia

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51
Q

What were the first plants cultivated in the New World?

A

pumkins and squash in place of grains, wheat, barely

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52
Q

Instead of rice, what was farmed in the New world?

A

Maize (corn)

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53
Q

Why is New world cotton prefered over old world cotton?

A

New world cotton is polyploidy and the old world cotton is diploid

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54
Q

In south America, what crops were cultivated?

A

tuberous crops like potatoes and seed crops such as quinoa

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55
Q

What were the few animals domesticated in the New World?

A

Musovy Duck, Turkey, Guinea Pig, Llamas, and Alpaca

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56
Q

Where is black pepper from?

A

ground fruits of Piper nigrum

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57
Q

Where is cinnamon from?

A

ground bark of the Cinnamomum

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58
Q

Where are cloves from?

A

dried flower buds of Eugenia

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59
Q

Where is Ginger from?

A

rhizome (stem) of Zingiber

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60
Q

Where are nutmeg and mace from?

A

the seeds and dried outer seed covering of Myristica

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61
Q

Where is vanilla from?

A

dried, fermented seed pod of orchid Vanillia

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62
Q

Where is Allspice from?

A

dried, unripe berries of Pimenta

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63
Q

What herbs are members of the mint (Lamiaceae) family?

A

Thyme, Mint, Basil, Oregano, Sage

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64
Q

What herbs are members of the Parsely (Apiaceae) family?

A

Parsely, Dill, Caraway, Fennel, Coriander, Anise

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65
Q

What herb is from the same genus as wormwood and sagebrush?

A

Tarragon

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66
Q

Bay leaves are from what family?

A

laurel family

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67
Q

What spice consists of the dried stigmas and styles of Crocus sativa and is in the iris family? It also is very expensive because it must be collected by hand

A

Saffron

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68
Q

What is coffee made of?

A

The dried seeds of the Coffea Arabica and the seeds are roasted and ground to make coffee

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69
Q

How is tea made>

A

From the dired leaves of the tea plant

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70
Q

Global Evolution-

Crops are carried from their point of origin to?

A

Where they are grown best throughout the world

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71
Q

Global Evolution-

Corn, wheat and rice are grown?

A

Wherever possible

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72
Q

Global Evolution-

Some plants are more closely related with their new homes than their points of origin. What is an example of this?

A

Potatoes. Originally cultivated by Incans they are now more closely related to the Irish

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73
Q 
Global Evolution-
Oil palms (source of Palm oil and native to West Africa), Coca (source of cocoa and chocolate native to Mexico) and sugarcane (New Guinea) are now?
A

Grown everywhere

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74
Q

What are the 6 Major crops throughout the world?

A

Wheat, Rice, Potatoes, Maize, Sweet Potatoes, and Manioc

80% of total calories consumed by humans

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75
Q

What are the other 8 supplementary crops throughout the world?

A

Sugar cane, Sugar beet, Common beans, Soybeans, Barley, sorghum, coconuts and bananas

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76
Q

The jump from the human population from 100 million to 300 million was a direct result of?

A

Agriculture

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77
Q

Urban centers were established when the human population was 5 million how long ago?

A

8,000 BC about 10,000 years ago

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78
Q

In the 20th century, the human population has increased from?

A

1.6 Billion to 6 billion

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79
Q

How many people are added to the world everyday?

A

220,000

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80
Q

How many people are added to the world per year?

A

83 million people added per year

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81
Q

By 2050 the world will need ___% more food to feed the population

A

70-100%

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82
Q

The two biggest development in crop populations came from?

A

Haberbosh’s discoveries of how to make fertilizer

Hybrid maize seed

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83
Q

What are the major problems in agriculture?

A

Utilizing the gains in productivity made possible by mechaization, irrigation and fertilization

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84
Q

What re some things that have been done to improve?

A

Land Grant college system
Quality of crops produced/yeild
Crops more resistant to disease

85
Q

What is AGRA and what are the goals?

A

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa
Founded by the Rockafellers and Bill and Melinda Gates
Goals-
Increase farm yeild through use of agrinomic improvements
Decrease losses and enhave quality of crops through genetic improvments
Make sure farmers profit from improvements

86
Q

What are the 7 major terrestrial biomes?

A 
Tropical Rain Forest
Temperate Deciduous forest 
Northern coniferous forests
African Savannah 
Temperate (Prairie) Grasslands
Tundra 
Desert
87
Q

What is the Rainshadow effect?

A

As wind blows from east to west, coasts receive alot of rainfall and gradually decreases. if their are mountains on the coast the rainshadow effect is more pronounced

-an example of this is deserts that follow after mountain ranges

88
Q

What did Humbolt discover?

A

a relationship between changes in vegitation present at various latitudes

89
Q

Humbolts discoveries about latitude/vegitation also shows?

A

convergent evolution

90
Q

What are some of the comparisons of Soil Qualities?

A

Inorganic qualities-> Different minerals
Particle size-> Sand, silt, clay
Organic Components-> Humus

91
Q

What is humus?

A

Humus is the dark organic matter that forms in the soil when plant and animal matter decays, holds water and minerals, and attracts earthworms and organisms

92
Q

How do most fires start in biomes?

A

Lightning

93
Q

In what biome do 50% of earth’s organisms live?

A

Tropical Rain Forest

94
Q

What are some of the qualities of the Tropical Rain Forest?

A

Abundant Water
Warm/Hot throughout year
High diversity of plants and animals

95
Q

What is the soil quality of the Tropical Rain Forest

A

Relatively poor in minerals, low humus, thin topsoil

96
Q

Tropical Rain Forest-do they have and fire maintence?

A

No-> most fires are slash and burn operations which cause major issues to the forest

97
Q

What plants do best in the Tropical rain forest?

A

Trees

98
Q

What are the layers of the Tropical Rain Forest canopy?

A 
From top to bottom-
Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Understory
Immature Layer
99
Q

What type of plant species do well in the Tropical Rain Forest

A

shade tolerant species

100
Q

Why does the Tropical Rain Forest show alot of butressing?

A

The buttressed trees develop due to the high competition for light, putting all their energy into growing taller, the buttressing develops at the base to prevent the tree from falling

101
Q

What is a popular plant growth strategy in the Tropical Rain Forest

A

Epiphytes and vines

102
Q

Orchids are ______ and the competion for ________ has caused then to change their structure.

A

monocots

pollinators

103
Q

What is an example of an Orchid’s changed floral structure?

A

The labellum (lip) which is a modified petal that creates a ‘landing pad’

104
Q

What is the bee orchid?

A

This orchid does not produce nectar for pollinators, but instead tricks bees (By modified petals that resemble bee) into attempting to mate with it

105
Q

What is an orchid that is native to south carolina?

A

the pogonia orchid

106
Q

In what plant do Tropical frogs lay their eggs in

A

The pools of the Bromeliad

107
Q

What is the largest Bromeliad native to Peru?

A

Puya

108
Q

What is the smallest bromeliad?

A

Deuteronchonia

109
Q

What is a odd fruit that is in the Bromeliad family?

A

The pinapple

110
Q

Llanas are?

A

Tropical vines

111
Q

The strangler fig can do what?

A

Actually kill the tree they live on

112
Q

A subcategory of the Tropical Rain Forest is?

A

A monsoon forest (almost too much of a good thing)

113
Q

What is slash and burn agriculture?

A

How farmland is created in tropical climates
Burning releases nutrients back into the soil
50% loss in Tropical Rain Forest

114
Q

Why is slash and burn agriculture so bad for the forest?

A

Succession doesnt occur like in temperate forests

115
Q

Most Temperate Deciduous Forests are made of?

A

Hardwoods

116
Q

What biome does South Carolina live in?

A

Temperate Deciduous Forests

117
Q

Where are Temperate Deciduous Forests located?

A

North and South of Tropical Rain Forests

118
Q

What is a big difference between the Tropical Rain forest and the Temperate Deciduous Forests?

A

Because Temperate Deciduous Forests are far enough from the equator, seasons are present

119
Q

Most hardwoods of the Temperate Deciduous Forests become ___________ in the winter

A

dormant

120
Q

What is the soil quality of the Temperate Deciduous Forests?

A

Rich in nutrients, high humus, thick topsoil

121
Q

What is the precipitaion in the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

75 to 250 CM that is more concentrated in summer

122
Q

What is the species diversity in the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

Lower than the tropics, but higher than the coniferous forests

123
Q

What are the characterisic plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forests?

A

Deciduous Oaks and Hickories, Maples, Ash, Elm.

-> There are some pines present but not dominate species

124
Q

What is the animal life of the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

Deer, Foxes, Bears, and squirrels

125
Q

How do decidious trees function?

A

in spring and summer (growing season) they will produce excess photosynthesis and it will be stored as starch

At begining of spring the starch will be converted back to glucose and rise from the root systems back into trees

126
Q

What is the only surviving marsupal in America?

A

Possum

127
Q

What is the main strategy of Animals in the Temperate Deciduous Forests?

A

Hibernation during winter to avoid migration

128
Q

What are the reasons conifers cannot survive in the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

They aren’t shade tolerant but they dominate in the sandhills (which is technicallly still in the biome)

129
Q

What is the fire factor in the Temperate Deciduous Forests?

A

Fire is a factor-the plant material on the ground is easily flammable and the tree bark protects against fire

130
Q

How can fire damage the Temperate Deciduous Forests ?

A

If the fire reaches great heights and damages the apical meristem.
This occurs due to global warming with dryer debree on the ground

131
Q

What is the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

The canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests is only two tiers and more light is able to pass through

132
Q

What tree makes up most of the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

Hickory

133
Q

What kind of oak produces less tannic acorns>

A

The white oak’s acorns produce less tannic acid than that of the live or red oak

134
Q

The southern red oak can grow?

A

Extremely large

135
Q

The post oak is also called?

A

The turkey oak

136
Q

Water oaks prefer?

A

Wet soil

137
Q

What oak is non deciduous and has leathery leaves with a thick cuticle

A

Live oaks

138
Q

Red maples are?

A

Very shade tolerant and valuable for commercial use

139
Q

The American elm is located where in the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

the understory

140
Q

Persimmon produces?

A

A tart fruit

141
Q

Where does the Black cherry reside in the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

the understory, and birds really like the tart fruit

142
Q

Sycamore trees prefer?

A

moist areas

143
Q

Tulip Poplar trees are related?

A

to magnolias

They were once widespread but now mostly used in landscaping

144
Q

What is the tree that produces the recognizable gumballs?

A

Sweet Gum

145
Q

Dog wood trees are?

A

Widespread, shade tolerant, used in landscaping

146
Q

What are the Carolina Sandhills?

A

Once ancient beaches, very loose soil with very little minerals

147
Q

Bald cypruss swamps are?

A

Located in flood planes, contained butressed bases

Actually conifers that looses leaves

148
Q

What are some other common plants in the Temperate Deciduous Forests?

A 
Spanish moss
Palmetto
Yellow jessamine 
Southern magnolia 
Venus fly traps and Pitcher plants
Azaleas 
Camellias 
Kudzu
149
Q

What are some of the common plants in Temperate Deciduous Forests that are imports?

A

Azaleas-> Japan
Crepe Myrtles
Kudzu

150
Q

Why was Kudzu originally introduced?

A

For animal food and preventing erosion

151
Q

Where are the Northern Coniferous Forests located?

A

Central Canada, Alaska, Russia, Siberia

152
Q

_______ do much better in cold weather

A

conifers

153
Q

What is the temp of the Northern Coniferous Forests

A

cool to cold year round

154
Q

What special quality do conifers have that allows them to succeed in cold weather?

A

They produce their own antifreeze

155
Q

What is the soil quality of the Northern Coniferous Forests

A

Thin topsoil and very acidic because of the conifer needles so it’s very mineral poor

156
Q

What is created in the Northern Coniferous Forests when the snow melts?

A

bogs form

157
Q

The precipitation in the Northern Coniferous Forests is?

A

Mostly from snow

158
Q

What is special about the Sitka spruce?

A

It can grow almost as big as seqouia

159
Q

What are some common trees in the Northern Coniferous Forests?

A

Sitka spruce, balsam, douglas fir

160
Q

What grows on the forest floor of the Northern Coniferous Forests

A

moss mats

161
Q

What are some qualities of the animals of the Northern Coniferous Forests

A

cold adapted, migratory

ex. artic fox, grey wolves, and moose

162
Q

What are the enviromental threats to the Northern Coniferous Forests

A

Deforestation, Oil Shale and Shade

163
Q

How is oil shale obtained? What is it?

A

It’s natural gas, and it is obtained by fracking

164
Q

What are oil Sands?

A

Enviromental Disaster
Involves clearing forests to Dig mines
Water and Chemicals to clean the oil from the sand/dirt

165
Q

What is the main factor in creating grasslands?

A

Rainfall

-> Most grasslands can have droughts that last for years

166
Q

What is an example of a Tropical grassland

A

Serrengetti plane

167
Q

What is the main differences between Tropical and Temperate Grasslands?

A

Temperature

168
Q

What is the soil quality of Tropical grasslands?

A

Savannas have little topsoil and humus
The soil quality is bad due to rainfall
The grasses don’t have much biomass so they don’t produce much humus

169
Q

What is the fire adaptation of Tropical grasslands?

A

Tropical grasslands depend on fire

170
Q

What are the main trees of the Tropical grasslands?

A

The thorn acacia

171
Q

What is special about the thorn acacia?

A

Most play host to mutualistic ants

172
Q

What are Beltian Bodies?

A

They are nutrient packets that grown on the leaves as food for the ants

173
Q

The Tropical grasslands have what type of animal diversity?

A

largest collection of grazing animals in the world

174
Q

The grazing animals of the Tropical grasslands actually?

A

influenced growth patterns

175
Q

Lions have issues due to?

A

livestock trades

176
Q

The Temperate Grasslands are also known as?

A

Prairie

177
Q

What are some examples of Temperate Grasslands?

A

Pampas (argentina), Midwest Prairie, Russian Steps, Veldt (South Africa)

178
Q

What is the the temp of the Temperate Grasslands?

A

Extremely cold in the winter

179
Q

What is the soil quality of the Temperate Grasslands?

A

Especially in the past-

Deep rich Humus and minerals

180
Q

What are the animals of the Temperate Grasslands

A

There used to be millions of bison, but most were killed

Burrowing animals such as Praerie Dogs

181
Q

What are the plants of the Temperate Grasslands?

A

Most native plants are gone due to agriculture

182
Q

What are some of the qualities of grasses that allow them to dominate in the Temperate Grasslands

A

Large root systems
Wind pollination
thin leaves to prevent water loss
lots of grasses secrete silica to deter herbivores

183
Q

What does sawgrass do?

A

Secretes so much silica that it actually makes the leaves sharp

184
Q

What is a ligule?

A

If a leaf is broken the ligule is used to block the opening

185
Q

What do sea oats do?

A

protects dunes bu olding dune together with root system

186
Q

Where are sunflowers native to?

A

The prairie

187
Q

What is special about sunflowers?

A

The flower is actually an inflorensence
the ray flowers are the colorful part
The disk flowers are in the middle

188
Q

What is the diversity of the Temperate Grasslands

A

High diversity

Badger, Praerie chicken, Pronghorn, Bison, coyote, Prairie dog

189
Q

What were some enviromental impacts that affected the Temperate Grasslands

A

The Dust Bowl

190
Q

How was the dust bowl created?

A

After the stock market fell, Roosevelt gave away midwest land for wheat farming.
Lack of experience with farming and the annual plowing of wheat destroyed the soil quality

191
Q

How was the Dust Bowl Remedied?

A

1930’s department of agriculture introduced better farming techniques.

However because of all this, almost no native Temperate Grasslands remain

192
Q

What is the reason the Tundra is hard to survive?

A

VERY cold and VERY high winds

193
Q

What’s the percipitation of the Tundra?

A

Snow-Water in ground remains in permafrost

194
Q

How much of the world’s surface does the Tundra make up?

A

20% of the world’s surfave

195
Q

What is the soil quality of the tundra?

A

Poor soil, Thin topsoil, low nutrient quality and humus

Permafrost fairly close to surface

196
Q

What is the diversity of Tundra?

A

Lower animal diversity

High diversity of lichens, mosses and forbs

197
Q

What are some of the animals of the Tundra

A

Artic foxes, carribouu, polar bears, artic hares, some migratory birds

198
Q

What are some of the ecological impacts the tundra faces?

A

Oil pipelines esp Alaskan oil pipeline

Exon Oil spill

199
Q

What were some of the concerns with the Alaskan Oil Pipline?

A

the pipline extends 800 miles disrupting migration

The heated pipe was thought to be a problem but it turns out that the animals actually like it

200
Q

What occured with the Exon oil spill?

A

the ship hit a rock on the coast and spilled 38 million gallons of crude oil

Oil is still there even with extensive efforts to clean

201
Q

What biome has the least precipitation?

A

Desert

202
Q

What is the soil quality of the Desert

A

Actually high in soil nutrients but no humus

203
Q

Where are deserts found?

A

in center of continents and in areas with rain shadows

204
Q

What is the diversity of the Desert

A

great deal of variation, but driest deserts have lowest diversity of species

205
Q

What are some of the characteristic plant of the desert?

A

Cacti and euphorbias, succulents, heat tolerant and resist desiccation, often deep roots

206
Q

What is CAM and C4 Plants?

A

CAM plants open stomata at night and take in CO2 when temps and are lower and humidity higer. Cam plants close these tomatas throughout the day when temps are higher

C4 acid breaks down PEP and CO2 during the day

207
Q

What are some of the animals of the Desert?

A

Desert hare, iguana, pika, rattlesnake

208
Q

What kind of animal is the kit fox?

A

A burrowing animal

Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom (4 decks)

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