Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards
What is photosynthesis?
Radiant light energy from the sun is captured and turned into glucose
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the word Botany derived from?
Greek for plants but derived from a verb ‘to feed;
What are transgenic plants?
genetically engineered and can produce-
Disease resistance
Production of vaccines and other molecules
Resistance to freezing
Tolerance of high salt soil
Productino of higher levels of vitamins and nutrients
Name what event Occurred:
4.6 Billion years ago?
Earth forms
Name what event Occurred:
4.5-3.8 billion years ago?
extreme metor bombardment
Name what event Occurred:
3.8-2.2 billion years ago?
oxygen is produced but forms iron oxides
Name what event Occurred:
3.5 billion years ago?
1st signs of life (prokayotes)
Name what event Occurred:
1.5 billion years ago?
1st signs of eukaryotic organisms
Name what event Occurred:
700 million years ago
oxygen begins to accumulated
first multicellular organisms
Name what event Occurred:
570-510 million years ago?
oxygen starts to approach modern levels
Name what event Occurred:
500 million years?
invasion of land by plants
Name what event Occurred:
400 million years ago?
mosses and ferns appear
Name what event Occurred:
360 million years ago?
amphibians approach land
Name what event Occurred:
290 million years ago?
forests of cycads, primitive conifers, ginko
Name what event Occurred:
245 million years ago?
forests of gymnosperms and ferns
Name what event Occurred:
145 million years ago?
angiosperms appear
Name what event Occurred:
1.6 million years ago?
appearance of modern humans
Name what event Occurred:
10,000 years ago?
rise of agriculture, cultivation of crops
What are the two types of prototype cell membranes?
What did they begin with?
Microspheres- begins with amino acids
Coacervates- begings with phospholipids
What are stromatolites?
fossilized microbial mats containing filamentous and other microorganisms trapped in sediment
Whats the makeup of prokaryotic bacteria?
Consists of very simple cell type, lacks nucleus
What is the makeup of eukaryotic bacteria?
has a ‘true’ nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What is the Endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell evolution?
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are decendants of bacteria taken by host cell
Heterotrophs?
require a more complex carbon source
-animals, many 1-celled organisms
Autotrophs?
Very simple carbon source ‘self feeding’ photosynthesis
What is the Geological Time Table from oldest to newest eras?
Pre-cambian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
What key events occured during the pre-cambian era?
the origin of life occured for the first time
- 5 Billion years ago Pro-karyotes
- 5 Billion years ago Eukaryotes
What key events occured during the Paleozoic era?
Invasion of land by both plant and animals, extremly cold and dry at the end
Age of fish, amphibians and land plants
What key events occured during the Mesozoic era?
Age of reptiles, gymnosperms, conifers and ferns, dinosaurs flourish here
What key events occured during the Cenozoic era?
Age of humans, dominance by mammals and angiosperms
What spurred the transition to land?
critical limiting factor was water
What do roots do?
anchor plant in the ground and collect water required for matience of the plant body for photosynthesis
What do stems do?
provide support for principle photosynthetic organisms
What do leaves do?
Principle photosynthetic organisms
What is the cuticle?
A waxy covering that retards water loss
What is the stomata?
pair of specialized guard cells with a small opening in between them
What are annuals?
one year lifespan, stem is also photosynthetic
What are perennials?
Multiple year lifespan
stem is woody, cork or bark
What does xylem do?
conduct water and minerals upward through plant body
What does phloem do?
conduct food through plant
*Vascular tissue of plant
How does primary growth of plant occur?
it occurs in the meristem, which is locted at tips of all roots and shoots
What is secondary growth?
occurs in lateral meristems, responsible for width
What does vascular cambuim do in regards to secondary growth?
creates new xylem and phloem
What does cork cambium do in regards to secondary growth?
creates new cork (bark)
How are seeweed and mosse fertilized?
swimming sperm
What types of plants use spores?
simpler mosses and ferns
What is plant morphology?
study of the forms of plants
What is plant anatomy?
study of the internal structure of plants
What is plant physiology?
how plants function
What is plant taxonomy and systematics?
involves the naming and classification of plants and study of relationships
What are systematics?
The study of organisms (relationships)
What is taxonomy?
classification sustem of identifying, naming and classifying
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary history
Who came up with the first classification system?
Aristotle, called Scala Naturae
How was Aristotle’s model presented?
Humans at top,
Plants-trees, shrubs and herbs
Animals: air-dwelling, water-dwelling and land-dwellling
What famous taxonomy book was written by Carl Linnaeus that we still use parts of today?
Species planatarum
How did Carl Linnaeus first describe species?
What was this called?
In latin using 12 words
Polynomials
What system did Linnaeus later come up with that is still used?
Binomial nomenclature
_______ can be written alone, but alone it says nothings of the phylogeny of an organism?
Genus
What is a type specimen?
serves as a basis of comparison with other specimens to detirmine whether they are members of the same species
What is the order (from largest to smallest) of the Linnean System?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What would be an example of a category in the Linnean system?
Kingdom
What would be an example of a taxa in the Linnean system?
Represent a member of the category.
EX. Kingdom (category) Protista (Taxa)
What is the ‘working’ definition of a species?
similar enough to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
The system Linnaeus made did not reflect what?
evolutionary relationships
Who changed taxonomy forever as well as other feilds?
Darwin
What did the goal of taxonomy become after Darwin?
reflection of phylogeny, evolutionary relationships
Natural classification?
phylogenic trees
Monophyletic groups?
an ancestor and all known decendants
What kind of organs can be used to establish (suggest) evolutionary relationships?
Homologus organs
What is an example of what kind of organs can’t be used to suggest evolutionary relationships?
Analogous organs
Ex. Bird and insect wings
What is monophyletic grouping
grouping ancestor and all descendants
What is paraphylectic grouping?
1 or more descendants left out
What is convergent evolution?
two species not closely related but live in similar habitats and evolve to resemble each other
What are cladistics?
value judgements grouped by characteristics
What is a cladogram?
provides graphic version of a working model or hypothesis of phylogenic relationships among groups of organisms
What are relavant characteristics?
presence of embryo, vascular tissue, wood, seeds, flower
Cladograms just imply?
common ancestory
_________ relationship to Poinsetta was confirmed by DNA.
Rafflesia
What is the water lotus’s relationship to water lilies?
Convergent evolution
What does modern taxonomy use?
Phylogeny, fossil record, morphology, anatomy, and molecular biology
What gene is found on all photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms and cyanobacteria?
rbcl gene
What are the 3 modern domains?
Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
What are the domains which include prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archea
What are the kingdoms in the Eukaryotic Domain?
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Most of the organisms in kingdom Protista are?
Photosynthetic
What are some examples of what is classified in Kingdom Protista?
Protozoa, Algae, Seaweeds, Slime molds
What are some examples of what is classified in Kingdom Fungi?
Yeasts, mushrooms
What are some examples of what is classified in Kingdom Plantae?
Bryophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
Mosses, Liverworts, Ferns
What are the 7 things that show evolution has occured?
Fossil Record evidence Biogeography the distribution patterns of organisms Taxonomy Comparative Anatomy Comparative embryology Molecular biology Artificial selection
What is sympatric speciation?
Different types of evolution occuring in the same geographic area
What is allopatric speciation?
when one species evolves into two because of geographic isolation
What is polyploidy?
repetition of chromosomes
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Long/short periods of extreme evolution
Viruses are not?
placed in any domain or kingdom because they aren’t actually considered living
What is a viron?
genome + capsid and the structure which viral genome is carried from one host to another
Who discovered the tobacco mosaic virus?
Iwanowski
What is the Lytic viral replication cycle?
Cell lyses immdietly after viral replication
What is the lysogenic viral replication?
cell replaces with virus, but continues to stay with the cell after replication
How do plant viruses generally spread?
Through mechanical damage but also can be spread through nematodes, harvest operations, vegative propagation
How do viruses move through the plant?
via plasmodesmata of cell wall
Plant viral RNA usually able to act directly as?
mRNA when it enters the cytoplasm of the cell
What are geminiviruses?
small spherical particle
bean golden mosaic disease, corn streak
What are badnaviruses?
diseases of bananas, sugarcane and rasberries
What are caulimoviruses?
affects cauliflower, blue berries and carnation
How do viruses normally get introduced into the sieve tubes of phloem?
Vector
What is a hypersensitivity response?
involves host cell death at infiltration site and accumulation of antimicrobial molecules
-dependent on recognition of the pathogen by specific dom resistance molecules
What is systemic accquired resistance?
Develops as response to localized attack of a pathogen formation (necrotic lesions occur, activation of salacylic acid occurs)
What is posttranscriptional gene silencing?
elimates protein product required for viral replication
Viroids lack>
a capsid
What are two examples of viroids?
Spindle disease in potatoes, coconut cadang-cadang
A viroid is made of?
a small piece of SSRNA
What are inclusions?
distinct granules consisting of storage material
Name 7 aspects of prokaryotic cell structure?
No nucleus Nucleoid Circular chromosome plasmids cell membrane-phospholipid Plasma membrane-electron transport chain Cell wall-peptidoglycan
What allows cyanobacteria to be photosynthetic?
thylakoids
What are the 3 basic bacteria morphologies?
bacillus, coccus, spirilium
Many wilts, blights and soft rots are caused by?
bacteria
What does Psudomonas cause?
leaf spots, banana wilt, olive galls
What does Xanthomonas cause?
wilts, soft rots
What is an example of a Nitrogen fixing bacteria that is symbiotic with legumes?
Rhizobum
Plant viruses can still be active?
YEARS after being on the host
How is tomato spotted wilt normallly transfered, what does it do?
by vector-thripp, causes necrosis and stunting
How is tomato spotted wilt transferred?
Caused by white flies
Cucumber mosaic virus?
is transmitted by aphids, and can affect more than 1,200 different plants including melons, squash, pumpkins
What is special about potato y virus?
shows no symptoms on its own, but in combination with potato X virus it is almost always fatal
What are the symptoms of Cauliflower mosaic virus?
leaf curl, loss of productivity
What does plumplox infect, and how is it spread?
peaches, and aphids spread
What does Brome mosaic virus infect and how is it spread?
affects wild grasses, wheat, barley and rye
and nemotodes are suspected
What are the two photosynthetic protists?
algae and seaweeds
What is the first eukaryotic algea?
Grypania spiralis
What is the oldest algal fossil?
Bangiomorphia
How does phylum Euglenophyta reproduce?
Mitosis, no sexual reproduction
Name 4 of the characteristics of Cryptomonads?
“Hidden”
Single celled flagellates
May have arisen from the fusion of two eukaryotic cells
Marine and fresh water
Dinoflagellates are closely related to what ciliated protozoa?
Paramecium
What is an example of a dinoflagellate that has a symbiotic relationship with coral?
Zooxanthelle
What dinoflagellate creates “red tides”?
Gonyalax
Diatoms are responsible for what?
1/4 of all global carbon dioxide fixation
What does Anthredia produce?
sperm
What does Oogonium produce?
eggs
How was algae originally classifyed?
by their starch
What gives red algae its characteristic color?
Phycobilins
What is the starch contained by red algae?
Floridean starch
What is agar made from?
Red algae
What is carrageenans?
Extract from red algae and is used as an emulsifier
What is coralline algae?
resembles coral, has pinkish color with calified layer for protection
The pigment of green algae is exactly the same as?
Same starch as plants
What is chlamydomonas?
freshwater algae
What is volvox??
colonial green algea
What is Acetabularia?
green algae that can grow to 8 inches but is single celled
What is spirogyra?
“standard” filamentous green algea
What are desmids?
Single celled green algae
What is plasmogamy?
cells fusing
What is karyogamy?
Nucleus fusing
Zoospores are?
gametes
A zygote is?
2n
A plasmodial slime mold is?
a fungi-like protist that in plasmodial stage resembles a fungus. Decomposer
What is the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold?
Spores germinate into either flagellated or ameoba like cells, then through sigamy (fusing) forms a zygote
What did the fungi-like protist Phytophthora case?
The irish potato famine
What is special about Euglena?
nutrionally mixotropic, can perform photosynthesis but can also injest food
Diatoms have a?
shell made from silicon
Does sargassum have holdfasts?
no, instead uses floats
Does brown aglea (Fuckus and bull kelp) have holdfasts?
yes, to keep it in place
What is Laminaria?
Kelp
What were fungi orginallly classified as by Linnaeus?
Plants
Fungi may be?
The worlds largest and perhaps oldest single organism
What was discovered in regards to the fungi Armillaira?
The EXACT genetic map was found miles and miles away, indicating same origin
Fungi’s purpose is as a?
decomposer
What is an logical conclusion if you see shelf fungi covering a tree?
that the tree will die soon
What is Pnemocystis carinii?
a fungi that can be found in the lungs and can cause pnemonia if left untreated
Saccharomyces are used in baking and brewing and are more commonly called?
yeasts
What does Tinea cause?
ringworm
What was the first antibiotic?
Penicillin
What role does Tolypocladium play in medical care?
source of cyclosporing and shuts down cytotoxic t cells `
What is Mycorrhizal fungi?
soil fungus which partisitises root systems but makes it easier for plants to absorb water and minerals
What makes up a lichen?
at least a fungus + a an algea or cyanobacteria
What are hyphae?
branching system of a fungus
What are cell walls of fungi made out of?
Chitin-> same material as arthropods use to make their shells
What are Rhizoids?
Root like hyphae
What are Haustoria
feeding hyphae, secret enzymes and absorb nutrients
What are the reproduction methods of fungi?
Both sexual and asexual forms present
What makes up Phylum zygomycota?
Bread mold and yeasts
Rhizopus stonlonifer is commonly known as ________, and can grow on anything with?
Bread mold, can grow on anything with sugar
What are the two plant diseases caused by Phlyum Zygomycota, and what do they do?
Rhizopus-soft rot
Choanophora-soft rot
What makes up phylum Glomeromycota?
mycorrhizal fungi
What makes up phylum Ascomycota?
Sac fungi
the first stage in sac fungi reproduction is what?
dikaryon
the second stage in sac fungi reproduction goes from?
ascus to ascospore
Spores from sac fungi are also called?
conida
What are the 3 plant pathogens caused by Sac Fungi?
Chesnut blight, Dutch elm disease, panama disease
Dutch elm disease, caused by sac fungi, normally has to have?
Fungi + enviromental factors
What are the edible members of the sac fungi?
Truffles and morels
What is Phylum Deuteromycota made of?
the “imperfect fungi”
What are two fungi located in Deuteromycota that have a role in medicine?
Aspergillis and Penicillium
What are two pathogenic fungi located in Deuteromycota?
Athlete’s foot and ringworm
What makes up Phylum Basidiomycota?
the “Club Fungi”
What does “Club Fungi” mean?
Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs and shelf fungi
What are the steps in Basidiomycota’s reproductive cycle?
Dikaryotic mycelium, Basidium and basidospores, Primary mycelium, Secondary mycelium and tertiary mycelium
What are some of the Basidomycota?
Polyspore mushrooms, shelf fungi, Agaricus, Psilocybes, Puffballs, Veiled stinkhorns, Bird’s nest fungi, Earthstarts
What are the pathogenic Basidomycota?
Puccinia, Usilago, Claviceps
What is Puccinia?
Wheat rust
What is Usilago?
Smuts
What is Claviceps?
ergot of rye
What are the three lichen morpholgy’s?
crustose, foliose, fruiticose
Crustose lichens are?
Flat and adhere to substrates firmly
Foliose lichens are?
leaf like
Fruticose lichens are?
Erect and branched, include British Soldiers and Reinderr moss
Lichen reproduction-
What are soredia?
powdery propogines
Lichen reproduction-
What are isida?
small outgrowths
What does the fungal component to lichens reproduce?
ascospores, conida or basidospores
What is one of the survival traits of lichens?
their ability to “dry out”, so they can endure harsh weather climates
