Test 3 Study Guide Flashcards
Sepals together make up the?
calyx
Petals together make up the?
corolla
The Stamens are made of?
the anther and filament
The carpals (pistil) is made of?
sigma, style and ovary
What is located inside of the anther?
diploid cells called the microspore mother cells
What will the microspore mother cells do during meiosis?
divide into 4 microspores
A pollen grain is made of?
A microspore
What is inside of pollen?
will have a generative cell and a tube cell
What problem does the tube cell solve?
the non-motile sperm issue
Where are male gametes located inside of the tube cell?
stuck to the side of the pollen tube
What does the tube cell do?
When the pollen grain lands on the stigma, the tube cell will form the pollen tube and grow into the ovary and release sperm directly into the ovule
What does the generative cell do?
divide by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells
Most flowering plants can be identified by?
their pollen grains
3 of the macrospores won’t?
mature into the zygotes, only 1 will become the egg in the embryo sac
What is the funiculus?
stalk supporting ovule
What do the integuments do?
becomes the seed coat
What is the microphyle?
where the pollen tube will grow through to reach the ovary
What is the function of antipodials?
No found functions, but may produce some hormones
What occurs during double fertilization?
The first sperm fertilizes the egg.
The second sperm forms the triploid endosperm
What occurs with the second sperm during fertilization?
the second sperm will fuse with polar nuclei and form endosperm
What is the endosperm?
triploid tissue which is excellent at storing starch.
This starch storing tissue feeds the embryonic plant
In monocots the endosperm?
is seperate from the cotyledon
In dicots the endosperm?
is fused with the cotyledon
A zygote is made of?
egg + sperm
How can you tell if a plant is wind pollenated?
- Pollen grains are available in large numbers
- Petals small and green
- Anthers have long filaments and are exposed
- Stigmas are feathery to catch pollen
What plants co-evolved with beetles?
Hepatica and Magnolia
What are signs a plant is beetle pollenated?
Flowers are often bowl shaped, have radial symmetry, especially fruity odor
What is an example of a plant that is fly pollenated?
What are some qualities of the plant?
African milkweed
Smells like rotting flesh and petals have also evolved to resemble rotting flesh
What are thought to be the first pollenators?
Beetles and Flies
What are some qualities of bee pollenated plants?
Flowers have bi-radial symmetry
Nectar producing flowers
*alot of flowers have purple because bees can see ultraviolet
Flowers which have butterfly and moth pollenated have what qualities?
most require a tube like apparatus to reach nectar
Moth pollenated plants normally have white petals
What color is popular among bird pollenated flowers?
Red
What don’t bird pollenated plants have?
A scent since birds cant smell
What is an example of a Bat pollenated plant?
What are some qualities of that?
Organ pipe cactus
Very often flowers are white and have a TON of nectar for bats high metabolism
All grasses have what kind of pollenation?
wind pollenation
How did flavonoids come about? What do they do?
Started out to block excess UV light
Powerful antioxidants
What are flavanols?
Alchohol version of flavoids
What are the color of Anthocyanins?
red to purple
What are the colors of carotenoids?
yellow to orange
What is Bee’s purple?
Since bees can see ultraviolet light, seemingly plain flowers can be seen (by the bee) as multicolored/stripes
What are betacyanins?
main ingredient in red pigments such as beets
What does the tapetum do?
produces fats/lipids
What are some of the characteristics of hormones?
molecules produced in plant body that travel to different locations and have an effect there
What is auxin?
Polarly responsible for tropism, stimulates cell elongation
What is polar transport?
up & down transport via xylem
What are the Aux 1 protiens?
influx
carrier molecule which take hormones into the cell
What are PIN protiens?
efflux
Takes hormones out of cell
What is tropsim?
directional response to outside stimulus
What is phototropism?
Growth response to light
What occurs with a blockage of the lateral transport of auzin?
if lateral transport is blocked, tropism wont occur
What is gravitropism?
Ability for plant to sense gravity
What type of gravitropism do the shoots have?
negative gravitropism
higher concentrations on lower side stimulate growth
What type of gravitropism do the roots have?
postive gravitropism
higher concentrations on lower side inhibit growth
How do the plants recognize gravity?
statolilths normally store starch and they settle in the bottom of the cell, allowing the plant to recognize gravity
How does auxin work in roots?
the auxin inhibits cell elongation on the underside of the stimulates on the upper side causing plant to grow in the way of gravity
What is hydrotropism?
response to water
What is thigmotropism?
ability to detect touch
How do tendrils use thigmotropism?
when touch is detected, those cells produce auxin and tendril can wrap around whatever it is touching
How does auxin impact apical dominace?
auxin is responsible for apical growth
How does auxin impact fruit development?
auxin is produced by the seed, and creates a full plump fruit
What was agent orange made of?
fake chemically created auxin and lead to many birth defects
->however agent orange contained dioxin which caused controversy on what cause all the illness
How does auxin function when used as a weed killer?
monocots (like grasses) absorb auxin very slowly, while dicots absorb it much quicker and most weeds are dicots
What are cytokines?
hormones responsible to lateral growth and are antagonisitic to auxin
Where are cytokines produced?
in root and transported up
What are commercial applications of cytokines?
sprayed on crops such as cotton to produce more cotton
What are climactic fruits?
fruits than ripen and go bad quickly
What is ethylene responsible for?
ripening of food
Ethylene is volitile while?
being moved
What is the saying ‘one bad apple will ruin the batch’ refer to in regards to ethylene?
when one fruit goes bad, it produces a ton of ethylene and will cause the other fruits to go bad as well
What are the commerical applications of ethylene?
most fruit is shipped unripened, so it is sued to ripen fruit when shipped
What is abscisic acid responsible for?
shutting down plants for winter by slowing plant metabolism
->However NOT responsible for falling of leaves
What is gibberellic acid responsible for?
stimulates seed germination, shoot growth, and leaf placement on shoot
Where goes gibberellic acid work?
in the Aleurone layer
What is bolting? What stimulates it?
quick developement of shoots and leaves
gibberellic acid
What are the commercial applications of gibbberellic acid?
plants have been bred to produce very little gibberelliic acid and dwarf plants are the result
What hormone is responsible for Thompson seedless grapes?
gibberellic acid
What are Brassinosteroids responsible for?
trachied production
What is salicylic acid responsible for?
while not only being the precursor to penicillin, it is resonsible for regulating thermogenisis
What did Fritz Witz do?
tried to isolate hormone that caused tropism
-saw how auxin works
What did Briggs do?
Tested direction of light, the side not in the light stores the auxin and elongates so plant grows toward the lightn
What are circadian rhythms?
follow a 24 hour cycle/ fraction of a 24 hour cycle
What are some enviromental cues that stimulate circadian rhythms?
light, temp, moisture
In lab conditions, what will occur to plants circadian rhythms?
the circadian rhythm will ossilate
Endogenous refers to?
built in ‘ossillator’ genes that are internal to the cell
What is the circadian clock?
around 25-26 hours
What is entrainment?
the enviroment ‘entrains’ the rhythm
What is photoperiodism?
Plants detecting the time of year
Short day plants?
flower in the fall/winter as day length decreases
Long day plants?
flower in the spring/summer as day length increases
What is the wavelength of Phytochrome red?
630 nanometers
What is the wavelength of Phytochrome far-red?
730 nanometers
What is the relationship between Phytochrome red and far-red?
A burst of light will convert Phytochrome red to Phytochrome far red, and at night it is converted back
What is the ‘critical period’ between the phytochrome reds?
When a certain amount of phytochrome red will need to be back by morning
What is florigen?
controls flowering
What is vernalization?
preparing for spring
Folded leaves are thought to?
conserve heat and not mess up photoperiodism
Arabodopdis are?
3 genes thought to control circadian rhythms
What is Etiolation?
when a plant detects that it is not getting enough light so it channels energy into shoot production so it can grow out of the object blocking the light
Dormancy refers to?
seeds being inactive and normally is controlled by moisture and temperature
What is scarification?
the wearing away of the outer tough seed coat that tells seed when to germinate
What is acclimation?
plants that shut down for winter so they dont freeze
What are nyctinastic plant responses?
fast plant responses
-almost always involved in water loss
What are thigmonastic responses?
‘touch’ water loss
What does pulvinus have a role ine?
thigmonastic responses
What type of thigmonastic response does the mimosa plant have?
leaves will fold quickly when touched
What type of thigmonastic response does the Dionaea plant have?
mostly known as the venus fly trap, the plant can recognize the size of prey and decide whether to shut or not
What is thigmomorphogenesis?
‘touch’ development of plant
What is heliotropism?
solar tracking
What is an example of a plant that distributes heliotropism?
sunflowers
What is primary metabolism?
molecules whose function is fully known
What is secondary metalbolism?
molecules that we do not yet know the function
What are 5 examples of Alkaloids?
morphine cocaine caffiene nicotene atropine
What produces morphine?
the opium poppy
What produce cocaine?
the coca shrub
What produces atropine?
henbane
What are the effects of atropine?
most of them are nervous system effects such as:
dialation of eyes
What types of plant hormones are located in the Terpenoid family?
isoprenes essential oils taxol rubber cardiac glycosides tetrahydrocannabinol
What are isoprenes?
C5H8 produced as a gas by trees
Fun fact: the blue haze in the blue ridge mountains is a mass of isoprene
What is Taxol?
produced by the European and Pacific yew, it makes leaves and berries poisonous. However it also is an anticancer drug for breast and uterine cancers
What are cardiac glycosides?
a molecule produced that can kill animals and insects, however used in drug Digitoxin which is for heart arythmeias and weak hearts
What are two plants that produce cardiac glycosides?
Foxglove and Milkweed
What makes monarch butterflies toxic?
as caterpillars they eat almost exclusivly milkweed, and as adults this makes them toxic to predators
What hormones are located in the Phenol family?
Flavinoids, Anthocyanins, Tannins, Ligins, and Salicyclic acid
What do flavinoids do?
give red wine and red grapes their color, thought to be UV protectant
What do Tannins do>
tend to be bitter which makes animals not like them, contains antibacterial properties
What does salicylic acid prevent?
Temp from rising too high
What does mescaline from the peyote cactus do>
effects nervous system and creates hallucinations
Quinine is from the _________ tree. What does it do?
Cinchona tree and is a powerful antimalaria drug
What in poison ivy creates rash?
Catechik
What plant family uses sulfer?
the mustard family
Equisetum produces what as a deterent to herbovores?
silicon, which gives leaves gritty texture
Cutin, Suberin and Wax all do what in concern to plant defense?
waterproofing compounds that deter fungi and bacteria
Thorns are modified?
stems
Spines are modified?
leaves
What are the two issues in Angiosperm reproduction
fertilization and dispersal
What is an example of an accessory fruit?
strawberry
What are some examples of Parthenocarpic fruits?
bananas, citrus, pumkin
What are Parthenocarpic fruits?
develop without fertilization
What are the three types of fruits?
Simple, Aggregate, and multiple
A simple fruit?
develops from a single carpal or several fused carpals
ex. bean, cherry, tomato, watermelon, squash
What is a aggregate fruit?
develop from a single flower with many carpals that do not fuse
ex. rasberry, strawberry, blackberry
What is a multiple fruit?
form from the fusion of many flowers
ex. pinapple, fig, mulberry
An accessory fruit?
any fruit that contains accessory tissue whether simple, aggregate or multiple
Two simple accessory fruits that also contain the floral tube are?
apple and pear
A multiple accessory fruit containing combined carpals would be a?
pinapple
What are some examples of fleshy fruits (berries)?
tomato, watermelon, bananas, pumkin, avacado
NOT strawberry/blackberry/blueberru
Dry fruits have two cateogories, what are they?
Dehiscent
Indehiscent
Dehiscent dry fruit?
breaks open for seed release
ex. Milkweed (follicle)
Legume
Silique
Indehiscent dry fruit?
does not break open ex. achene Cypselas (dandelion) Samara Grains Nut
What is the most common method for a dehiscent dry fruit?
a capsule
How does the orchid seed?
the pods from an orchid contain more than 1 million seeds per pod and are windborne
Fireweeds method of seeding is?
After a fire, capsule opens and allows wind distribution
Milkweeds method of seeding is?
dehiscent
Willows and poplars method of seed dispersal is?
windborne, however most willows are close to water and seeds float
Tumbleweeds method of seed disperal is?
The fruits and seeds dry up, and wind blows entire tumbleweed to disperse seeds
Touch-me-nots method of seed dispersal is?
When touched, pods spring open and project seeds
Dwarf mistletoes method of seed dispersal is?
when touched, seeds will fly out
What are two types of seeds that use water dispersal?
coconut and mangrove
What is an Elaisome?
a blob of nutritional tissue that attracts ants, ants bring it back to their hills and seed germinates while inside the hill (buried).
However, fire ants will just eat seed
Myrmecochory is?
ant disperal of seed
Figs use what type of pollinator since the stamens and pistil are contained within recepticle?
wasps
What are some of the important monocots located in the palm family
Raffia-large leaves and bark that can be woven into rope
Ceroxylon-worlds tallest palm
The palms are monocots attempt at a tree
What are some of the important monocots located in the Arum Family?
Titan Aram-‘world’s largest flower’ but not actually a flower at all, grows large spike which is an inflorensence
Woffia-‘worlds smallest flower’
Dumbcane-creates Calcium oxidate which can cause throat blockage. Caladiam produces this as well
Others include-Peace lilies, Jack the Pulpit
What plants are included in the Poaceae (Gramineae) family?
Grasses-
Bamboo, corn, barley, wheat, oats, pampass
What habitat does the Junaceae (Rush) family live in?
Juncus grows in wet habitats such as marshes
Cattails are also known as?
Bullrushes
What is the most commonly known sedge?
papyrus
The Bromeliaceae family is ______, and called the __________.
epyphytic, and called the pinapple family
What is the most northern spanning bromeliad?
spanish moss
Lilies are known as?
The most ‘typical monocot’ because their petals grow in 3 or 6
What are some of the important plants in the Iris family?
Iris, Gladiola, and Crocus
Crocus is important because the spice saffron comes from the stigmas of the flower. Crocus is also a source of colchine which is used to treat gout
The orchid family has over _______ species and most are _______ but not all.
The orchid family has over 26000 species and most are epyphitic but not all.
What is a major commerical item that comes from the orchid family?
Vanilla
Magnolias are part of what cateogory of angiosperms?
not technically monocots or dicots
What makes up the Nymphacea family?
water lilies
What plants are part of the Papaveraceae family?
Poppies
Important Poppy: Opium poppy, source of morphine
What was a notable disease that occured to the Ulmaceae family?
The elm Family
American Elms were struck with the fugal disease Dutch Elm Disease
What member of the Fagaceae (oak and Beech) family is not decidous?
the Live oak
What disease affected what member of the Fagaceae family?
Chestnut Blight wipes out the American Chesnuts on the Appalacian Trail
What is the primary pollinator of the Cactacae family?
Bats
What is a notable member of the Violet family?
pansies because of their cold tolerance
What famous plant is a member of the Ericaceae family and are known as a famous ‘southern’ plant?
Azaleas
What plants are members of the Cucuberitaceae (gourd) family?
pumkins, squash, watermelons, cucumber
Cranberries and blueberries are members of what family?
*hint-azaleas are another famous member
Ericaceae Family
What is special about the Sarraceniaceae family?
It is the family of inscentivorous pitcher plants
Why do plants generally become insectivorous?
Most of them grow in white cedar bogs, and that particular habitat kills the nitrogen fixing bactera, so they get nutrients through MURDER
How do pitcher plants trap insects?
They have hairs that point downwards and trap the insect into the enzyme pool
What plants are located in the Cruciferae family?
*hint-plants in this family use sulfer as a defense mechanism
The mustard family
Mustard, Cabbage, Kale, Broccoli
What are two notable members of the Drogeraceae famliy?
*hint: insectivorous
Sundew and Venus Fly trap
How does the sundew trap it’s prey?
the sundew grows flat to the ground and secretes sticky sugar substance on end of leaf. When a insect gets trapped in the sticky substance, a nastic response of the leaf occurs (it rolls up) and the plant digests the insect
How do venus fly traps known when to shut?
when 3 hair cells are triggered
Apples, plums, rasberrys and roses are all part of what family?
Rosacea
What plants are located in the Aceraceae family?
the maple family
Sugar maple is the creator of maple syrup
What is important about the Vitaceae family?
Grape Family
It is thought that wine making pre-dates agriculture and may have played a part in the making of civilizations
What is special about the Aster Family’s flowers and what are some examples?
What we see as a flower is actually an inflorescence
The family Oleaceae, is actually poisonous, but what food comes from here?
Olives.
They require certain preparations to not be toxic.
Privet hedges are also part of this family
Solanaceae is the ________ family, and very toxic but many plants such as ______, _______, _______ have been domesticated.
Solanaceae is the nightshadefamily, and very toxic but many plants such as tomato, eggplant and tobacco have been domesticated.
