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Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom > Test 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Radiant light energy from the sun is captured and turned into glucose

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2
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

What is the word Botany derived from?

A

Greek for plants but derived from a verb ‘to feed;

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4
Q

What are transgenic plants?

A

genetically engineered and can produce-
Disease resistance
Production of vaccines and other molecules
Resistance to freezing
Tolerance of high salt soil
Productino of higher levels of vitamins and nutrients

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5
Q

Name what event Occurred:

4.6 Billion years ago?

A

Earth forms

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6
Q

Name what event Occurred:

4.5-3.8 billion years ago?

A

extreme metor bombardment

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7
Q

Name what event Occurred:

3.8-2.2 billion years ago?

A

oxygen is produced but forms iron oxides

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8
Q

Name what event Occurred:

3.5 billion years ago?

A

1st signs of life (prokayotes)

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9
Q

Name what event Occurred:

1.5 billion years ago?

A

1st signs of eukaryotic organisms

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10
Q

Name what event Occurred:

700 million years ago

A

oxygen begins to accumulated

first multicellular organisms

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11
Q

Name what event Occurred:

570-510 million years ago?

A

oxygen starts to approach modern levels

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12
Q

Name what event Occurred:

500 million years?

A

invasion of land by plants

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13
Q

Name what event Occurred:

400 million years ago?

A

mosses and ferns appear

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14
Q

Name what event Occurred:

360 million years ago?

A

amphibians approach land

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15
Q

Name what event Occurred:

290 million years ago?

A

forests of cycads, primitive conifers, ginko

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16
Q

Name what event Occurred:

245 million years ago?

A

forests of gymnosperms and ferns

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17
Q

Name what event Occurred:

145 million years ago?

A

angiosperms appear

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18
Q

Name what event Occurred:

1.6 million years ago?

A

appearance of modern humans

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19
Q

Name what event Occurred:

10,000 years ago?

A

rise of agriculture, cultivation of crops

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20
Q

What are the two types of prototype cell membranes?

What did they begin with?

A

Microspheres- begins with amino acids

Coacervates- begings with phospholipids

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21
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

fossilized microbial mats containing filamentous and other microorganisms trapped in sediment

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22
Q

Whats the makeup of prokaryotic bacteria?

A

Consists of very simple cell type, lacks nucleus

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23
Q

What is the makeup of eukaryotic bacteria?

A

has a ‘true’ nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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24
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell evolution?

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are decendants of bacteria taken by host cell

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25
Q

Heterotrophs?

A

require a more complex carbon source

-animals, many 1-celled organisms

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26
Q

Autotrophs?

A

Very simple carbon source ‘self feeding’ photosynthesis

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27
Q

What is the Geological Time Table from oldest to newest eras?

A

Pre-cambian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

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28
Q

What key events occured during the pre-cambian era?

A

the origin of life occured for the first time

  1. 5 Billion years ago Pro-karyotes
  2. 5 Billion years ago Eukaryotes
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29
Q

What key events occured during the Paleozoic era?

A

Invasion of land by both plant and animals, extremly cold and dry at the end

Age of fish, amphibians and land plants

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30
Q

What key events occured during the Mesozoic era?

A

Age of reptiles, gymnosperms, conifers and ferns, dinosaurs flourish here

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31
Q

What key events occured during the Cenozoic era?

A

Age of humans, dominance by mammals and angiosperms

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32
Q

What spurred the transition to land?

A

critical limiting factor was water

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33
Q

What do roots do?

A

anchor plant in the ground and collect water required for matience of the plant body for photosynthesis

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34
Q

What do stems do?

A

provide support for principle photosynthetic organisms

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35
Q

What do leaves do?

A

Principle photosynthetic organisms

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36
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

A waxy covering that retards water loss

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37
Q

What is the stomata?

A

pair of specialized guard cells with a small opening in between them

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38
Q

What are annuals?

A

one year lifespan, stem is also photosynthetic

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39
Q

What are perennials?

A

Multiple year lifespan

stem is woody, cork or bark

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40
Q

What does xylem do?

A

conduct water and minerals upward through plant body

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41
Q

What does phloem do?

A

conduct food through plant

*Vascular tissue of plant

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42
Q

How does primary growth of plant occur?

A

it occurs in the meristem, which is locted at tips of all roots and shoots

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43
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

occurs in lateral meristems, responsible for width

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44
Q

What does vascular cambuim do in regards to secondary growth?

A

creates new xylem and phloem

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45
Q

What does cork cambium do in regards to secondary growth?

A

creates new cork (bark)

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46
Q

How are seeweed and mosse fertilized?

A

swimming sperm

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47
Q

What types of plants use spores?

A

simpler mosses and ferns

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48
Q

What is plant morphology?

A

study of the forms of plants

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49
Q

What is plant anatomy?

A

study of the internal structure of plants

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50
Q

What is plant physiology?

A

how plants function

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51
Q

What is plant taxonomy and systematics?

A

involves the naming and classification of plants and study of relationships

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52
Q

What are systematics?

A

The study of organisms (relationships)

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53
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

classification sustem of identifying, naming and classifying

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54
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history

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55
Q

Who came up with the first classification system?

A

Aristotle, called Scala Naturae

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56
Q

How was Aristotle’s model presented?

A

Humans at top,
Plants-trees, shrubs and herbs
Animals: air-dwelling, water-dwelling and land-dwellling

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57
Q

What famous taxonomy book was written by Carl Linnaeus that we still use parts of today?

A

Species planatarum

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58
Q

How did Carl Linnaeus first describe species?

What was this called?

A

In latin using 12 words

Polynomials

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59
Q

What system did Linnaeus later come up with that is still used?

A

Binomial nomenclature

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60
Q

_______ can be written alone, but alone it says nothings of the phylogeny of an organism?

A

Genus

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61
Q

What is a type specimen?

A

serves as a basis of comparison with other specimens to detirmine whether they are members of the same species

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62
Q

What is the order (from largest to smallest) of the Linnean System?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species
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63
Q

What would be an example of a category in the Linnean system?

A

Kingdom

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64
Q

What would be an example of a taxa in the Linnean system?

A

Represent a member of the category.

EX. Kingdom (category) Protista (Taxa)

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65
Q

What is the ‘working’ definition of a species?

A

similar enough to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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66
Q

The system Linnaeus made did not reflect what?

A

evolutionary relationships

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67
Q

Who changed taxonomy forever as well as other feilds?

A

Darwin

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68
Q

What did the goal of taxonomy become after Darwin?

A

reflection of phylogeny, evolutionary relationships

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69
Q

Natural classification?

A

phylogenic trees

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70
Q

Monophyletic groups?

A

an ancestor and all known decendants

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71
Q

What kind of organs can be used to establish (suggest) evolutionary relationships?

A

Homologus organs

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72
Q

What is an example of what kind of organs can’t be used to suggest evolutionary relationships?

A

Analogous organs

Ex. Bird and insect wings

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73
Q

What is monophyletic grouping

A

grouping ancestor and all descendants

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74
Q

What is paraphylectic grouping?

A

1 or more descendants left out

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75
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

two species not closely related but live in similar habitats and evolve to resemble each other

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76
Q

What are cladistics?

A

value judgements grouped by characteristics

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77
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

provides graphic version of a working model or hypothesis of phylogenic relationships among groups of organisms

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78
Q

What are relavant characteristics?

A

presence of embryo, vascular tissue, wood, seeds, flower

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79
Q

Cladograms just imply?

A

common ancestory

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80
Q

_________ relationship to Poinsetta was confirmed by DNA.

A

Rafflesia

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81
Q

What is the water lotus’s relationship to water lilies?

A

Convergent evolution

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82
Q

What does modern taxonomy use?

A

Phylogeny, fossil record, morphology, anatomy, and molecular biology

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83
Q

What gene is found on all photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms and cyanobacteria?

A

rbcl gene

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84
Q

What are the 3 modern domains?

A

Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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85
Q

What are the domains which include prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archea

86
Q

What are the kingdoms in the Eukaryotic Domain?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

87
Q

Most of the organisms in kingdom Protista are?

A

Photosynthetic

88
Q

What are some examples of what is classified in Kingdom Protista?

A

Protozoa, Algae, Seaweeds, Slime molds

89
Q

What are some examples of what is classified in Kingdom Fungi?

A

Yeasts, mushrooms

90
Q

What are some examples of what is classified in Kingdom Plantae?

A

Bryophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Mosses, Liverworts, Ferns

91
Q

What are the 7 things that show evolution has occured?

A 
Fossil Record evidence
Biogeography the distribution patterns of organisms
Taxonomy 
Comparative Anatomy 
Comparative embryology 
Molecular biology 
Artificial selection
92
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Different types of evolution occuring in the same geographic area

93
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

when one species evolves into two because of geographic isolation

94
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

repetition of chromosomes

95
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Long/short periods of extreme evolution

96
Q

Viruses are not?

A

placed in any domain or kingdom because they aren’t actually considered living

97
Q

What is a viron?

A

genome + capsid and the structure which viral genome is carried from one host to another

98
Q

Who discovered the tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Iwanowski

99
Q

What is the Lytic viral replication cycle?

A

Cell lyses immdietly after viral replication

100
Q

What is the lysogenic viral replication?

A

cell replaces with virus, but continues to stay with the cell after replication

101
Q

How do plant viruses generally spread?

A

Through mechanical damage but also can be spread through nematodes, harvest operations, vegative propagation

102
Q

How do viruses move through the plant?

A

via plasmodesmata of cell wall

103
Q

Plant viral RNA usually able to act directly as?

A

mRNA when it enters the cytoplasm of the cell

104
Q

What are geminiviruses?

A

small spherical particle

bean golden mosaic disease, corn streak

105
Q

What are badnaviruses?

A

diseases of bananas, sugarcane and rasberries

106
Q

What are caulimoviruses?

A

affects cauliflower, blue berries and carnation

107
Q

How do viruses normally get introduced into the sieve tubes of phloem?

A

Vector

108
Q

What is a hypersensitivity response?

A

involves host cell death at infiltration site and accumulation of antimicrobial molecules
-dependent on recognition of the pathogen by specific dom resistance molecules

109
Q

What is systemic accquired resistance?

A

Develops as response to localized attack of a pathogen formation (necrotic lesions occur, activation of salacylic acid occurs)

110
Q

What is posttranscriptional gene silencing?

A

elimates protein product required for viral replication

111
Q

Viroids lack>

A

a capsid

112
Q

What are two examples of viroids?

A

Spindle disease in potatoes, coconut cadang-cadang

113
Q

A viroid is made of?

A

a small piece of SSRNA

114
Q

What are inclusions?

A

distinct granules consisting of storage material

115
Q

Name 7 aspects of prokaryotic cell structure?

A 
No nucleus 
Nucleoid 
Circular chromosome
plasmids 
cell membrane-phospholipid 
Plasma membrane-electron transport chain
Cell wall-peptidoglycan
116
Q

What allows cyanobacteria to be photosynthetic?

A

thylakoids

117
Q

What are the 3 basic bacteria morphologies?

A

bacillus, coccus, spirilium

118
Q

Many wilts, blights and soft rots are caused by?

A

bacteria

119
Q

What does Psudomonas cause?

A

leaf spots, banana wilt, olive galls

120
Q

What does Xanthomonas cause?

A

wilts, soft rots

121
Q

What is an example of a Nitrogen fixing bacteria that is symbiotic with legumes?

A

Rhizobum

122
Q

Plant viruses can still be active?

A

YEARS after being on the host

123
Q

How is tomato spotted wilt normallly transfered, what does it do?

A

by vector-thripp, causes necrosis and stunting

124
Q

How is tomato spotted wilt transferred?

A

Caused by white flies

125
Q

Cucumber mosaic virus?

A

is transmitted by aphids, and can affect more than 1,200 different plants including melons, squash, pumpkins

126
Q

What is special about potato y virus?

A

shows no symptoms on its own, but in combination with potato X virus it is almost always fatal

127
Q

What are the symptoms of Cauliflower mosaic virus?

A

leaf curl, loss of productivity

128
Q

What does plumplox infect, and how is it spread?

A

peaches, and aphids spread

129
Q

What does Brome mosaic virus infect and how is it spread?

A

affects wild grasses, wheat, barley and rye

and nemotodes are suspected

130
Q

What are the two photosynthetic protists?

A

algae and seaweeds

131
Q

What is the first eukaryotic algea?

A

Grypania spiralis

132
Q

What is the oldest algal fossil?

A

Bangiomorphia

133
Q

How does phylum Euglenophyta reproduce?

A

Mitosis, no sexual reproduction

134
Q

Name 4 of the characteristics of Cryptomonads?

A

“Hidden”
Single celled flagellates
May have arisen from the fusion of two eukaryotic cells
Marine and fresh water

135
Q

Dinoflagellates are closely related to what ciliated protozoa?

A

Paramecium

136
Q

What is an example of a dinoflagellate that has a symbiotic relationship with coral?

A

Zooxanthelle

137
Q

What dinoflagellate creates “red tides”?

A

Gonyalax

138
Q

Diatoms are responsible for what?

A

1/4 of all global carbon dioxide fixation

139
Q

What does Anthredia produce?

A

sperm

140
Q

What does Oogonium produce?

A

eggs

141
Q

How was algae originally classifyed?

A

by their starch

142
Q

What gives red algae its characteristic color?

A

Phycobilins

143
Q

What is the starch contained by red algae?

A

Floridean starch

144
Q

What is agar made from?

A

Red algae

145
Q

What is carrageenans?

A

Extract from red algae and is used as an emulsifier

146
Q

What is coralline algae?

A

resembles coral, has pinkish color with calified layer for protection

147
Q

The pigment of green algae is exactly the same as?

A

Same starch as plants

148
Q

What is chlamydomonas?

A

freshwater algae

149
Q

What is volvox??

A

colonial green algea

150
Q

What is Acetabularia?

A

green algae that can grow to 8 inches but is single celled

151
Q

What is spirogyra?

A

“standard” filamentous green algea

152
Q

What are desmids?

A

Single celled green algae

153
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

cells fusing

154
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

Nucleus fusing

155
Q

Zoospores are?

A

gametes

156
Q

A zygote is?

A

2n

157
Q

A plasmodial slime mold is?

A

a fungi-like protist that in plasmodial stage resembles a fungus. Decomposer

158
Q

What is the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold?

A

Spores germinate into either flagellated or ameoba like cells, then through sigamy (fusing) forms a zygote

159
Q

What did the fungi-like protist Phytophthora case?

A

The irish potato famine

160
Q

What is special about Euglena?

A

nutrionally mixotropic, can perform photosynthesis but can also injest food

161
Q

Diatoms have a?

A

shell made from silicon

162
Q

Does sargassum have holdfasts?

A

no, instead uses floats

163
Q

Does brown aglea (Fuckus and bull kelp) have holdfasts?

A

yes, to keep it in place

164
Q

What is Laminaria?

A

Kelp

165
Q

What were fungi orginallly classified as by Linnaeus?

A

Plants

166
Q

Fungi may be?

A

The worlds largest and perhaps oldest single organism

167
Q

What was discovered in regards to the fungi Armillaira?

A

The EXACT genetic map was found miles and miles away, indicating same origin

168
Q

Fungi’s purpose is as a?

A

decomposer

169
Q

What is an logical conclusion if you see shelf fungi covering a tree?

A

that the tree will die soon

170
Q

What is Pnemocystis carinii?

A

a fungi that can be found in the lungs and can cause pnemonia if left untreated

171
Q

Saccharomyces are used in baking and brewing and are more commonly called?

A

yeasts

172
Q

What does Tinea cause?

A

ringworm

173
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

174
Q

What role does Tolypocladium play in medical care?

A

source of cyclosporing and shuts down cytotoxic t cells `

175
Q

What is Mycorrhizal fungi?

A

soil fungus which partisitises root systems but makes it easier for plants to absorb water and minerals

176
Q

What makes up a lichen?

A

at least a fungus + a an algea or cyanobacteria

177
Q

What are hyphae?

A

branching system of a fungus

178
Q

What are cell walls of fungi made out of?

A

Chitin-> same material as arthropods use to make their shells

179
Q

What are Rhizoids?

A

Root like hyphae

180
Q

What are Haustoria

A

feeding hyphae, secret enzymes and absorb nutrients

181
Q

What are the reproduction methods of fungi?

A

Both sexual and asexual forms present

182
Q

What makes up Phylum zygomycota?

A

Bread mold and yeasts

183
Q

Rhizopus stonlonifer is commonly known as ________, and can grow on anything with?

A

Bread mold, can grow on anything with sugar

184
Q

What are the two plant diseases caused by Phlyum Zygomycota, and what do they do?

A

Rhizopus-soft rot

Choanophora-soft rot

185
Q

What makes up phylum Glomeromycota?

A

mycorrhizal fungi

186
Q

What makes up phylum Ascomycota?

A

Sac fungi

187
Q

the first stage in sac fungi reproduction is what?

A

dikaryon

188
Q

the second stage in sac fungi reproduction goes from?

A

ascus to ascospore

189
Q

Spores from sac fungi are also called?

A

conida

190
Q

What are the 3 plant pathogens caused by Sac Fungi?

A

Chesnut blight, Dutch elm disease, panama disease

191
Q

Dutch elm disease, caused by sac fungi, normally has to have?

A

Fungi + enviromental factors

192
Q

What are the edible members of the sac fungi?

A

Truffles and morels

193
Q

What is Phylum Deuteromycota made of?

A

the “imperfect fungi”

194
Q

What are two fungi located in Deuteromycota that have a role in medicine?

A

Aspergillis and Penicillium

195
Q

What are two pathogenic fungi located in Deuteromycota?

A

Athlete’s foot and ringworm

196
Q

What makes up Phylum Basidiomycota?

A

the “Club Fungi”

197
Q

What does “Club Fungi” mean?

A

Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs and shelf fungi

198
Q

What are the steps in Basidiomycota’s reproductive cycle?

A

Dikaryotic mycelium, Basidium and basidospores, Primary mycelium, Secondary mycelium and tertiary mycelium

199
Q

What are some of the Basidomycota?

A

Polyspore mushrooms, shelf fungi, Agaricus, Psilocybes, Puffballs, Veiled stinkhorns, Bird’s nest fungi, Earthstarts

200
Q

What are the pathogenic Basidomycota?

A

Puccinia, Usilago, Claviceps

201
Q

What is Puccinia?

A

Wheat rust

202
Q

What is Usilago?

A

Smuts

203
Q

What is Claviceps?

A

ergot of rye

204
Q

What are the three lichen morpholgy’s?

A

crustose, foliose, fruiticose

205
Q

Crustose lichens are?

A

Flat and adhere to substrates firmly

206
Q

Foliose lichens are?

A

leaf like

207
Q

Fruticose lichens are?

A

Erect and branched, include British Soldiers and Reinderr moss

208
Q

Lichen reproduction-

What are soredia?

A

powdery propogines

209
Q

Lichen reproduction-

What are isida?

A

small outgrowths

210
Q

What does the fungal component to lichens reproduce?

A

ascospores, conida or basidospores

211
Q

What is one of the survival traits of lichens?

A

their ability to “dry out”, so they can endure harsh weather climates

Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom (4 decks)

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