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Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom > Test 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Sepals together make up the?

A

calyx

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2
Q

Petals together make up the?

A

corolla

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3
Q

The Stamens are made of?

A

the anther and filament

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4
Q

The carpals (pistil) is made of?

A

sigma, style and ovary

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5
Q

What is located inside of the anther?

A

diploid cells called the microspore mother cells

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6
Q

What will the microspore mother cells do during meiosis?

A

divide into 4 microspores

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7
Q

A pollen grain is made of?

A

A microspore

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8
Q

What is inside of pollen?

A

will have a generative cell and a tube cell

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9
Q

What problem does the tube cell solve?

A

the non-motile sperm issue

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10
Q

Where are male gametes located inside of the tube cell?

A

stuck to the side of the pollen tube

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11
Q

What does the tube cell do?

A

When the pollen grain lands on the stigma, the tube cell will form the pollen tube and grow into the ovary and release sperm directly into the ovule

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12
Q

What does the generative cell do?

A

divide by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells

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13
Q

Most flowering plants can be identified by?

A

their pollen grains

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14
Q

3 of the macrospores won’t?

A

mature into the zygotes, only 1 will become the egg in the embryo sac

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15
Q

What is the funiculus?

A

stalk supporting ovule

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16
Q

What do the integuments do?

A

becomes the seed coat

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17
Q

What is the microphyle?

A

where the pollen tube will grow through to reach the ovary

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18
Q

What is the function of antipodials?

A

No found functions, but may produce some hormones

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19
Q

What occurs during double fertilization?

A

The first sperm fertilizes the egg.

The second sperm forms the triploid endosperm

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20
Q

What occurs with the second sperm during fertilization?

A

the second sperm will fuse with polar nuclei and form endosperm

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21
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

triploid tissue which is excellent at storing starch.

This starch storing tissue feeds the embryonic plant

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22
Q

In monocots the endosperm?

A

is seperate from the cotyledon

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23
Q

In dicots the endosperm?

A

is fused with the cotyledon

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24
Q

A zygote is made of?

A

egg + sperm

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25
Q

How can you tell if a plant is wind pollenated?

A
  • Pollen grains are available in large numbers
  • Petals small and green
  • Anthers have long filaments and are exposed
  • Stigmas are feathery to catch pollen
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26
Q

What plants co-evolved with beetles?

A

Hepatica and Magnolia

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27
Q

What are signs a plant is beetle pollenated?

A

Flowers are often bowl shaped, have radial symmetry, especially fruity odor

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28
Q

What is an example of a plant that is fly pollenated?

What are some qualities of the plant?

A

African milkweed

Smells like rotting flesh and petals have also evolved to resemble rotting flesh

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29
Q

What are thought to be the first pollenators?

A

Beetles and Flies

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30
Q

What are some qualities of bee pollenated plants?

A

Flowers have bi-radial symmetry
Nectar producing flowers
*alot of flowers have purple because bees can see ultraviolet

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31
Q

Flowers which have butterfly and moth pollenated have what qualities?

A

most require a tube like apparatus to reach nectar

Moth pollenated plants normally have white petals

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32
Q

What color is popular among bird pollenated flowers?

A

Red

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33
Q

What don’t bird pollenated plants have?

A

A scent since birds cant smell

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34
Q

What is an example of a Bat pollenated plant?

What are some qualities of that?

A

Organ pipe cactus

Very often flowers are white and have a TON of nectar for bats high metabolism

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35
Q

All grasses have what kind of pollenation?

A

wind pollenation

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36
Q

How did flavonoids come about? What do they do?

A

Started out to block excess UV light

Powerful antioxidants

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37
Q

What are flavanols?

A

Alchohol version of flavoids

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38
Q

What are the color of Anthocyanins?

A

red to purple

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39
Q

What are the colors of carotenoids?

A

yellow to orange

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40
Q

What is Bee’s purple?

A

Since bees can see ultraviolet light, seemingly plain flowers can be seen (by the bee) as multicolored/stripes

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41
Q

What are betacyanins?

A

main ingredient in red pigments such as beets

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42
Q

What does the tapetum do?

A

produces fats/lipids

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43
Q

What are some of the characteristics of hormones?

A

molecules produced in plant body that travel to different locations and have an effect there

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44
Q

What is auxin?

A

Polarly responsible for tropism, stimulates cell elongation

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45
Q

What is polar transport?

A

up & down transport via xylem

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46
Q

What are the Aux 1 protiens?

A

influx

carrier molecule which take hormones into the cell

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47
Q

What are PIN protiens?

A

efflux

Takes hormones out of cell

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48
Q

What is tropsim?

A

directional response to outside stimulus

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49
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Growth response to light

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50
Q

What occurs with a blockage of the lateral transport of auzin?

A

if lateral transport is blocked, tropism wont occur

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51
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Ability for plant to sense gravity

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52
Q

What type of gravitropism do the shoots have?

A

negative gravitropism

higher concentrations on lower side stimulate growth

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53
Q

What type of gravitropism do the roots have?

A

postive gravitropism

higher concentrations on lower side inhibit growth

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54
Q

How do the plants recognize gravity?

A

statolilths normally store starch and they settle in the bottom of the cell, allowing the plant to recognize gravity

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55
Q

How does auxin work in roots?

A

the auxin inhibits cell elongation on the underside of the stimulates on the upper side causing plant to grow in the way of gravity

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56
Q

What is hydrotropism?

A

response to water

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57
Q

What is thigmotropism?

A

ability to detect touch

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58
Q

How do tendrils use thigmotropism?

A

when touch is detected, those cells produce auxin and tendril can wrap around whatever it is touching

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59
Q

How does auxin impact apical dominace?

A

auxin is responsible for apical growth

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60
Q

How does auxin impact fruit development?

A

auxin is produced by the seed, and creates a full plump fruit

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61
Q

What was agent orange made of?

A

fake chemically created auxin and lead to many birth defects

->however agent orange contained dioxin which caused controversy on what cause all the illness

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62
Q

How does auxin function when used as a weed killer?

A

monocots (like grasses) absorb auxin very slowly, while dicots absorb it much quicker and most weeds are dicots

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63
Q

What are cytokines?

A

hormones responsible to lateral growth and are antagonisitic to auxin

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64
Q

Where are cytokines produced?

A

in root and transported up

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65
Q

What are commercial applications of cytokines?

A

sprayed on crops such as cotton to produce more cotton

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66
Q

What are climactic fruits?

A

fruits than ripen and go bad quickly

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67
Q

What is ethylene responsible for?

A

ripening of food

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68
Q

Ethylene is volitile while?

A

being moved

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69
Q

What is the saying ‘one bad apple will ruin the batch’ refer to in regards to ethylene?

A

when one fruit goes bad, it produces a ton of ethylene and will cause the other fruits to go bad as well

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70
Q

What are the commerical applications of ethylene?

A

most fruit is shipped unripened, so it is sued to ripen fruit when shipped

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71
Q

What is abscisic acid responsible for?

A

shutting down plants for winter by slowing plant metabolism

->However NOT responsible for falling of leaves

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72
Q

What is gibberellic acid responsible for?

A

stimulates seed germination, shoot growth, and leaf placement on shoot

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73
Q

Where goes gibberellic acid work?

A

in the Aleurone layer

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74
Q

What is bolting? What stimulates it?

A

quick developement of shoots and leaves

gibberellic acid

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75
Q

What are the commercial applications of gibbberellic acid?

A

plants have been bred to produce very little gibberelliic acid and dwarf plants are the result

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76
Q

What hormone is responsible for Thompson seedless grapes?

A

gibberellic acid

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77
Q

What are Brassinosteroids responsible for?

A

trachied production

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78
Q

What is salicylic acid responsible for?

A

while not only being the precursor to penicillin, it is resonsible for regulating thermogenisis

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79
Q

What did Fritz Witz do?

A

tried to isolate hormone that caused tropism

-saw how auxin works

80
Q

What did Briggs do?

A

Tested direction of light, the side not in the light stores the auxin and elongates so plant grows toward the lightn

81
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

follow a 24 hour cycle/ fraction of a 24 hour cycle

82
Q

What are some enviromental cues that stimulate circadian rhythms?

A

light, temp, moisture

83
Q

In lab conditions, what will occur to plants circadian rhythms?

A

the circadian rhythm will ossilate

84
Q

Endogenous refers to?

A

built in ‘ossillator’ genes that are internal to the cell

85
Q

What is the circadian clock?

A

around 25-26 hours

86
Q

What is entrainment?

A

the enviroment ‘entrains’ the rhythm

87
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

Plants detecting the time of year

88
Q

Short day plants?

A

flower in the fall/winter as day length decreases

89
Q

Long day plants?

A

flower in the spring/summer as day length increases

90
Q

What is the wavelength of Phytochrome red?

A

630 nanometers

91
Q

What is the wavelength of Phytochrome far-red?

A

730 nanometers

92
Q

What is the relationship between Phytochrome red and far-red?

A

A burst of light will convert Phytochrome red to Phytochrome far red, and at night it is converted back

93
Q

What is the ‘critical period’ between the phytochrome reds?

A

When a certain amount of phytochrome red will need to be back by morning

94
Q

What is florigen?

A

controls flowering

95
Q

What is vernalization?

A

preparing for spring

96
Q

Folded leaves are thought to?

A

conserve heat and not mess up photoperiodism

97
Q

Arabodopdis are?

A

3 genes thought to control circadian rhythms

98
Q

What is Etiolation?

A

when a plant detects that it is not getting enough light so it channels energy into shoot production so it can grow out of the object blocking the light

99
Q

Dormancy refers to?

A

seeds being inactive and normally is controlled by moisture and temperature

100
Q

What is scarification?

A

the wearing away of the outer tough seed coat that tells seed when to germinate

101
Q

What is acclimation?

A

plants that shut down for winter so they dont freeze

102
Q

What are nyctinastic plant responses?

A

fast plant responses

-almost always involved in water loss

103
Q

What are thigmonastic responses?

A

‘touch’ water loss

104
Q

What does pulvinus have a role ine?

A

thigmonastic responses

105
Q

What type of thigmonastic response does the mimosa plant have?

A

leaves will fold quickly when touched

106
Q

What type of thigmonastic response does the Dionaea plant have?

A

mostly known as the venus fly trap, the plant can recognize the size of prey and decide whether to shut or not

107
Q

What is thigmomorphogenesis?

A

‘touch’ development of plant

108
Q

What is heliotropism?

A

solar tracking

109
Q

What is an example of a plant that distributes heliotropism?

A

sunflowers

110
Q

What is primary metabolism?

A

molecules whose function is fully known

111
Q

What is secondary metalbolism?

A

molecules that we do not yet know the function

112
Q

What are 5 examples of Alkaloids?

A 
morphine
cocaine
caffiene
nicotene
atropine
113
Q

What produces morphine?

A

the opium poppy

114
Q

What produce cocaine?

A

the coca shrub

115
Q

What produces atropine?

A

henbane

116
Q

What are the effects of atropine?

A

most of them are nervous system effects such as:

dialation of eyes

117
Q

What types of plant hormones are located in the Terpenoid family?

A 
isoprenes
essential oils
taxol
rubber
cardiac glycosides
tetrahydrocannabinol
118
Q

What are isoprenes?

A

C5H8 produced as a gas by trees

Fun fact: the blue haze in the blue ridge mountains is a mass of isoprene

119
Q

What is Taxol?

A

produced by the European and Pacific yew, it makes leaves and berries poisonous. However it also is an anticancer drug for breast and uterine cancers

120
Q

What are cardiac glycosides?

A

a molecule produced that can kill animals and insects, however used in drug Digitoxin which is for heart arythmeias and weak hearts

121
Q

What are two plants that produce cardiac glycosides?

A

Foxglove and Milkweed

122
Q

What makes monarch butterflies toxic?

A

as caterpillars they eat almost exclusivly milkweed, and as adults this makes them toxic to predators

123
Q

What hormones are located in the Phenol family?

A

Flavinoids, Anthocyanins, Tannins, Ligins, and Salicyclic acid

124
Q

What do flavinoids do?

A

give red wine and red grapes their color, thought to be UV protectant

125
Q

What do Tannins do>

A

tend to be bitter which makes animals not like them, contains antibacterial properties

126
Q

What does salicylic acid prevent?

A

Temp from rising too high

127
Q

What does mescaline from the peyote cactus do>

A

effects nervous system and creates hallucinations

128
Q

Quinine is from the _________ tree. What does it do?

A

Cinchona tree and is a powerful antimalaria drug

129
Q

What in poison ivy creates rash?

A

Catechik

130
Q

What plant family uses sulfer?

A

the mustard family

131
Q

Equisetum produces what as a deterent to herbovores?

A

silicon, which gives leaves gritty texture

132
Q

Cutin, Suberin and Wax all do what in concern to plant defense?

A

waterproofing compounds that deter fungi and bacteria

133
Q

Thorns are modified?

A

stems

134
Q

Spines are modified?

A

leaves

135
Q

What are the two issues in Angiosperm reproduction

A

fertilization and dispersal

136
Q

What is an example of an accessory fruit?

A

strawberry

137
Q

What are some examples of Parthenocarpic fruits?

A

bananas, citrus, pumkin

138
Q

What are Parthenocarpic fruits?

A

develop without fertilization

139
Q

What are the three types of fruits?

A

Simple, Aggregate, and multiple

140
Q

A simple fruit?

A

develops from a single carpal or several fused carpals

ex. bean, cherry, tomato, watermelon, squash

141
Q

What is a aggregate fruit?

A

develop from a single flower with many carpals that do not fuse
ex. rasberry, strawberry, blackberry

142
Q

What is a multiple fruit?

A

form from the fusion of many flowers

ex. pinapple, fig, mulberry

143
Q

An accessory fruit?

A

any fruit that contains accessory tissue whether simple, aggregate or multiple

144
Q

Two simple accessory fruits that also contain the floral tube are?

A

apple and pear

145
Q

A multiple accessory fruit containing combined carpals would be a?

A

pinapple

146
Q

What are some examples of fleshy fruits (berries)?

A

tomato, watermelon, bananas, pumkin, avacado

NOT strawberry/blackberry/blueberru

147
Q

Dry fruits have two cateogories, what are they?

A

Dehiscent

Indehiscent

148
Q

Dehiscent dry fruit?

A

breaks open for seed release
ex. Milkweed (follicle)
Legume
Silique

149
Q

Indehiscent dry fruit?

A 
does not break open
ex. achene
Cypselas (dandelion)
Samara
Grains
Nut
150
Q

What is the most common method for a dehiscent dry fruit?

A

a capsule

151
Q

How does the orchid seed?

A

the pods from an orchid contain more than 1 million seeds per pod and are windborne

152
Q

Fireweeds method of seeding is?

A

After a fire, capsule opens and allows wind distribution

153
Q

Milkweeds method of seeding is?

A

dehiscent

154
Q

Willows and poplars method of seed dispersal is?

A

windborne, however most willows are close to water and seeds float

155
Q

Tumbleweeds method of seed disperal is?

A

The fruits and seeds dry up, and wind blows entire tumbleweed to disperse seeds

156
Q

Touch-me-nots method of seed dispersal is?

A

When touched, pods spring open and project seeds

157
Q

Dwarf mistletoes method of seed dispersal is?

A

when touched, seeds will fly out

158
Q

What are two types of seeds that use water dispersal?

A

coconut and mangrove

159
Q

What is an Elaisome?

A

a blob of nutritional tissue that attracts ants, ants bring it back to their hills and seed germinates while inside the hill (buried).

However, fire ants will just eat seed

160
Q

Myrmecochory is?

A

ant disperal of seed

161
Q

Figs use what type of pollinator since the stamens and pistil are contained within recepticle?

A

wasps

162
Q

What are some of the important monocots located in the palm family

A

Raffia-large leaves and bark that can be woven into rope
Ceroxylon-worlds tallest palm

The palms are monocots attempt at a tree

163
Q

What are some of the important monocots located in the Arum Family?

A

Titan Aram-‘world’s largest flower’ but not actually a flower at all, grows large spike which is an inflorensence

Woffia-‘worlds smallest flower’

Dumbcane-creates Calcium oxidate which can cause throat blockage. Caladiam produces this as well

Others include-Peace lilies, Jack the Pulpit

164
Q

What plants are included in the Poaceae (Gramineae) family?

A

Grasses-

Bamboo, corn, barley, wheat, oats, pampass

165
Q

What habitat does the Junaceae (Rush) family live in?

A

Juncus grows in wet habitats such as marshes

166
Q

Cattails are also known as?

A

Bullrushes

167
Q

What is the most commonly known sedge?

A

papyrus

168
Q

The Bromeliaceae family is ______, and called the __________.

A

epyphytic, and called the pinapple family

169
Q

What is the most northern spanning bromeliad?

A

spanish moss

170
Q

Lilies are known as?

A

The most ‘typical monocot’ because their petals grow in 3 or 6

171
Q

What are some of the important plants in the Iris family?

A

Iris, Gladiola, and Crocus
Crocus is important because the spice saffron comes from the stigmas of the flower. Crocus is also a source of colchine which is used to treat gout

172
Q

The orchid family has over _______ species and most are _______ but not all.

A

The orchid family has over 26000 species and most are epyphitic but not all.

173
Q

What is a major commerical item that comes from the orchid family?

A

Vanilla

174
Q

Magnolias are part of what cateogory of angiosperms?

A

not technically monocots or dicots

175
Q

What makes up the Nymphacea family?

A

water lilies

176
Q

What plants are part of the Papaveraceae family?

A

Poppies

Important Poppy: Opium poppy, source of morphine

177
Q

What was a notable disease that occured to the Ulmaceae family?

A

The elm Family

American Elms were struck with the fugal disease Dutch Elm Disease

178
Q

What member of the Fagaceae (oak and Beech) family is not decidous?

A

the Live oak

179
Q

What disease affected what member of the Fagaceae family?

A

Chestnut Blight wipes out the American Chesnuts on the Appalacian Trail

180
Q

What is the primary pollinator of the Cactacae family?

A

Bats

181
Q

What is a notable member of the Violet family?

A

pansies because of their cold tolerance

182
Q

What famous plant is a member of the Ericaceae family and are known as a famous ‘southern’ plant?

A

Azaleas

183
Q

What plants are members of the Cucuberitaceae (gourd) family?

A

pumkins, squash, watermelons, cucumber

184
Q

Cranberries and blueberries are members of what family?

*hint-azaleas are another famous member

A

Ericaceae Family

185
Q

What is special about the Sarraceniaceae family?

A

It is the family of inscentivorous pitcher plants

186
Q

Why do plants generally become insectivorous?

A

Most of them grow in white cedar bogs, and that particular habitat kills the nitrogen fixing bactera, so they get nutrients through MURDER

187
Q

How do pitcher plants trap insects?

A

They have hairs that point downwards and trap the insect into the enzyme pool

188
Q

What plants are located in the Cruciferae family?

*hint-plants in this family use sulfer as a defense mechanism

A

The mustard family

Mustard, Cabbage, Kale, Broccoli

189
Q

What are two notable members of the Drogeraceae famliy?

*hint: insectivorous

A

Sundew and Venus Fly trap

190
Q

How does the sundew trap it’s prey?

A

the sundew grows flat to the ground and secretes sticky sugar substance on end of leaf. When a insect gets trapped in the sticky substance, a nastic response of the leaf occurs (it rolls up) and the plant digests the insect

191
Q

How do venus fly traps known when to shut?

A

when 3 hair cells are triggered

192
Q

Apples, plums, rasberrys and roses are all part of what family?

A

Rosacea

193
Q

What plants are located in the Aceraceae family?

A

the maple family

Sugar maple is the creator of maple syrup

194
Q

What is important about the Vitaceae family?

A

Grape Family

It is thought that wine making pre-dates agriculture and may have played a part in the making of civilizations

195
Q

What is special about the Aster Family’s flowers and what are some examples?

A

What we see as a flower is actually an inflorescence

196
Q

The family Oleaceae, is actually poisonous, but what food comes from here?

A

Olives.
They require certain preparations to not be toxic.

Privet hedges are also part of this family

197
Q

Solanaceae is the ________ family, and very toxic but many plants such as ______, _______, _______ have been domesticated.

A

Solanaceae is the nightshadefamily, and very toxic but many plants such as tomato, eggplant and tobacco have been domesticated.

Biology 420 Survey of the Plant Kingdom (4 decks)

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